a hermit nation 一个闭关自守的国家
allocation of resources 资源配置
anarchy 无政府状态
anti-dumping 反倾销
anti-trust 反垄断
antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法
assembly manufacturing 来件组装
at a rough estimate 据粗略估计
auction 拍卖
austerity program 紧缩计划
bamboo curtain 竹幕
Bank for International Settlements 国际清算银行barrier-free market 无壁垒市场
barter 易货贸易
bilateral pacts 双边条约
bonded warehouse 保税仓库
brain trust 智囊团
budget deficit 预算赤字
bureaucratism 官僚主义
Business Consultant 商务顾问
business cycle 商业周期
buzzword 时髦词语
capital goods 资本货物
capital market 资本市场
carbon tax 双重税
cash crops 经济作物
central bank 中央银行
certificate of origin 产地说明书
certificate of quality 质量证书
chamber of commerce 商会
Chinese Export Commodities Fair 中国出口商品交易会civil service 行政部门
clearing agreement 清算协议
client state 附属国
closing level 收盘价
closing price 收盘价
coastal cities 沿海城市
Comecon 经济互助委员会
commodity market 商品市场
compensation trade 补偿贸易
compensation trade agreement 补偿贸易协定competitive advantages 竞争优势
concessionary finance 延期付款
conglomerate 跨行业公司
consortium 国际财团
constant price 不变价格
consumer goods 消费品
convertible currency 可兑换货币
cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业counterpurchase 回购
countertrade 反向贸易
countervailing duty 反补贴税
coupons 赠券
currency exchange system 汇兑制度currency movement 货币流通
current account 经常项目
customs duties 进口税
customs formalities 报关单
dairy products 乳制品
debt restructuring 债务调整
debt service 利息付款
deflation 通货紧缩
deinflationary policies 反通胀政策
direct investment 直接投资
discount rate 贴现率
disposable income 可支配收入
dollar-denominated 美元标价的
domestic demand 国内需求
dumping 倾销
economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国economic recession 经济衰退entrepreneurship 企业家精神
equity capital 产权资本
equivalent value 对等价值
European Common Market 欧洲共同市场European Community 欧洲共同体European integration 欧洲一体化exchange rate 外汇率
exclusive contract 独家经销合同
export quota system 出口配额制
Ex-warehouse 仓库交货
fast food shops 快餐店
financial crisis 金融危机
financial deregulation 撤销金融管制规定fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划(方案) fledgling industries 新兴工业
foreign borrowing 对外借贷
foreign exchange income 外汇收入
foreign-exchange reserves 外汇储备franchise 特许经营权
franchisee 特许经营人
free trade 自由贸易
free-trade zone 自由贸易区
futures 期货
generalized system of preferences 普遍优惠制glut of supplies 供应过剩
good resistance 强阻力
government procurement 政府采购
grace period 宽限期
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 国内生产总值Gross National Product (GNP) 国民生产总值hard currency 硬通货
headquarters 总部(企业等的)
high rates of growth 高增长率
high-tech 高技术
high-wage economy 高工资经济
import quotas 进口配额
in prospect 期望中的
infrastructure 基础设施
insolvency 无偿还能力
intellectual property 知识产权
intellectual property right 知识产权international brand 国际品牌
invisible trade 无形贸易
invisible trade account 无形贸易收支
invite tender 招标
joint venture 合资企业
licenser 转让人
liquid assets 易于变卖的资产
manufactured goods 制成品
market diversification 市场多样化
market forces 市场力量
market orientation 市场导向
market regulation 市场调节
market share 市场份额
means of production 生产资料
merger of banks 银行兼并
most-favored nation treatment/status 最惠国待遇multilateral rules 多边规则
national income 国民收入
natural resource 自然资源
news service 通讯社
nominal dollar terms 名义美元价
nouveau riche 暴发户
packing list 装箱单
per capita income 人均收入
personal income tax 个人所得税
pluralistic operations 多元经营
portfolio investment 证券投资
preferential tax rate 优惠税率
preferred status 优先权
price-cutting war 削价战
primary products 初级产品
productive forces 生产力
profit-remittance 利润汇款
protectionism 保护(贸易)主义
punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税
raw material 原料
real estate 房地产
retailer 零售商
retaliatory sanctions 报复性制裁
risk-weighted assets 高风险资产
securities 有价证券
securities and real estate market 证券及房地产市场short supply 供应短缺
short-term nominal interest rate 短期名义利率sleeper 出人意料的成功者
soft commodity 非耐用商品
soft drink 软饮料
sovereignty dispute 主权争端
speculative business 投机商业
spot market 现货市场state subsidy 政府津贴
state-run enterprises 国营企业
stock market 股票市场
strategic reserves 战略性储备
strategic stockpile 战略性库存
super market 超级市场
surplus labour 剩余劳动力
take title 取得所有权
tax breaks 税额优惠
tax-cut-induced boom 由减税引发的繁荣
technical transformation 技术革新
technology transfer 技术转让
test market 试销市场
test marketing 试销
the draft agreement 协议草案
the Gulf Countries 海湾国家
the pattern of supply and demand 供求模式
the service sector 服务部门
the Single Market 统一大市场
the Special Drawing Right 特别提款权
the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) 经济特区
the state apparatus 国家机器
the State Council 国务院
the World Bank 世界银行
tough policy 强硬的政策
trade balance 贸易差额
trade discrimination 贸易歧视
trade fairs and exhibitions 贸易展销会
trade friction 贸易摩擦
trade in services 服务贸易
trade negotiation 贸易谈判
trade reprisal 贸易报复
trade sanctions 贸易制裁
trade surplus 贸易顺差
unfair trade 不公平贸易
value-added taxes 增值税
vertical integration 纵向结合
vicious circle 恶性循环
visible trade 有形贸易
visible trade account 有形贸易收支
White Paper 白皮书
Wholesaler 批发商
wholly foreign-owned 外商独资
ETDZ 经济技术开发
(Economical & Technical Development Zone) OECD 经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
OPEC石油输出国组织
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) GA TT关税及贸易总协定
(General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs)
外刊经贸知识选读复习自考
