绿色贸易壁垒外文翻译文献
绿色贸易壁垒外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
Journal of Economic Surveys
Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on
China's Foreign Trade
Thomas J. Sargent
ABSTRACT
In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.
Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade
In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to
trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.
1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"
Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict
environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.
Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict
environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.
Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.
2. The main forms of Green barriers trade
In accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:
2.1G reen Tariff
Some developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused,
it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.
2.2G reen Standards
Green standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developing countries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.
2.3 Package Requirements
Certain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.
2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection system
On the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.
3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign trade
China has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.
4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countries
As mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green
barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.
References
[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.
[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.
[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.
绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响
萨金特
莱斯大学经济管理学院
摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。
关键词：绿色壁垒；产品；贸易
近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。这些规定对发展中国家的出口有许多不利的影响，这些规定一般被称为“绿色贸易壁垒”。绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定与世界贸易组织的有关协议相一致。绿色贸易壁垒的定义是：以保护整个人类赖以生存的自然环境和保护人体健康为的名义，制定一系列的规则条款，以达到发达国家保护其国内市场和国内产品的目的。
一、分析绿色贸易壁垒的形成原因
首先，生态环境的恶化是绿色贸易壁垒形成的主要原因。随着工业和技术的发展，社会经济飞速发展，人民生活水平得到显著改善。但与此同时，经济的发展也以生态环境的破坏为代价。环境问题已经引起社会公众的注意而且国际社会也已开始制定法律来保护生态环境。在1972年6月，联合国发表的斯德哥尔摩宣言，强调了保护环境的重要性。从那时起，越来越多的人开始关注的环境问题。环境的概念应景影响人类生活的各个层面，在社会公众的压力下发达国家开始制定严格的措施来保护生态环境。这也就逐渐形成了国际贸易的绿色壁垒。
其次，国与国之间在技术水平，环境标准和对外直接投资等方面的差异导致了绿色贸易壁垒的形成。正如我们所知，发达国家在社会整体水平和科学技术水平上远远领先发展中国家。即使他们作出非常严格的环境保护标准，其国内的产品可以达到严格的环境保护标准的要求，而
这些标准则可能对来自发展中国家的产品构成障碍。事实上，这些标准有可能成为对来自发展中国家产品歧视的一种手段，并构成国与国之间任意或不合理的歧视。
第三，在一些发达国家，贸易保护主义的抬头，是形成绿色贸易壁垒的一个很重要的原因。在现代市场经济条件下，竞争与以前相比是越来越激烈了。国内产业直接面临来自其他国家产品的强有力的竞争，他们将敦促各国政府采取有效措施，以保护他们自己免受来自外国产品的冲击。然而由于世界贸易组织的多边谈判，关税已大大降低，使用非关税措施也受到限制。因此，许多发达国家采取的一些法律限制进口，
