The Curtain Goes up 竹幕卷起
Peking permits foreign investment all along its coastline ― creating differing rules and added confusion
中国政府允许外国在沿海投资― 从而差生了不同的法则并引起困惑
By Mary Lee in Beijing
1. A clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain, declared itself "open to the outside world" and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.
满怀信心地中国卷起大部分竹幕，向世界宣布“对外开放”，几乎所有的城市都张挂起邀请外商来投资作正当生意的招牌。
2. The four special economic zones (SEZs) in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, 14 coastal cities (all former treaty ports) and Hainan island (19 "open" areas in all) nave specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. But every Provincial capital is doing its best to attract foreign investment.
广东省和福建省的4个经济特区、14个沿海开放城市（都是以前的通商口岸）和海南岛（总共十九个“开放”区）为外国投资者制定了税收和其他方面的鼓励政策。每一个省会都在尽力吸引外资。
3. The foundation for all this was assembled in piecemeal form, beginning in mid—1979 with the State Council’s decision to set up four SEZs in the sou th. Then a joint-venture law was published for the first time (albeit one full of holes), quickly followed by procedures for “compensation trade” --- both or which were designed to attract foreign investment to these four zones. The following year, a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.
所有这一切的基础是从1979年中期国务院决定在南方建立4个经济特区开始，尔后逐步形成的。此后首次出台一项合资企业法（尽管充满漏洞），继之就是“补偿贸易”程序----两者都是为吸引外资到这4个经济特区而制定的。第二年合资企业税法颁布实施。
4. But even as businessmen battled with bureaucracy in an effort to fulfil their hopes of doing business with a potential market of 1 billon people, Chinese leaders were growing impatient with the rate of progress in the showpiece SEZ—Shenzhen.
尽管商人们努力与拥有10亿人口的潜在市场做生意而与官僚主义作斗争，但中国领导人对于深圳----这个经济特区的典范----前进的步伐变得越来越不耐烦了。
5. In April 1984, after the country’s top leaders had visited the Shenzh en, Zhuhai and Xiamen SEZs, the state Council declared 14 cities along the entire coast plus Hainan island open to foreign investment, thus introducing a real element of competition into the country’s economic-development programme. Then came the much-publ icised “decision on reform of the economic structure” and suddenly, the race to get foreign technology and funds was on.
1984年4月，在中国高层领导人访问了深圳、珠海和厦门经济特区之后，国务院宣布沿整个海岸的14个城市再加上海南岛对外开放投资，从此把真正的竞争因素引入中国经济发展的计划中。接着，备受公众注目的《关于经济结构改革的决定》出台，吸收外国技术和外资的竞争骤然开始。
6. For foreign investors, the prospect of having access to a market of 1 billion consumers no longer seems like a pipedream. The Chinese—in particular the rural population---are getting richer and now want visible improvements to their standard of living: they aspire to own colour TV sets, refrigerators, trucks, washing machines and better radios, bicycles and clothing. Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential sales in their own domestic market.
对于外商来说，进入拥有10亿消费者市场的前景不再是白日梦。中国人---尤其是农村人口---正变得富有，他们希望其生活水平有明显的改善：他们渴望拥有彩电、冰箱、卡车、洗衣机和更好的收音机、自行车和衣服。即使是地方厂商也注意到国内市场潜在的巨大销售量。
7. Recently, State Councillor Gu Mu, head of the China Coastal Cities Economic and Technical Development Corp. (CCETDC) ---the poli cymaking and coordination body for the 19 “open areas” ---reportedly pronounced the entire coast open to foreign investment. Taken literally, this does not make much sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of foreign businessman. In fact, shantou among the SEZs, and some of the 14 coastal cities plus Hainan are not even equipped with administrative support or infrastructure to cope with the responsibilities which the central government has placed on them.
最近，中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团---19个“开发区域”政策制定和协调机构领导人、国务委员谷牧宣布整个沿海对外开放投资。从字面上理解，这并没有多大意义，因为还没“开放”的沿海地区还不能满足外商的需求。事实上，经济特区中的汕头，14个沿海城市中的一些城市，再加上海南岛，甚至不具备履行中央政府授予的职责所需的行政支持或基础设施。
8. A well-placed source within the CCETDC said Gu in fact was referring to the 19 areas which had been officially opened. The strategy, he said, was a long-term one, to transfer the SEZs experience with new industry to the 14 cities and Hainan, at the same time as this experience was being shared with the country’s inner regions.
