外刊经贸知识选读词语1．Compensation trade 补偿贸易
2．Net exporter 净出口国
3．Department store 百货商店
4．Economic projection 经济预测
5．White paper白皮书
6．Spin off副产品
7．Base metals贱金属
8．Technology transfer技术转让
9．Foreign-exchange reserve外汇储备
10.Saturation point饱和点
11.Trade balance贸易顺差
12.Areas of trade 贸易区
13.North America Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易区
14.Current account经常项目
15.Free trade zone自由贸易区
16.European union欧洲联盟
17.Growth rate增长率
18.Contractual conflict契约性的矛盾
19.EEC欧洲经济共同体
20.Portfolio investment证券投资
21.Per capita income人均收入
22.Deinflationary police反通胀策略
23.The single market统一大市场
24.Business investment商业投资
25.Exclusive contract独家代理协议
26.The gulf region海湾地区
27.GNP国民生产总值
28.Budget deficit贸易赤字
29.Fiscal packages一揽子计划
30.Barter trade一伙贸易
31.Foreign trade对外贸易
32.The special economic zone经济特区
33.Natural resources自然资源
34.Per capita income人均收入
35.Trade priority贸易优先权
36.Carbon tax双重税收
37.Import targets进口指标
38.Credit guarantee货款担保人
39.Accountancy service会计服务
40.National sovereign国家主权
41.Balance of payments 国际收支差额
42.Customs duties关税
43.Punitive import tariff惩罚性进口关税
44.Primary commodity初级产品价格
45.Trade surplus贸易顺差
46.Top priority第一优先
47.Hard currency硬通货
48.Technology transfer技术转让
49.Public funds 国家资金
50.Sliding price浮动价格
51.Debt restructuring债务调整
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9710295047.html, exporter净出口国
53.Wet market生肉，鱼，蛋市场
54.The general agreement on tariffs and trade 关贸总协定
55.Market forces市场力量
56.Petrochemical complete石油化学企业
57.Tax breaks税额优惠
58.Import targets进口指标
59.Trade reprisal贸易报复
60.Trade barrier贸易壁垒
61.Most-favored nation treatment最惠国待遇
62.Imports of capital资本进口
63.Gross national product国民生产总值
64.Domestic demand国内需求
65.Trade barrier贸易壁垒
66.Current-account经常项目
67.Domestic policy内政
68.Debtor nations债务国
69.Snack food小吃
70.Financial instrument金融证券
71.Foreign exchange reserves外汇储备
72.Technical transformation技术改造
73.Free market自由市场
74.Holding company控股公司
75.A chamber of commerce 商会
76.Bargain basement 廉价部
77.Trade fairs 贸易展览会
78.Trade volume 贸易量
79.Service industry 服务业
80.Capital stock 实际资本
81.Captical equipment 资本设备
82.High-tech economy 高技术经济
83.Semiconductor chips 半导体集成电路芯片
84.Electronic commerce 电子商务
85.Process a loan 办理贷款手续
86.Retail sale 零售
87.Make way for 为……让路
88.Liquid assets 流动资产
89.Developing countries 发展中国家
90.Precious metals贵金属
91.Discount rate 贴现率
92.Securities 有价证券
93.Spot market 现货市场
94.Transfers component 资本转移部分
95.Trade barrier 贸易壁垒
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9710295047.html, assets 净资产
97.Barrier-free market无壁垒市场
98.Trade reprisal 贸易报复
99.Trade inventories 贸易库存
100.Nominal dollar terms 名义美元价
101.Unfair trade不平等交易
102.Exclusive trade 独家经销合同
103.Per capita income 人均收入
104.Long-term strategy长期战略
105.GATT关税及贸易总协定
106.Financial crisis 金融危机
107.Trade representative 商务代表
108.Physical market 现货市场
109.Financial deregulation 撤销金融管制规定
110.Sovereignty dispute 主权争端
111.Most-favored nation treatmen最惠国待遇t
112.Trade surplus 贸易顺差
113.Hard currency 硬通货
114.Merger of banks 银行兼并
115.Liquid assets易于变卖资产
116. A hermit nation 关闭自守的国家
117.Trade negotiation 贸易谈判
118.At a rough estimate 据粗略估计
119.Chinese Export Commodities Fair中国出口商品交易会120.Foreign exchange reserves外汇储备
121.Most-favored nation treatment 最惠国待遇
122.Trade surplus 贸易顺差
123.Hard currency 硬通货
124.Merger of banks银行兼并
125.Liquid assets 易于变卖资产
126. A hermit nation关闭自守的国家
127.Trade negotiation贸易谈判
128.At a rough estimate据粗略估计
129.Chinese Export Commodities Fair中国出口商品交易会130.Foreign exchange reserves外汇储备
131.Fiscal package 财政一揽子计划
132.Countervailing duty 反补贴税
133.Debt service 利息付款
134.Liquid assets流动资产
135.Good resistance 强阻力
136.Current account 经常项目
137.Cash crops 经济作物
138.GNP国民生产总值
139.Deinflationary policy反通货政策
140.Equivalent value对等价值
141.反向贸易counter trade
142.省会provincial capital