如绿色壁垒，以保护本国产业，从而引起绿色贸易壁垒的增加。
二、绿色贸易壁垒的主要形式
根据世界贸易组织有关绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定，绿色贸易壁垒通常有如下几种形式：
（一）绿色关税
一些发达国家对其他国家强加进口附加税，这些国家主要是其产品可能会造成污染或损害环境的国家。如果这种措施被滥用，这将构成绿色贸易壁垒。
（二）绿色标准
目录 摘要 (2) 关键词 (2) 一、引言 (2) 二、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (3) 1、绿色贸易壁垒的概念 (3) 2、绿色贸易壁垒形成和发展的原因 (3) 3、绿色贸易壁垒的形式 (4) 4、绿色贸易壁垒的特点 (4) 三、绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响 ..................................... 错误！未定义书签。 1、对我国外贸的积极影响 (5) 2、对我国外贸的消极影响 (5) 四、我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策 (6) 六、结语 (7) 参考文献 (7)
关于绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响的文献综述 摘要： 绿色贸易壁垒由于具有表面上的合理性以及隐蔽性等特点，成为当今国际贸易领域行之有效的贸易保护手段之一。这引起了我国众多学者的关注，他们从绿色贸易壁垒的概念、形式、特点入手，对绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响进行了研究，分析绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口市场范围，出口商品结构，出口贸易增长速度，经济效益和国际贸易关系的影响。并针对我国出口贸易面临绿色贸易壁垒日益增多的现实状况，提出我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策。本文将众多学者的观点进行了梳理，并进行了一定的评论。 关键词：绿色贸易壁垒出口经济措施 Abstract：Green barriers on the surface as a reasonable and hidden features, to become effective in today's international trade is one means of trade protection. This has led to the concern of many scholars in China, they are from the concept of green trade barriers, form, features start on the green trade barriers on China's foreign trade was studied to analyze the green range of trade barriers on China's export market, export commodity structure, exports trade growth, economic efficiency and international trade relations. And green for China's export trade is facing increasing trade barriers, the reality of the situation, put forward China's foreign trade measures to address global green trade barriers. This will be the point of view of many scholars of the sort, and make some comments. Key Words：Green trade barrier；Export Economy；Measures 一、引言 进入21世纪，人们的消费观念有了前所未有的变化，对绿色产品显示出了旺盛的需求。随着工业化进程的加快，世界经济得到了高速发展，但是随之而来是环境的破坏，环境污染问题日渐突出。绿色壁垒是20 世纪环保浪潮的产物，初衷在于保护环境和人类安全。但伴随着全球一体化的进程，国际贸易迅速发展，国家间的贸易竞争也更加激烈，而关税壁垒和非关税壁垒受到了严格限制。在这种情况下，既可以保护环境，又可以保护国内产品和市场的绿色壁垒被越来越多的国家采用，成为一种新型的非税壁垒形式。绿色壁垒作为一种“合法”的贸易壁垒，越来越多地影响到国际贸易的正常进行。为了保护国内环境和市场，发展我国相关产业，更好地维护我国利益，寻找跨越绿色壁垒的方法成为当务之急。因此，本文将众多学者对绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响
商务英语专业毕业论文参考题目（教师选题） 一、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务英语函电翻译技巧 3、商务英语信函的语体分析 3、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 4、商务英语学习方法探究 5、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 6、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 7、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 8、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异 9、商务谈判中的语言艺术 10、商标名称的翻译与策略 11、广告英语的分类与分析 12、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用 13、商务英语听力策略研究 14、商务英语写作问题研究 15、商务英语考试技巧研究 16、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 17、The Ways to Increase the Competitiveness of China’s Export Goods 18、The Advantages and the Disadvantages of China’s Cheap Labor in Its Foreign Trade 19、Multinational Corporations Help China Develop Its Economy 20、Export and Import Are Equally Necessary to China 二、 1、初析英文广告句式结构及修辞的功能 2、从文化视角比较中英文广告语言