谷牧说，中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团的良好根基实际上是指已经正式开放的19个区域。他说，把具有新工业的经济特区的经验应用到这14个城市和海南岛的战略是长远的。与此同时，这一经验也与内地一起分享。
9. The central government’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is clearly behind the decision to open the 14 coastal cities. In addition, China is now ready to spend US $ 14.2 billion for its foreign-exchange reserves (which stood at US $ 16.5 billion in June 1984) to buy foreign technology. The Bank of China has also said that new and more flexible load policies will enable “thousands” of domesti c enterprises to borrow foreign exchange to import equipment and repay in Renminbi.
中央政府提高工业技术水平的决心清楚地反映在决定开放14个沿海城市上。此外，中国现在正准备用142亿美元的外汇储备（1984年6月外汇储备是165亿美元）购买外国技术。中国银行也说，新的更为灵活的贷款政策将使“数千家”国内企业能够借用外汇来进口设备而用人民币偿还。
10. The need to upgrade industrial equipment is great: official figures show that in 1980, 20% of China’s capital stock was already 10-20 years behind that of the West. Another 20% --while technologically backward – worked well, but the remaining 60% should have been scrapped or renovated. The combined industrial output of the 15 coastal areas is reportedly equal to a quarter o f the nation’s total.
改善工业设备的需求是巨大的：官方数字表明，1980年20%的中国资本设备已经落后西方10-20年，
另外的20%----尽管技术落后----操作良好，但其余60%在该报废或更新。据报道，15个沿海区域总的工业产量是全国产量的1/4。
11. But while the reasons for throwing 19 areas and cities open to foreign investment and technology transfer are clear, how the prefe’rential systems will operate in not. This is due largely to the intensity of competition among the 19, coupled with the inexperience of most local authorities both in making decisions and in dealing with the outside world. However, there are important differences between the SEZs and the coastal cities and even among the coastal cities themselves.
尽管为外资和技术转让而开放19个区域和城市的原因是显而易见的，但是优惠体制将怎样操作却无从知道。这主要是因为这19个区域的激烈竞争，再加上大多数地方当局在制定决策和处理对外事务方面缺乏经验。然而，在经济特区和沿海城市之间，甚至沿海城市之间都存在重大差异。
12. In the SEZs, which are being built-almost from scratch, foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country, be it, for example, production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates. These can be joint ventures, cooperative enterprises or wholly foreign-owned operations. Because every factory or business established in the SEZs is new, imports of capital and consumer goods (except cigarettes and liquor) are exempted from customs duties, and a uniform 15% income-tax rate is applied.
在几乎是白手起家的经济特区里，外商可对中国认为有用的人和项目进行投资，不论是生产出口品还是建造个人居住的房地产都行。这些可以是合资企业、合作企业或外商独资企业。因为经济特区中每一个工厂或企业都是新建的，所以进口资本货物和消费品（烟、酒除外）可以免除海关税，只收取统一的15%税率的所得税。
13. In the coastal cities, only factories where plant is being upgraded by foreign investment, enjoy the 15% tax rate (or less for target projects such as transport, energy and telecommunications). Only “key equipment and other materials necessary for technical transformation which cannot be readily obtainable in China” will enjoy exemptions from customs duties prior to 1990, according to Gu.
在沿海城市，只有用外则更新设备的工厂才享有15%的税率（运输、能源及电信等目标项目更少）。按照谷牧的说法，只有“关键设备和中国不能轻易得到的技术改造所必需的其他材料”在1990年前将享受免除海关税。
14. However, each coastal city also has been granted the right to establish an Economic and Technical Development Zone (ETDZ) outside the city centre, which will offer a uniform tax rate of 15% for all projects and waive the usual 10% profit-remittance tax.
然而，每个沿海城市都被授权在市中心以外建立经济技术开发区，对所有的项目都实施统一的15%的税率，并免除通常的10%的利润汇款税。
15. Only the ETDZ in Shanghai (one of the 14 coastal cities) enjoys the same status as the four SEZs. This means that if an enterprise is within the zone, it will enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15%. A joint venture outside the Zone --- involving the setting up of a new factory, and not the upgrading of an existing one --- is liable to the standard 33% tax rate. Tourist enterprises and any other service industry outside the zone – as with similar projects outside the SEZs – are not entitled to any special status.
只有上海（14个沿海城市之一）的经济技术开发区和4个经济特区享有同等的地位。这就是说，如果某一企业位于该经济开发区内，它将享受15%的优惠税率。处于开放区以外的合资企业---包
括建设新的工厂而不是改善现有的工厂---应支付33%的标准税率。该区以外的旅游业和其他服务业—和经济特区外的类似项目一样---不享有特殊地位。
16. The major source of confusion for foreign investors, however, is not the tax rate but who has the authority to approve projects. The municipal governments of Tianjin and Shanghai have the power to approve projects each coating no more than US $ 30 million. Dalian and Canton have the power to approve projects of less than US $ 10 million each, and the other 10 cities may approve projects involving less than US $ 5 million.
