Lesson One China in the Market Place
一、术语：
manufactured goods 制成品
capital equipment 资本货物
balance of payments 国际收支
current account 经常项目
visible trade account 有形贸易项目
invisible trade account 无形贸易项目
trade surplus 贸易顺差
trade deficit 贸易逆差
barter 易货贸易
compensation trade 补偿贸易
counter-trade 反向贸易
assembly manufacturing 组装生产
industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税
joint venture 合资企业
deferred payment 延期付款
buyer credit 买方信贷
supplier credit 卖方信贷
soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款）
MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇
PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系
NI: National Income 国民收入
GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值
GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会
IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行
EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体
EU: European Union 欧洲联盟
FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
二、词语释义：
exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化
disrupt: interrupt 中断
in the wake of: following 继┉之后
breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析
buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的
run-down: reduction
mount exhibitions: hold exhibitions
insofar as: to the extent 在┉范围之内
bottlenecks: obstacles; problems that retard or halt free movement or progress
三、句子翻译：
Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese ec onomy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978, placing undue strain on the na tional economy.
官方认为，外国技术可在中国经济现代化中起重要作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。
The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China"s determi nation
许多发展中国家面临的债务问题使中国加强了这样的决心：通过外国直接投资和优惠付款方式引进国外技术，而不是利用在国际资本市场上筹集大笔资金的方式。……在经济中的许多实际障碍―如运输能力不足和能源缺乏―被
许多发展中国家面临的债务问题使中国加强了这样的决心：通过外国直接投资和优惠付款方式引进国外技术，而不是利用在国际资本市场上筹集大笔资金的方式。……在经济中的许多实际障碍―如运输能力不足和能源缺乏―被克服之前，中国政府认为招来大笔外债的做法是不妥当的。
《外刊经贸知识选读》的串讲资料（二）！！！
Lesson two The Curtain Goes up
一、术语：
The special Economic Zone 经济特区
a well-placed source 一位高层消息灵通人士
infrastructure 基础设施
capital stock 实际资本
consumer goods 消费品
preferential tax rate 优惠税率
cooperative enterprise 合作（经营）企业
ETDZ （Economic &Technical Development Zone ）经济技术开发区entrepreneurship 企业家精神
means of production 生产资料
stock-taking 评估
二、词语释义：
in piecemeal form: piece by piece; gradually 逐渐的showpiece: a prime or outstanding example 典范
pipedream: fantasy; daydream; dream that cannot be realized
白日梦
from scratch: from the very beginning 从零开始，从最初开始grassroots: basic level 基层
the dust settles: the confusion ends 尘埃落定
in the driver’s seat: in the dominant position
三、句子翻译：
In the SEZs, which are being built almost from scratch, for
eigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country, be it, for example, production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.
在一切几乎从零开始的经济特区，只要中国政府认为对国家有益，外国人可对任何项目进行投资，例如出口货物的生产或私人住宅的房地产开发。
So, while comprehensive framework for the country’s moderniza tion has been provided by the central committee’s 21 Octobe r 1984 decision to reform the economic structure, it will b e some time before the dust settles and local authorities a nd foreign investors can deal with one another in a systema tic way.
因此，虽然中央委员会1984年10月21日的改革经济结构的决定为该国的现代化提供了一个综合的框架，但要等尘埃落定、要等地方政府与外国投资者能有条不紊的打交道却还需要一段时间。
Lesson Three Beijing Rising
一、术语：
economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国
commercial hub 商业活动中心
Per capita 人均
Gross National Product 国民生产总值
punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税
securities 有价证券
real estate market 房地产市场
“Greater China trade bloc “大中华”贸易集团
conglomerate 跨行业公司
consortium 国际财团
二、词语释义：
jockey: move
is bustling with: is filled with
giddy: dizzy; euphoric
farfetched: improbable; incredible
clear: earn a net profit
Deal a hard blow to: strike heavily rung: level retaliation: return of ill treatment for ill treatment; revenge; reprisal career out of control: run out of control 三、句子翻译： With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal
deal a hard blow to: strike heavily
rung: level
retaliation: return of ill treatment for ill treatment; reven ge; reprisal
career out of control: run out of control
三、句子翻译：
With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal of China ’s most-favored nation trade status in June, officials in B eijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights a s a source of U.S. opposition to preferred status for China . Beijing has cut this year’s growth target from 10 to 8.
5 per cent, in an effort to keep the economy from careerin
g out of control just as it was cut back in 1989 and 199
0 when it overheated.