4、商务英语发展现状浅祈 5、商务英语翻译技巧 6、商务英语函电中的文化因素初探 7、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践 8、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用 9、中英文广告标题的共同点 10、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题 11、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示 12、商务英语翻译标准初探 13、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧 14、我国在国际贸易中实施反倾销的应对策略 15、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点 16、英文广告的特点及翻译 17、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色 18、浅议国际贸易的几点理论创新 19、高职高专商务英语专业教学模式探讨 20、商务英语翻译技巧 21、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析 22、礼貌原则在商务英语信函写作当中的应用 三、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 3、商标名称的翻译与策略 4、商务谈判中的语言艺术 5、商务谈判的文化障碍 6、商务英语课程设置的探讨 7、商务谈判中英语的重要性 8、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 9、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
南京工程学院经济管理学院学年论文开题报告 题目绿色壁垒对我国外贸的影响及策略 学生姓名 学号 20908 专业国际经济与贸易 指导教师 2011年 6 月 5 日
学年论文开题报告 1．选题的理由或意义 近年来，在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、人类和动植物的生命和健康为名，以限制进口、保护贸易为根本目的，凭借其经济和科技优势，通过立法制定出严格的保护境的法律、法规和标准等，对来自外国的商品或服务进行准入限制的一种手段。 入世后绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响加剧。据调查，2002年，我国约有71%的出口企业、39%的出口产品遭遇到绿色贸易壁垒的限制。损失达170多亿美元，尤以食品和土畜产品的损失最为严重，有将近90%的企业受阻，造成损失达90多亿美元。 当前，欧盟、美国、日本是我国最大的贸易伙伴，统计数据显示，包括经过香港的转口贸易在内我国有将近75%的出口商品销往这些国家或地区，而这几个国家和地区也是实施绿色贸易壁垒的积极倡导者和最严厉的国家和地区，这种产品出口的地理方向决定了我国不得不直接面对绿色贸易壁垒的威胁。 绿色贸易壁垒是一把双刃剑，恰到好处地使用可以促使我国企业积极提高科技水平和环境认证标准，提高出口产品的国际竞争力。同时为符合环境保护要求的新产品的出口创造条件，开拓崭新的国际市场，争创更多的外汇收入。所以了解绿色壁垒对我国的影响，分析我国的应对策略尤其重要。 2．国内外研究现状(或文献综述) 根据论文选题查阅了相关文献，对绿色壁垒对我国外贸的影响及策略有所了解。现分述如下: 一．关于绿色壁垒的概述的研究 对绿色壁垒的概念的理解主要有以下几种观点： 王金南在其《绿色壁垒与国际贸易》中认为，在当今国际经济一体化趋势越来越明显的大背景下，一些国家为了达到保护本国产业与市场的目的，采取了一系列贸易限制措施，其中绿色贸易壁垒是自20世纪90年代以来，发达国家使用最频繁的一种，也是当今国际贸易领域主要的贸易壁垒之一。随着技术性贸易壁
Appendix： Green Barriers from the Standpoint of Sustainable Development Abstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sustainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advantage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes and clean production techniques. Key Words:Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis. 1. Introduction Since the opening up and economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is 65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: labor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing exports and resource intensive including rubber and metal products accounting for 20%. This