中文3100字，2000单词，1.1万英文字符
出处：Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41.
原文
Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is
There Any Relationship?
Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz
Abstract
As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.
Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China
1. Introduction
The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade.
Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards.
The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high
environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main causes. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.
As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.
In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the causes, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.
The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export, and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The research methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be used to analyze the data collecting from the survey.
The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and section 5 concludes.
2. Literature
Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets.Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007).
2.1 Causes of Green Barriers
After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads the dramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China.
As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmental standards of developed countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few
developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.
The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).
2.2 Influence of Green Barriers
Song (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in the global economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or services to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably use the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products.
At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterprises, give consultation, and solve problems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chinese products that are most seriously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).
The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007).The drop in tariff should presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).
2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers
Yu (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed less ideas on the positive
impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences.
Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improving openness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.
As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even no standards for majority products.So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chinese monitoring organization may use current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards.
Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested:
Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes of green barriers and China's agricultural product export.
Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant.
Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers toward China's agricultural product export is significant.
2.4 Research Model
In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step. The last step is the suitable methods based on causes and influences.
3. Research Method
Quantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research. The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique used in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This research focuses on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.
译文
绿色贸易壁垒与中国的农产品出口:他们的关系是什么?
摘要：
农业大国,中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。积极的绿色壁垒可以调节中国的农业生产,和促进农业和国际贸易发展;另一方面,消极的绿色壁垒会增加贸易的成本,贸易摩擦,从而会阻碍国际贸易的发展。因此,研究绿色壁垒对中国农产品的影响是非常有现实意义的。根据绿色壁垒的影响，中国的农产品出口可以采用相应的对策来应对绿色壁垒以及提高中国在国际市场中的竞争力。本研究基于中国的陕西西安农业贸易公司的200名员工的问卷调查，主要考察了绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口影响的原因和方法。为了解决这个问题,应用偏最小二乘法,实证结果表明,绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品的出口有一个积极和显著的影响。
关键词：绿色贸易壁垒；农产品；出口；中国
1.引言
从20世纪90年代以来，绿色壁垒是发达国家最常见的措施之一。作为一个农业大国,中国的农产品的出口往往遭受绿色壁垒的限制。积极的绿色壁垒可以调节中国的农业生产,和促进农业和国际贸易发展;另一方面,消极的绿色壁垒会增加贸易的成本,贸易摩擦,从而会阻碍国际贸易的发展。
绿色壁垒又称环境壁垒，绿色贸易保护主义，这是自90年代以来就有的一个新贸易壁垒。当买方想要在现代国际贸易中保护自己有限的资源,人力资源,动物,植物和生态环境，买家就会将绿色壁垒强加于卖方的商品出口。当进口商有严格的环境保护法律、法规来管理他们自己的环境和技术标准，这时就会产生绿色壁垒。
绿色壁垒不仅正成为中国农业产品出口面临的严峻挑战,也是中国农产品出口面临的最大障碍。应对绿色壁垒,重要的是确定在中国农产品出口的绿色壁垒的原因,从进口国和出口国两方面来考虑。中国农业技术有限是重要原因之一，由于中国农业技术有限,农业出口产品不能满足进口国家高环境标准中提到的“绿色壁垒”。在出口过程中,进口国家的检疫系统,进口标准和复杂的检验过程也是主要原因。进口国家的复杂过程是中国农产品出口的最大障碍。
因为农产品贸易在中国对外贸易中扮演着重要角色,如何打破绿色壁垒限制对农业产品出口的影响,以及如何正确使用绿色壁垒来有效地控制中国的农业生产是中国未来发展的重大问题。通过改变消极影响以及积极的利用绿色壁垒的影响,将会推动中国农产品贸易的可持续发展。
以前的大多数研究，学者们关注绿色壁垒的负面影响。但是绿色壁垒对农产品出口也有积极的影响。进一步探索的最大意义是研究如何有效地利用绿色壁垒的积极影响,提高中国农产品的出口。本研究将对绿色贸易壁垒的积极影响进行实证分析与问卷调查。因此，研究绿色贸易壁垒和中国农产品的出口之间的关系是本研究的总目标。更具体地说，就是找到绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的原因,影响和方式。
选取的研究地理位置是在中国陕西省的西安。近年来，西安正日益发展，西安的核心产业之一就是农产品的出口,所以选择西安作为研究地点。分析研究的重点就是中国的陕西西安农业贸易公司的200员工。农业贸易公司对绿色壁垒有比较全面且深刻的看法。本文的研究方法是问卷调查，并将采用SPSS法用于分析调查的数据采集。
本文的组织结构是:第二节进行了相关文献回顾,第三节描述了方法,第四节给出了实证研究的结果和第五节的总结。
2文献综述
绿色壁垒又称环境壁垒,绿色保护主义。因为进口商想在现代国际贸易中保护自己有限
的资源,人力,动物,植物和生态环境,他们发布了严格的环保法律法规,制定和实施环境保护和技术标准。绿色壁垒阻止了外国产品进入国内市场，他们的目的是保护国内产品以及建立一个新型的非关税壁垒。
2.1绿色壁垒的原因
中国进入WTO后，大多数发达国家都对中国的出口产品设置了绿色限制。这导致中国的大宗商品特别是农产品出口的急剧下降。国内外专家对中国的绿色壁垒已经做了很多研究。
如前所述，发达国家的环境标准通常远远高于发展中国家。尤其是一些发达国家对进口产品会做出与国内产品不同的标准，这就使得发展中国家的产品进入发达国家市场会遇到更多的困难。
发展中国家的产品价格上的比较优势是发达国家设置绿色壁垒的一个间接原因。发展中国家通常拥有丰富的资源，尤其是中国。丰富的自然资源使发展中国家出口产品的价格更低。因为价格上的比较优势，发展中国家和发达国家将有一个巨大的贸易顺差。发达国家为了保护国内市场,将会制定相关政策和严格的技术标准。
2.2绿色贸易壁垒的影响
分析全球经济危机时期绿色壁垒的形成和新的特点，从全球经济危机中的新发展动态,每个国家的绿色壁垒,从法律法规等方面，学者们都提出了应对绿色壁垒的措施。
有人人为,绿色壁垒具有二元性,一方面,他们使用一些发达国家的限制阻碍外国产品或服务进入国际市场和发达国家,有一定的“合法”地位;另一方面,他们客观地保护全球自然环境,原始资源和人类健康。鉴于这种情况,中国一方面可以加强宣传教育和立法来解决国际贸易中的绿色壁垒;另一方面,中国应该合理利用绿色贸易壁垒，提高农产品的质量，提高中国农产品的技术创新。
目前，中国许多地区已经制定了绿色贸易壁垒的相应措施。例如，日本“名单制”的实施，影响了江西省鳗鱼和茶的出口。为了解决这个问题，江西省的检验检疫机构添加了一个科技公司应对“名单制”和新的欧洲食品卫生法规。这个科技集团专门分析“名单制”江西省出口商品的影响,并将信息报告给有关部门和企业,提供咨询和解决方案。在某种程度上，科技集团已取得了很大的进步。在全球贸易，中国产品出口受“绿色壁垒”影响最严重的包括农产品、纺织品和服装、皮革制品、电子产品等。
加入世贸组织大大降低关税水平,在发达国家降低了平均3.8%，发展中国家为14%。关税的下降应该会增加中国茶在进口国的市场份额，但不幸的是并没有发生。中国茶叶的出口,主要市场是在欧盟和日本，越来越严格的农药残留控制标准的颁布影响了茶品出口。
2.3应对绿色壁垒的方法
全球许多专家已经对消极的绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响和对策做了深入详细的分析,但少有人提出绿色壁垒的积极影响。只有通过分析积极和消极影响，中国才能对这些影响绿色壁垒提出相应的措施。
有人人为，发展绿色产业,提高中国的国际形象是中国来应对绿色壁垒一个很必要的方法。目前,中国的贸易依赖一直高于美国、日本、印度和巴西。如果中国只注重提高开放,由于贸易条件的恶化,这将导致资源外流。因此，中国应该提高贸易和优化贸易结构的质量，使中国的产品达到环保标准并提高出口产品的质量。
作为一个发展中国家,中国几乎没有环境和安全标准,甚至大部分产品都没有标准。所以应对绿色壁垒的有效措施是改善国内环境和安全标准。整合国际和发达国家的标准的努力，仍然是刚起步并缓慢推进。国家环保总局发布的环境标准的管理措施，反映了日益增长的国际意识和重视发达国家环境标准的意识。在制定新的环保标准时，它为中国的监控组织提供了一个方案，那就是可以使用发达国家当前使用的国际标准。
因此，基于上述引用的文献和本文的研究目标，将对以下假设进行测试:
假设1:绿色壁垒的原因和中国农产品出口之间有一个密切的关系。
假设2:绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响是显著的。
假设3:有效解决绿色壁垒对中国农产品的出口的影响是重要的。
2.4研究模型
本文中，绿色壁垒与中国农产品的出口之间的关系调查。为了生动地展示中国面临的绿色壁垒，本研究将研究绿色壁垒的三个方面：原因、影响和方法。绿色壁垒这三个方面会分三个步骤来进行分析。分析绿色壁垒，第一步是分析原因，然后第二步是分析影响，最后一步是基于原因和影响提出合适的方法。
3研究方法
选择定量研究作为本研究的主要方法。本研究的数据收集将使用调查法，这是一个非实证的方法。在调查研究中，通过面谈或问卷来访问受访者。为了确保调查的可靠性，提出的问题必须是适当的。本文使用的抽样技术是集群抽样。本研究关注的是中国的农业贸易公司。所有的样品都是在陕西省西安收集而来的，因为西安的核心产业就是农业。
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a13145684.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
目录 摘要 (2) 关键词 (2) 一、引言 (2) 二、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (3) 1、绿色贸易壁垒的概念 (3) 2、绿色贸易壁垒形成和发展的原因 (3) 3、绿色贸易壁垒的形式 (4) 4、绿色贸易壁垒的特点 (4) 三、绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响 ..................................... 错误！未定义书签。 1、对我国外贸的积极影响 (5) 2、对我国外贸的消极影响 (5) 四、我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策 (6) 六、结语 (7) 参考文献 (7)