Lesson four The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective
一、术语：
centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济
market economy 市场经济
disinflationary (anti-inflationary) policies 反通货膨胀政策deflation 通货紧缩
short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率
commodity market 商品市场
nominal (dollar) terms 名义（美元）价
constant (dollar) terms 不变（美元）价
business cycle 商业周期
weighted average 加权平均数
hard currencies 硬通货
fiscal adjustment 财政调整
portfolio investment 有价证券投资
market diversification 市场多元化
tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策
exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值
accommodative monetary policy 融通性货币政策
yield curve 收益曲线
per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值
GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定EMS: European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系
GDP deflator 消除国内生产总值通货膨胀因素指数（GDP 平减指数）CMEA (Comecon): Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经互
会
LIBOR: London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠利率
二、词语释义：
in a row: in succession
easing: slowing down; decrease
momentum: force of movement
underlying: being at the basis of
slackening: slowing of speed
compound: worsen
moderate inflation: ease inflation
robust: strong and healthy
setbacks: frustrations
slump: depression
edge down: move slowly down
depreciation: devaluation
spike: abrupt increase
pick-up: recovery
rein in: control
bottoming-out: reaching the lowest point before rising again （止跌回升）
三、句子翻译：
Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a posi tive development for many developing countries—it also contri buted to a drop of over 6 percent in nonoil commodity pric es and to a slackening, to 3 percent, in the growth of wo rld trade. Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East A sia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “m arket-oriented”regional integration, a development that could partially offset lackluster progress in the
Lesson Five U.S. is Prepared to See Trade Relations Worsen 一、术语： trade representative贸易谈判代表 government procurement政府采购 NAFTA（North America Free Trade Agreements）北美自由贸易协定 trade sanctions贸易
Lesson Five U.S. is Prepared to See Trade Relations Worsen
一、术语：
trade representative 贸易谈判代表
government procurement 政府采购
NAFTA （North America Free Trade Agreements ）北美自由贸易协定
trade sanctions 贸易制裁
trade hawks 贸易中主张强硬路线的鹰派人物
二、词语释义：
tough: uncompromising （不妥协的，强硬的）
discrimination: unfair treatment
sanctions: penalty
escalate: develop; intensify
frictions: conflicts
procurement: purchase
be bullied into doing: be forced to do
is awake to: is conscious of
amenable to: responsive to
a ragged start: a poor start
三、句子翻译：
Administration officials see little risk that this more aggre ssive policy could escalate into a full-fledged trade war th at would shock the world’s fragile economies. Thus, the adm inistration will not be deterred by complaints that it has moved to “protectionism.”In some ways, Mr. Clinton and hi s advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bus h administration, which threatened sanctions against the Commu nity last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies.
Lesson Six Economic Troubles Cloud New Market’s Future
一、术语：
the single market 统一大市场Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约
barrier-free market 无壁垒市场free-trade zone 自由贸易区referendum 公民复决投票merger 兼并
budget cuts 预算削减political and economic integration 政治经济一体化
deregulation 放松管制privatization 私有化
二、词语释义：
big bang: strong and powerful effect; impact （不同凡响的效果）
sour: worsen backlash: a strong adverse reaction
be bursting to: be eager to （迫不及待
地…）skid: slide; fall
gush about: talk about with excessive enthusiasm （滔滔不绝地谈论）
translate into: transform into hang over: impend over; threat en
三、句子翻译：
Yet in its current dour mood, Europe risks almost overlookin g the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating t he world’s largest and wealthiest barrier-free market —and on a continent where, for centuries, economic battles have led to some of history’s bloodiest
Lesson Seven Japan Says No 一、术语： free trade自由贸易trade sanctions 贸易制裁 fiscal packages财政一揽子计划managed trade管理贸易 trade
balance贸易差额multilateral rules多边规则 economic cycle经济周期budget def
Lesson Seven Japan Says No
一、术语：
free trade 自由贸易trade sanctions 贸易制裁
fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划managed trade 管理贸易
trade balance 贸易差额multilateral rules 多边规则
economic cycle 经济周期budget deficit 预算赤字
trade reprisals 贸易报复
二、词语释义：
draw the line: set limits; refuse to go as far as or beyo nd （划定界限；不肯做到或超越某种程度）
die down: disappear gradually foreshadow: is a sign of; repr esents; indicates
capitulate to: yield to thrust: principal concern or objectiv e
geared to: adjusted to take sb to task for: reprimand sb f or; criticize sb for
is at pains to: makes a great effort to; works hard to of its own accord: voluntarily; spontaneously
export-driven: export-led; export-oriented in due course: at t he right time
cave in to: give in to
三、句子翻译：
Its policy is to open some Japanese markets (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targets—an approach to tr ade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”.This ugl y term foreshadows uncertain consequences. Far from capitulati ng to this new thrust of American trade policy, Japan is t aking a stand that could lead to a trans-Pacific confrontati on. In addition to the customary dry analysis, this year’s edition will put Japan’s side of an argument that has, u ntil now, been dominated by American and European critiques. It follows another MITI report, published this week, that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for their “unfair trading practices”.