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 一、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一 税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture
15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待 遇MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关 系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银 行IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and D evelopment) 25. 国际开发协 会IDA(International Development Association) 26. 国际金融公 司IFC(International Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组 织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation an
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
绝密★考试结束前 全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试 外刊经贸知识选读试题 课程代码:00096 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂二写在答题纸上三 选择题部分 注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称二姓名二准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上三 2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑三如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号三不能答在试题卷上三 一二单项选择题(本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑三错涂二多涂或未涂均无分三 1.The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed substantially since China opened to the outside world. A.considerably B.partially C.scarcely D.suddenly 2.The sophistication of the industrial structure needs the support of advanced technology. A.building B.upgrade https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe14687379.html,pletion D.reform 3.A number of countries in the EU are confronted with debt problems. A.angry B.disappointed C.concerned D.faced 4.By opening the district to foreign investments,competition was introduced into its economy. A.exclusive B.recommended C.brought D.imposed 5.If an enterprise is within the zone,it will enjoy a preferential tax rate. A.high B.favored C.low D.free 6.American industry was booming by the autumn of1942. A.flourishing B.diminishing C.decreasing D.changing 7.A surplus of exports over imports will boost employment. A.influence B.harm C.promote D.dampen
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 —、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture 15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待遇MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD(lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 25. 国际开发协会IDA(lnternational Development Association) 26. 国际金融公司IFC(lnternational Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 28. 国际清算银行BIS(Bank for International Settlement) 29. 欧洲经济共同体EEC(European Economic Community) 30. 欧洲联盟EU(European Union) 31. 外商直接投资FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) 32. The special Economic Zone 经济特区 33. a well-placed source —位高层消息灵通人士 34. infrastructure 基础设施 35. capital stock 实际资本 36. consumer goods 消费品 37. preferential tax rate 优惠税率 38. cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业 39. ETDZ ( Economic &Technical Development Zone )经济技术开发区 40. entrepreneurship 企业家精神 41. means of production 生产资料 42. stock-taking 评估
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。
第7课关于日本的贸易地位 Japan Says No TOKYO Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down.No longer, it seems.The Clinton administration strongly believes in exerting such pressure.Its policy is to open some Japanese markets (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targets—an approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”.This ugly term foreshadows uncertain consequences.Far from capitulating to this new thrust要点，目标of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-pacific confrontation. 从前，日本面对外来压力时，或者勉强屈服，或者保持沉默，并希望这种压力逐渐消失。但现这种情况已经一去不复返了。克林顿政府热衷于拖加这样的压力（依然认为对日施加贸易压力会有效果。）其政策是通过设定进口指标来打开日本某些市场（美国认为日本某些市场是对外封闭的）——这种方法被其支持者称为“以结果为导向”贸易政策。这种牵强的说法预示着不确定的后果。日本非但没有屈服于美国的强硬贸易政策反而采取了一种可能会导致太平洋双岸对抗的矛盾（美日贸易冲突的立场）。 Japan’s government is deeply opposed to what America’s trade representative, Mickey Kantor, has called a new policy geared to“quantifiable results” for some products.It fears that the demands and threats which are part of any such policy are bound to spread—both within product groups and to new areas of trade.At the summit meeting last month between Bill Clinton and Japan’s prime minister, Kiichi Miyazawa, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import targets.Japan’s government will refuse. 日本政府强烈反对美国贸易代表米奇坎特所称的使某些产品适合“定量结果”的新政策。日本担心美国这种要求和威协只是其强硬贸易政策的部分，而注定要扩散。两者都会扩散到产品整个类别并扩散到新的贸易领域。在上月比尔·克林顿和日本首相宫泽喜一的两国领导人峰会上，美国坚持要求日本拿出满足新的进口指标的具体措施。日本政府将会拒绝这一要求。 Instead, Japan is undertaking着手做a detailed defence of its record on trade.This will first appear in the annual white paper on trade developments due to be published on May 21st by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)—its definitive statement on trade matters.In addition to the customary dry analysis, this year’s edition will put Japan’s side of an argument that has, until now, been dominated by American and European critiques.It follows another MITI report, published this week that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for指责某人their “unfair trading practices”.Both reports argue for trade governed by multilateral rules and call for the completion of the Uruguay round of trade talks. 相反，日本正为其贸易记录进行具体的辩护。这将首次出现在日本通商产业省将