关于绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响的文献综述 摘要： 绿色贸易壁垒由于具有表面上的合理性以及隐蔽性等特点，成为当今国际贸易领域行之有效的贸易保护手段之一。这引起了我国众多学者的关注，他们从绿色贸易壁垒的概念、形式、特点入手，对绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响进行了研究，分析绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口市场范围，出口商品结构，出口贸易增长速度，经济效益和国际贸易关系的影响。并针对我国出口贸易面临绿色贸易壁垒日益增多的现实状况，提出我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策。本文将众多学者的观点进行了梳理，并进行了一定的评论。 关键词：绿色贸易壁垒出口经济措施 Abstract：Green barriers on the surface as a reasonable and hidden features, to become effective in today's international trade is one means of trade protection. This has led to the concern of many scholars in China, they are from the concept of green trade barriers, form, features start on the green trade barriers on China's foreign trade was studied to analyze the green range of trade barriers on China's export market, export commodity structure, exports trade growth, economic efficiency and international trade relations. And green for China's export trade is facing increasing trade barriers, the reality of the situation, put forward China's foreign trade measures to address global green trade barriers. This will be the point of view of many scholars of the sort, and make some comments. Key Words：Green trade barrier；Export Economy；Measures 一、引言 进入21世纪，人们的消费观念有了前所未有的变化，对绿色产品显示出了旺盛的需求。随着工业化进程的加快，世界经济得到了高速发展，但是随之而来是环境的破坏，环境污染问题日渐突出。绿色壁垒是20 世纪环保浪潮的产物，初衷在于保护环境和人类安全。但伴随着全球一体化的进程，国际贸易迅速发展，国家间的贸易竞争也更加激烈，而关税壁垒和非关税壁垒受到了严格限制。在这种情况下，既可以保护环境，又可以保护国内产品和市场的绿色壁垒被越来越多的国家采用，成为一种新型的非税壁垒形式。绿色壁垒作为一种“合法”的贸易壁垒，越来越多地影响到国际贸易的正常进行。为了保护国内环境和市场，发展我国相关产业，更好地维护我国利益，寻找跨越绿色壁垒的方法成为当务之急。因此，本文将众多学者对绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响
商务英语专业毕业论文参考题目（教师选题） 一、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务英语函电翻译技巧 3、商务英语信函的语体分析 3、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 4、商务英语学习方法探究 5、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 6、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 7、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 8、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异 9、商务谈判中的语言艺术 10、商标名称的翻译与策略 11、广告英语的分类与分析 12、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用 13、商务英语听力策略研究 14、商务英语写作问题研究 15、商务英语考试技巧研究 16、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 17、The Ways to Increase the Competitiveness of China’s Export Goods 18、The Advantages and the Disadvantages of China’s Cheap Labor in Its Foreign Trade 19、Multinational Corporations Help China Develop Its Economy 20、Export and Import Are Equally Necessary to China 二、 1、初析英文广告句式结构及修辞的功能 2、从文化视角比较中英文广告语言
4、商务英语发展现状浅祈 5、商务英语翻译技巧 6、商务英语函电中的文化因素初探 7、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践 8、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用 9、中英文广告标题的共同点 10、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题 11、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示 12、商务英语翻译标准初探 13、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧 14、我国在国际贸易中实施反倾销的应对策略 15、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点 16、英文广告的特点及翻译 17、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色 18、浅议国际贸易的几点理论创新 19、高职高专商务英语专业教学模式探讨 20、商务英语翻译技巧 21、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析 22、礼貌原则在商务英语信函写作当中的应用 三、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 3、商标名称的翻译与策略 4、商务谈判中的语言艺术 5、商务谈判的文化障碍 6、商务英语课程设置的探讨 7、商务谈判中英语的重要性 8、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 9、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突