export pattern depletes resources and causes high emissions and high pollution, a serious environmental problem in China (Gu, 2005). In addition,besides agricultural products, the exportation of mechanical and electrical products is facing increasing technical barriers such as noise, pollution, safety standards, energy saving, and recycling requirements. Every year,about US$8 billion of export products are affected by foreign green labeling and trademarks and US$24 billion of products are indirectly influenced since packing methods do not satisfy the environmental protection standard of developed countries. Therefore,
1.2 国内外的研究状况 1.2.1 国内研究状况 基于绿色壁垒在当前对外贸易中的重要性，国内很多学者对绿色壁垒都进行了深入的分析和研究。苗建军提出了广义绿色壁垒的概念。梁咏(2003) 定义了狭义的绿色贸易壁垒，他认为绿色贸易壁垒是继贸易技术壁垒之后的又一种新型的非关税壁垒形式，它的核心是借保护环境、自然资源以及人类和动植物的健康为理由，利用环保差别优势，通过蓄意制定苛刻的环保标准，限制进口，以达到保护本国市场的目的。曾凡银和郭羽诞(2004) 以总成本梯度模型来解释发达国家绿色壁垒设置的原因。焦志云(2004) 则从实施绿色壁垒的动机来分析，认为绿色壁垒有正当和不正当之分。在绿色壁垒性质论述方面，俞海山(1997) 从绿色壁垒名义上的合理性、形式上的合法性、保护内容的广泛性、保护方式的隐蔽性和实施结果的歧视性五个方面论述了绿色壁垒的性质。张文兵从绿色壁垒兴起的特定背景分析出绿色壁垒的实质是贸易保护手段，它是发达国家在与发展中国家竞争中更具道义假象的工具。曾建平和盛敏认为绿色壁垒是生态伦理规则在贸易领域中具体应用，是一场涉及多重贸易主体、关于发展与环境之间的尖锐矛盾的问题，是新、旧伦理价值观(其中主要是环境伦理思想与功利主 义)激烈交锋和对阵的问题。在绿色壁垒的效应研究方面，夏英祝和祖书君从绿色壁垒的保障效应和绿色壁垒的扭曲效应两方面来研究，他们认为绿色壁垒虽然可以提高保护生态环境的意识，促进科技水平和产品质量的提高，促进发展中国家与环保产业相关法律制度和标准的建立和完善，但它增加了贸易成本，引发了许多贸易争端和相互报复的行为，同时发达国家的污染型产业向发展中国家转移，这些扭曲的效应更是不能忽视。卢授永和杨晓光从静态和动态两方面出发，论证了绿色壁垒对我国经济的具体影响。 1.2.2 国外研究状况 在国际文献中并没有“绿色壁垒”一词，绿色壁垒更多被称为环境壁垒。国外对环境壁
中文3100字，2000单词，1.1万英文字符 出处：Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41. 原文 Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export. Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China 1. Introduction The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high
毕业论文/设计 题目：论述绿色贸易壁垒 学号XXXXXX 姓名XXXX 学院指导教师 专业论文成绩 完成时间：年月日University of International Business and Economics
Graduation Thesis / Design Title GREEN TRADE BARRIER Department / School Distance Education Specialty（choose one）International Trade Author of Thesis/Design XXXXXX Student ID No. XXXXXXXXX Thesis Advisor Grade XXXX Date XXXXX
目录
论文摘要（中文） (6) 一、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (7) （一）绿色贸易壁垒的概念 (7) （二）绿色贸易壁垒的产生背景 (7) （三）绿色贸易壁垒的表现形式 (8) （四）绿色贸易壁垒的地位和作用 (9) 二、绿色贸易壁垒的现状 (10) 三、绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响 (11) （一）对国际贸易发展的影响 (11) （二）对商品结构和地理方向的影响 (11) （三）对进口国的影响 (12) （四）对出口国的影响 (12) （五）对我国的影响 (12) 四、我国应采取的对策 (13) （一）坚持可持续发展的工业化模式 (13) （二）发展绿色产业、提升我国国际形象 (13) （三）建立绿色贸易壁垒预警及快速反应机制 (14) （四）重视环境法规的完善和对外协调 (14) （五）加强环境宣传教育，广泛树立全社会的环境意识 (14) 结论 (16) 参考文献 (17) 致谢 (18)
绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响外文文献翻 译__中英对照 毕业论文外文资料翻译题目绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响 学院经济学院 专业国际经济与贸易 班级国贸0712 学生李聪敏 学号20072205031 指导教师刘玉刚 二?一一年四月二十二日 Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words:Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the
consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and
绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响和中国对策的文献综述 摘要：由于中国劳动力廉价，加工品价格低廉，很多国家都对中国个商品采取过反倾销的贸易手段，但是反倾销是当自己贸易遭受了冲击是采取的手段，关税壁垒一直都处在比较主流的保护本国市场，但是效果也随着经济全球化的进程不断加快而变弱，所以，越来越多的国家试图通过必要的贸易限制措施来达到直接保护生态环境或本国市场的目的。因此“绿色壁垒”逐渐成为阻碍国际贸易发展的主要障碍之一。 绿色壁牟(GreenBarrier)，亦称“环境壁垒”产生于20世纪80年代的后期，90年代开始兴起丁各国，是指进几国为了保护一然资源和牛态环境而制定的一系列由环保法律法规、标准和措施构成的严格的环保制度体系，以直接或间接没置的障来碍限制产品进U的新型贸易壁牟。绿色壁垒包括的范围比较广泛，如绿色标准、绿色环境标志等。 关键词：绿色壁垒对外贸易阻碍中国对策 一、相关法律 《关贸总协定1994》第20条“一般例外”在b款和g 款中规定，只要不对情况相同的成员国构成武断的或不合理的差别待遇，或构成对国际贸易的变相限制，任何成员国都有权采取为保障人类和动植物的生命和健康所必需的措施，以及为有效保护可能用竭的天然资源的有关措施。 《贸易技术壁垒协议》序言中明确规定，为了保护人类的健康、动植物的安全和保护环境，各成员国有权在其认为适当的限度以内，从技术标准方面采取必要的措施，以保护其根本安全利益。 《卫生与动植物检疫措施协议》中规定，为了保护人类、牲畜和植物的生命或健康，各成员国有权采取卫生和动植物检疫措施，但不得违反非歧视原则。 二、绿色壁垒概论 2．1绿色壁垒形成原因 张婧（2010）认为：绿色壁垒的形成有着复杂的原因。首先，随着社会经济的飞速发展，环境状况日趋严峻，许多环境问题成为全球性问题；而随着社会的进步和人们生活水平的日益提高。人们越来越关注产品对自身健康的影响，同时不断发生的严重污染和生态破坏事件也给人类敲响了警钟．人们越来越关注赖以
与环境有关的贸易壁垒的第一次评估 摘要 国际贸易可以以不同的方式影响环境。这可能证明是进口国引进的边境措施。然而，环境参数滥用贸易保护主义的理由是可能的。为解开保护主义的处置权，以合理的，环境问题的真正理由，在我们系统地审查所有税目进口国水平的通知。 一般认为贸易是可能受影响时，贸易壁垒是一项关于环境问题的理由，通知房协的立场：对环境，野生动物，以及人类健康的保护，人类安全，动物健康和植物的健康。受影响行业定义为国家的进口壁垒等通知。最后，保护主义的环境障碍，推测当数量有限国家规定了一项对某一特定产品的进口环境障碍。 我们发现，88％的世界贸易是有潜在的影响，而世界上一半的进口可能受到保护主义措施的影响，如农业，汽车业，制药业和其他许多部门等。 JEL分类：F130，F180，Q010 关键词：贸易政策，环境，贸易保护主义，卫生和植物检疫，贸易技术壁垒 简介 贸易与环境：这两个概念是全球化的辩论的中心。然而，贸易与环境相互关系的解释性模型和实证证据不足方面的复杂性破坏了坚实的辩论理由。 首先提供多边贸易自由化对整个世界人口的污染程度较低的产品和工艺，以及去污染技术，其中90％集中在经合组织国家（经合组织，2000年）。 然而，多边贸易自由化也可能产生不利影响环境。因此，一般是解决两个假说。首先，要素比例理论认为污染行业，是一般资本相对密集，应设在发达国家。而且因为这些国家在技术上先进，他们要依靠环境友好型技术。与此相反，另一种所谓的?污染避风港?假说认为，低收入国家的支付有限重视环境将吸引那些污染行业，由于薄弱的环境法规。 总的来说，对环境的保护是有利于自由贸易？答案必须结合三个影响：规模效应，技术效应和结构效应（格罗斯曼和克鲁格，1991）。规模效应和联合技术效果一般在环境库兹涅茨曲线：以上的人均收入临界水平，技术进步占主导地位的规模效应，因此经济增长对环境的好处。该成分的影响，作为专业化的国家环境影响的定义，仍与前两次比较幅度相当有限。每一个与贸易自由化有关的人均收入一增加百分之会转化为中污染物质根据Antweiler，科普兰和泰勒（1998）浓度一下降了百分之。至于最近的经验而言，乌拉圭回合谈判中的污染物质排放方面的影响进行评估可以使用三种工具的组合：CGE模型的贸易自由化;部门对污染物质的排放量矩阵估算的库兹涅茨曲线在世界水平。因此，科尔等人。（1998年），在麦当劳和专家咨询小组努德斯特伦注重成果的基础上，发现该技术效果比成分或更大的规模效应，不同污染物质（二氧化硫，一氧化碳，...），至于欧洲，日本和美国的关注。然而，在世界一级，这个有利的结果是补偿由所在国的诱导专业化?不好的一面的库兹涅茨曲线?。在世界一级，污染物质的排放量可能增加0.1％至0.5％。 更普遍的，因为世贸组织强调的潜在的负面影响，自由贸易对环境不局限于
Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict
商务英语专业论文选题 1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 4、商标名称的翻译与策略 5、汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 6、因特网辅助英语写作 7、网络与外语学习 8、例析大学英语中阅读的方法 9、如何对待阅读理解中的生词影响消费者购买决策的因素分析 10、论营销渠道的合理性设计 11、女性消费者市场的特性研究 12、论公共关系策略在市场营销中的运用 13、4C策略的现实性运用与局限 14、我国出口包装面对的技术壁垒及应对措施 15、绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响及应对措施 16、商务谈判中的语言艺术 17、商务谈判的文化障碍 18、国际商务单证的作用及种 类 19、我国出口包装面临的技术壁垒及应对措施 20、如何顺利通过全国国际商务单证员考试 21、信用证结算的风险及防范 22、浅谈对信用证的审 核 23、当前外贸出口存在的问题和对策 24、绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响及其应对措施 25、当今我国外贸企业面临的机遇、挑战及应对措施 26、中国外贸企业的发展和前景
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