然而，令外国投资者困惑的主要原因不是税率问题，而是谁具有批准项目权利的问题。天津和上海的市政府有权批准不超过3，000万美元的单个项目。大连和广州有权批准不超过1，000万美元的单个项目，另外10个城市可以批准低于500万美元的项目。
17. One official who is well aware of the confusion afflicting both local authorities and foreign investors is Jing Shuping, president of China International Economic Consultants Inc. which is the consultancy arm of the China International Trust and Investment Corp. The various cities and zones, he said, must discover their own special characteristics, strengths and weaknesses.
经叔平是熟谱困扰着地方政府和外国投资者的问题的一个官员，它是中国国际经济咨询公司的总裁，该公司是中国国际信国投资公司的咨询机构。他说，不同的城市和特区必须发现自己的特点、优势和不足。
18. “We want to stir up the enthusiasm of the grassroots units --- the enterprises --- to get things done,” he said. “We are only just beginning, so the confusion is natural. But if we start putting too many rules and regulations (in an effort to introduce some order to the situation) they will get discouraged. The time will come when the cities and zones will ask for help in coordinating their efforts.”
“我们想激起基层单位—企业---的热情来成就大业”他说，“我们才刚刚开始，因此存在困惑是不足为奇的。但是如果我们一开始就制定太多的规章制度（试图在这一局面下建立秩序），他们就会泄气。迟早有一天城市和特区会寻求援助以协调他们的工作。”
19. Another source of confusion for the investor lies in the fact that in Guangdong, for instance, there are three SEZs and two “open” areas, Canton and Hainan isla nd. There have been recent complaints from the Hainan government on interference from Canton (the provincial capital) on the exercise of its authority.
对于投资者而言，其困惑的另一来源在于同省份内的不同权限设置。例如广东省有三个经济特区以及广州和海南岛两个开放区域。最近海南当地政府抱怨设在广州的省政府正在干预其经济决策和权威。
20. So, while a comprehensive framework for the country’s modernisation has been provided by the central committee’s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure, it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way. The mountainous bureaucracy facing foreign businessmen has yet to be reduced effectively, despite promises by government.
因此，尽管中国实现现代化的综合准则在1984年10月21日的中央委员会关于改革经济结构的决定中已经提出，然而，基层单位、地方政府和外国投资者有条不紊的打交道尚需一些时日。尽管政府已经做出承诺，外国商人所面临的沉重的官僚主义还有待于更有效的铲除。
21. What foreign businessmen find encouraging is that ideology is no longer in the driver’s seat, having been deftly removed with the slogan “Socialism with Chinese
characteristics” and replaced by entrepreneur-ship. Enterprises wholly owned by foreigners are now allowed. Even the oft-repeated phrase “public ownership of the means of production” has been amended with the passage of a law on inheritance which protects private ownership of capital equipment – another way of saying that individuals can now own the means of production.
使外国商人感到鼓舞的是，意识形态不再处于统治地位，它已经被“有中国特色的社会主义”的口号和企业家精神所取代。现在中国允许外商独资企业。就连人们常说的“生产资料的公有制”也随着继承法的通过而被修改，继承法保护资本设备的私有制—换句话说，也就是个人可以拥有生产资料。
22. Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when t he National People’s Congress discusses the seventh five-year plan, which will run to the end of the decade. 今年晚些时候当全国人民代表大会讨论第7个五年级计划时将要对开放政策进行评估，第7个五年计划将持续到80年代末。
------From far Eastern Economic Review . 31 Jan. , 1985
摘自《远东经济评论》1985年1月31日
section / 5sekFEn/ n.部分
former / 5fR:mE/ a.以前的；旧时的
specially / 5speFEli/ ad.明确地；特别地
tax / tAks/ n.税
incentive / in5sentiv/ n.刺激；鼓励
attract / E5trAkt/ v.吸引
assemble / E5sembl/ v.汇集；形成
piecemeal / 5pi:smi:l/ ad.一件一件地；逐渐地
State Council / / 国务院
albeit / R:l5bi:it/ conj.尽管
procedure / prE5si:dVE/ n.程序；手续
promulgate / prR5mElgeit/ v.颁布；公布
potential / pE5tenFEl/ a.潜在的
showpiece / / n.优秀样品；展出之事物
publicize / 5pQblisaiz/ v.引起公众对...注意；（尤指用广告）宣传
fund / fQnd/ n.资金
prospect / 5prRspekt, prEs5pekt/ n.前景