143.竞争优势competitive advantage
144.经济局面economic dimensions
145.内部融资internal financing
146.中波medium wave
147.期货financial futures
148.燃气轮机gas turbine
149.资本货物capital goods
150.资本密集型投资capital-intensive investment 151.政府采购government procurement
152.优惠税率preferential tax rate
153.贸易歧视trade discriminations
154.贸易让步trade concession
155.贸易制裁trade sancitions
156.核定资本authoried capital
157.市场魅力market appeal
158.广告词marketing message
159.利率interest rate
160.竞争优势competive advantage 161.货币政策monetary policy
162.曲折下降irregularly lower
163.补偿贸易compensation trade 164.出口定额export quota
165.外汇管制foreign exchange control 166.经济结构economic structure 167.初级产品primary commodity 168.工人侨汇worker’s remittance 169.贸易体制trade framework
170.国家资金public funds
171.国民收入national income
172.进口限额import quota
173.贸易公司trading companies 174.硬通货hard curency
175.固执己见stick by one’s guns
176.自由贸易区free-trade zone
177.产地证明书certificate of origin
178.贸易差额trade balance
179.合资企业joint venture
180.贸易集团tradingblock
181.无形贸易收支invisable account
182.所得税税率income tax rate
183.证券及房地产市场securities and real-estate market 184.预算赤字budget deficit
185.净资产net asset
186.家用电器consumer electronics
187.贸易逆差trade deficit
188.进口指标import targets
189.财政一揽子计划fiscal package
190.资本密集型投资capital-intensive investment
191.知识产权intellectual property right
192.服务贸易trade in services
193.经济封锁economic blockade
194.贸易限制trade restriction
195.国内需求domestic demand
196.优先权preferred status
197.反侵销antidumping
198.出口经济export economy
199.最大份额the lion’s share
200.有形贸易visible trade
201.有形贸易收支visble trade account 202.消费品consumer goods
203.经济强国economic power
204.商品市场commodity market
205.初步协定preliminary agreements 206.坏账bad debts
207.假冒产品pirated good
208.债权国creditor nation
209.自动售货机vending machine
210.贫困地区distressed region
211.外汇业务foreign exchange business 212.税率tax rate
213.私营企业private business
214.首席执政官Chief Exective Officer 215.亏本出售的商品loss leader
216.容易上当受骗fall guy
217.贸易协定trade agreement
218.贸易顺差trade surplus
219.生产方式means of production
220.优惠税率preferential tax rate
221.利润汇款profit-remittance
222.出口经济export economy
223.高科技公司high technology firm
224.电路板circuit board
225.销售总额gross sales
226.掌握……的线索keep track of
227.强行推销hard sell
228.国际货币基金组织the Interational Monetary Fund 229.工业原料industial material
230.高增产品high growth rate
231.惩罚性进口关税punitive import tariff
232.收入指数income index
233.每年per annum
234.赤字in deficit
235.顺差in surplus
236.海关税customs duties
237.国民收入national income
238.有形贸易收支visible trade account
239.反补贴税countervailiny duty
240.无性贸易收支invisible account
241.利息付款debt service / interest payment
242.外商独资sole foreign-funded 243.技术转让technology transfer 244.国内需求domestic demand 245.出口导向export-oriented
246.贸易差额trade balance
247.产地证书certificate of origin 248.期货市场futures market
249.市场份额market share
250.进口税import duties
251.独家经销合同exclusive contract 252.经常项目current account
253.清算协议clearing agreement 254.人均收入per capital income 255.无壁垒市场barrier-free market 256.双重税carbon tax
257.房地产real estate
258.试销test market
259.知识产权intellectual property right 260.商业周期business cycle
261.国民收入national income
262.国际收支balance of payment 263.收盘价closing level
264.惩罚性进口关税punitive import tariff
265.证券投资portfolio investment
266.商品市场commodity market
267.自由市场（无壁垒市场）barrier-free market 268.智囊团（顾问班子）brain trust
269.产地证明书certificate of origin
270.对等价值equivalent value
271.市场份额market share
272.供应短缺short supply
273.世界银行the Word Bank
274.资本货物capital goods
275.生产力productive forces
276.国内需求domestic demand
277.外汇收入foreign exchange earning
278.进口税customs duties
279.有形贸易收支visible trade account
280.利润汇款profit-remittance
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.doczj.com/doc/9710295047.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.doczj.com/doc/9710295047.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。