Lesson Eight Here Comes Korea, Inc.
一、术语：
Silicon Valley 硅谷state-of-the-art technology 最先进的技术microprocessor 微信息处理机dumping 倾销
licensor 转让人insolvency 无偿还能力
market forces 市场力量 a hermit nation 一个闭关自守的国家fledgling industries 新兴工业nouveau riche 暴发户
brain trust 智囊团technocrat 技术专家治国论者
tax breaks 减税；税额优惠bankruptcy 破产
xenophobia 排外；对外国人恐惧或仇视
二、词语释义：
delve into: make researches into is poised for: is ready fo r
churn out: produce in large quantities clout: influence; powe r
be lost on: fail to influence or attract the attention of edge: advantage
upset one’s apple cart: spoil one’s plan
houseofcards:astructure,planorsituationwhichistoobadlyarrangedtosucce ed不可*的计划或体制 the lions share: the largest portion curbmoneymarket:amarketfortradinginsecuritiesnotlistedonastockexchang e场外证券
house of cards: a structure, plan or situation which is too badly arranged to succeed 不可*的计划或体制
the lion’s share: the largest portion
curb money market: a market for trading in securities not l isted on a stock exchange 场外证券交易市场
三、句子翻译：
Their often helter-skelter expansion has created monopolies in many industries and resulted in widespread inefficiency; som e companies are run by managers whose qualifications are lim ited to their family ties to the founder. And because most of this expansion has been financed through borrowed money, the chaebol have grown increasingly vulnerable to business setbacks and changes of economic climate. As a Western banke r in Seoul bluntly puts it: “It’s a house of cards.”Th e challenge for Chun is to rein in the chaebol without dam aging their absolutely essential contribution to the Korean e conomy - and without stepping on the toes of the chaebol’s enormously powerful chieftains.
Lesson Nine Prosperity Persists in the UAE
一、术语：
GCC (Gulf Co-operation Council) 海湾合作委员会
sovereignty dispute 主权争端
Ramadan 斋月
carbon tax 双重税
surcharge 附加税
OPEC （Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ）石油输出国组织
tenders 招标
reexports 再出口；复出口
certificate of origin 原产地证明书
loss leader philosophy 亏本招徕方式
二、词语释义：
add weight to one’s voice: add to one’s influence
head off: prevent
be forthright about: be straightforward about
is riding high on: is having great success
spin-off: derived effect; by-product 副效应；副产品
show teeth: show power; show effective means of enforcement 显示威力；显示效力
up for grabs: available for anyone to take or win 群起而争的；待价而沽的
三、句子翻译：
Dubai traders are not unduly concerned by the introduction o n 21 March of an Iranian 20 percent import surcharge as th ey consider demand for goods to be so strong that the surc harge will have little impact. It is no coincidence that go vernment departments in the various emirates are welcoming bi ds from consultants that are new to the area
外刊串讲（六）
Lesson Ten Freer Trade, with Luck
一、术语：
anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施
subsidies 补贴
countervailing duties反补贴税 government procurement政府采购 barriers to-trade (trade barriers)贸易壁垒 intellectual property知识资产 trade liberalization贸易自由化 WTO: World Trade Organization世界贸易组织 CAP
countervailing duties 反补贴税
government procurement 政府采购
barriers to trade (trade barriers) 贸易壁垒
intellectual property 知识资产
trade liberalization 贸易自由化
WTO: World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
CAP: Common Agricultural policy 共同农业政策
二、词语释义：
carry one’s heart in one’s boots: feel afraid and worried 提心吊胆
subsidy: money granted by government to an industry to keep prices at a desired level
allow for: take into consideration
snag: bog down, impede
三、句子翻译：
On a conservative estimate, the Uruguay round would permanent ly raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s p oorest countries) and extend competition to hitherto sheltered , and therefore backward, parts of all economies. By any st andards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. No indus try in the world has been pushed further, or so needlessly, from the liberal ideal of guiding resources to their best use by means of prices set in markets.