pipe dream / / n.白日梦；幻想
aspire / Es5paiE/ v.渴望
vast / va:st/ a.巨大的
state councilor / / 国务委员
pronounce / prE5nauns/ v.宣告；宣布
administrative / Ed5ministrEtiv/ a.管理的；行政的
infrastructure / 5infrEstrQktFE/ n.基础设施
cope (with) / / v.（成功地）应付；（妥善地）处理
strategy / 5strAtidVi/ n.战略
long-term / / a.长期的
transfer / trAns5fE:/ v.搬；使转移
inner regions / / 内地
foreign-exchange reserves / / 外汇储备
repay / ri:5pei/ v.偿还；付还（钱）
upgrade / 5Qp5greid/ v.提高；改善
remaining / / a.剩余的；其余的
scrap / skrAp/ v.刮（擦）净；除掉
technology transfer / / 技术转让
intensity / in5tensiti/ n.强烈；激烈
(to start) from scratch / / 从零（开始）
deem / di:m/ v.认为；相信
estate / is5teit/ n.地产；财产
wholly foreign-owned / / 外商独资拥有的
operation / 5RpE5reiFEn/ n.企业
business / 5biznis/ n.工商企业
capital goods / / 资本货物
consumer goods / / 消费品
liquor / 5likE/ n.酒类
uniform / 5ju:nifR:m/ a.（税收、法律等）一样的；一致的
plant / pla:nt/ n.全套设备
readily / 5redili/ ad.无困难地；容易地
prior (to) / / ad.在...之前
grant / gra:nt/ v.给予；授予
waive / weiv/ v.放弃；不坚持要求
profit-remittance / / 利润汇款
status / 5steitEs/ n.地位
preferential tax rate / / 优惠税率
be liable to / / 有义务的；应付（税）的
entitle (to) / / v.给...权利；给...资格
authority / R:5WRriti/ n.权；权利
approve / E5pru:v/ v.批准；核准
municipal / mju:5nisipEl/ a.市（政）的
affict / / v.使苦恼；折磨
consultant / kEn5sQltEnt/ n.顾问
consultancy / kEn5sQltEnsi/ n.（承接咨询业务的）顾问服务公司strengths and weaknesses / / 优缺点
stir (up) / / v.激起；鼓励
grassroots / / a.群众的；基层的
complaint / kEm5pleint/ n.抱怨；抗议
interference / 5intE5fiErEns/ n.干预；扰乱
exercise / 5eksEsaiz/ v.（官能、力量、权利等的）行驶；运用；执行comprehensive / 5kRmpri5hensiv/ a.广泛的；综合的
framework / 5freimwE:k/ n.准则
has yet to / / 有待
ideology / aidi5RlEdVi/ n.思想意识
in the driver's seat / / 处于统治（或控制）地位
deftly / / ad.机敏地
remove / ri5mu:v/ v.移开；挪走
entrepreneurship / / n.企业家精神
oft-repeated / / 反复说的
means of production / / 生产资料
amend / E5mend/ v.修改；修订
inheritance / in5heritEns/ n.继承权
protect / prE5tekt/ v.保护
stock-taking / / 盘货；评估；估量
National People's Congress / / 全国人民代表大会
1.…tax and other incentives for the foreign investor … to attract foreign investment.
2.… a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.
3.… Chinese leaders were growing impatient with the rate of progress in the showpiec e
SEZ-Shengzhen.
4.… thus introducing a real element of competition into the country’s
economic-development programme.
5.Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential sales in their own domestic market.
6.The central govemment’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is c learly
behind the decision to open the 14 coastal cities.
7.… repay in Renminbi.
8.The need to upgrade industrial equipment …
9.The combined industrial output of the 15 coastal areas …
10.the preferential systems
11.the intensity of competition
12.private-housing estates.
13.Wholly foreign-owned operations
14.A uniform 15% income-tax
15.… plant is being upgraded by foreign investment …
16.… waive the usual 10% profit-remittance tax.
17.A joint venture outside the zone … is liable to the standard 33% tax rate.
18.Tourist enterprises and a ny other service industry outside the zone … are not entitled to
any special status.
19.… who has the authority to approve projects.
20.The consultancy arm
21.rules and regulations
22.… it will be some time before the dust settles…
23.Stock-taking of the open policy
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.doczj.com/doc/4317677100.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.doczj.com/doc/4317677100.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。