Lesson Eleven The Comeback of International Barter
一、术语：
convertible currency 可兑换货币
cartel 卡特尔
debt service 债息支付
debtor 债务人
creditor 债权人
The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference 联合国货币金融会议
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织
二、词语释义：
proceeds: money gained from the sale of something 收入，收
益
dip into: spend; use up 动用（存款）
hammer out: talk about in detail and come to a decision; p roduce by hard work 经详细讨论得出；经过大量工作而作出
break down: collapse
pay a premium for: pay a higher price for
三、句子翻译：
Barter endured for thousands of years as the primary means of trade. Colonial powers forced bilateral barter upon their client states, making the colonies take expensive manufactur ed goods in return for bargain-price raw materials, and proh ibiting them from trading with other nations. International t rade was
Linkingimportsandexportsisawaytoexertpowerovermultinationalcorporatio ns.Countriesthatlackexpertiseininternationalmarketingtrytousecountert radeasleveragetotapthenetworksofglobalfirms. 外刊串讲（七) Le
Linking imports and exports is a way to exert power over m ultinational corporations. Countries that lack expertise in in ternational marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the networks of global firms.
Lesson Twelve Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle
一、术语：
market share 市场份额
test market 试销市场
coupons 赠券
price promotion 价格促销
hard sell 强行推销手段
franchise 特许经营权
二、词语释义：
be spoiling for (a fight): be very eager (to fight) 一心想；切望
pick on: single out, esp for sth。unpleasant
live up to: keep to the high standards of
make way for: allow room for 让位
flagship brand: leading brand; chief brand
work off: dispose of
niche: a suitable place
let much to chance: let chance to decide; let luck to deci de
三、句子翻译：
If these products live up to their early performance in tes t markets—a big if—they could produce $3 billion a year i n retail sales. The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for t he loyalty of bottlers. The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new product. The bottlers may not go along. Much of the expense of intr oducing a new product—blitzing consumers with coupons and of fering deep discounts to retailers to get the product on th e shelves—is borne by the bottler. He is reluctant to walk away from his investment in an existing brand to pony up for something new.
Lesson Thirteen Hong Kong is Tops at Cracking U.S. Shell Eg
gs
一、术语：
fast food stores 快餐店
supermarket 超级市场
the wet market 出售未经加工的肉、鱼、禽的市场
二、词语释义：
outlets: a store or dealer through which a product is marke ted
monopolize: have complete control of
wholesaler: a middleman who sells goods in large quantities chiefly to retailers for resale to the public
三、句子翻译：
Major suppliers to the Hong Kong egg market are making grea ter efforts to increase the competitiveness of their products in order to maintain or expand market shares. To promote sales of Chinese eggs, the Chinese Eggs and Products Company recently held a “luck draw”— a popular promotional act ivity in Hong Kong —with prizes in solid gold for winnin g retailers. Attractive posters are designed to promote both fresh Linkingimportsandexportsisawaytoexertpowerovermultinationalcorporatio ns.Countriesthatlackexpertiseininternationalmarketingtrytousecountert radeasleveragetotapthenetworksofglobalfirms. 外刊串讲（七) Le
Linking imports and exports is a way to exert power over m ultinational corporations. Countries that lack expertise in in ternational marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the networks of global firms.
Lesson Thirteen Hong Kong is Tops at Cracking U.S. Shell Eg gs
一、术语：
fast food stores 快餐店
supermarket 超级市场
the wet market 出售未经加工的肉、鱼、禽的市场
二、词语释义：
outlets: a store or dealer through which a product is marke ted
monopolize: have complete control of
wholesaler: a middleman who sells goods in large quantities chiefly to retailers for resale to the public
三、句子翻译：
Major suppliers to the Hong Kong egg market are making grea ter efforts to increase the competitiveness of their products in order to maintain or expand market shares. To promote sales of Chinese eggs, the Chinese Eggs and Products Company recently held a “luck draw”— a popular promotional act ivity in Hong Kong —with prizes in solid gold for winnin g retailers. Attractive posters are designed to promote both fresh eggs and preserved Chinese eggs.
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e7970577.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e7970577.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
外刊经贸知识选读复习自考
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 一、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一 税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture
15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待 遇MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关 系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银 行IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and D evelopment) 25. 国际开发协 会IDA(International Development Association) 26. 国际金融公 司IFC(International Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组 织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation an
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。