毕业论文外文翻译（一） 论文题目：国外发展农产品物流的成功经验及其对浙江的启示 外文题目：Logistics &the National Economy 出处：International Journal of Physical Distribution & LogisticsManagement 作者：MCB UP Ltd 原文： Logistics &the National Economy Introduce Logistics has always been a central and essential feature of all economic activity and yet paradoxically it is only in recent years that it has come to receive serious attention from either the business or academic world. One very obvious reason for this neglect is that, whilst the functions that comprise the logistics task are individually recognised, the concept of logistics as an integrative activity in business has only really developed within the last 20 years. What is logistics? It can be variously defined, but expressed at its simplest it is: The process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts, and finished inventory from suppliers, through the firm on to customers. Logistics is thus concerned with the management of the physical flow which begins with sources of supply and ends at the point of consumption. It is therefore clearly much wider in its reach than simply a concern with the movement of finished goods—a commonly held view of physical distribution. In the logistics scheme of things we are just as much concerned with plant and depot location, inventory levels, materials management and information systems as we are with transport. One of the features of the logistics concept which is its greatest attraction whilst simultaneously being the greatest drawback to its widespread adoption in industry so far is that it places the emphasis on integrating activities that traditionally have been located in different functions of the business. Thus in many
银行英语： 出口信贷 export credit 出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT -------------------价格条件 ---------------------- 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价） CIF-cost,insurance and freight --------------------交货条件 ---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
JG02 Unified Serial No. from Data Centre: Customs Export Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China
Customs Declaration Form 报关单 An exporter has to apply to the customs for declaration of the commodity before the shipment. The customs officer will sign on the customs declaration form and release the goods if the goods are up to the requirement. 出口方必须在装运前对出口货物进行报关，如果货物符合要求，海关官员就签署报关单对货物进行放行。 The person who asks for declaration is required to be qualified, that is to say, he/she should have the certificate of customs declaration. The examination is held by the General Administration of Customs of 申请报关的人要求具备资质，就是说他或她应有报关证。考试由中华人民共和国海关部署举行。 The customs declaration form is in different colors, for example: the white one is made out for general trade and the pink one is used for processing trade. The contents of these documents are similar. We take the specification of an export customs declaration form for general trade as an example to show the method of making out the document. 报关单有不同颜色，如白色报关单按一般贸易缮制，粉红色报关单用于加工贸易。这些单据的内容相似。我们以一般贸易的出口货物报关单的内容为例介绍该单据的缮制方法。 The Main Contents and Notes of Customs Declaration Form： 报关单的主要内容及注释： 1. 预录入编号：No. of Pre-record It is given by the customs while the exporter is applying to customs. It is given by computers automatically. 出口方申请报关时由海关给的编号，是由计算机自动编制的。 2. 海关编号：No. of Customs It is given by the computer system automatically or given by the custom officer. 由计算机系统自动编制或由海关人员给出。 3. 出口口岸：Port of Export It refers to the name and code of the customs at final port of export. 指最后口岸的海关名称及代码。 说明：若出口货物在设有海关的发运地办理报关手续，出口口岸仍应填写出境口岸的名称。如在深圳办理报关手续，陆路运输至上海出境的货物，其出口口岸为上海。同时加注关区代码。 4. 备案号：record number for checking It refers the number of “Register Manual” or the number of “Certificate of Paid or Free Tax” 指《登记手册》编号或《征免税证明》编号。 5. 出口日期：Date of Export It refers to the date of shipment. It is the applied date of departure of the vessel. 指发运日期，也就是船申报出境的日期。 6. 申报日期：Date of Application It is the date that the exporter applies for declaration. 指出口方向海关申报出境的日期。 7. 经营单位：Executive company Fill in the company’s name who signs and executes the S/C in Chinese, (generally refers to the exporter), and the customs code of the company. 用中文填写签订和执行合同的公司(一般指出口人)名称及经营单位代码。 说明：如果总公司签订合同，由分公司执行，则填分公司名称。出口企业间相互代理，以代理方为经营单位。注意填写全称，注明经营单位代号，该代号是出口企业办理海关注册登记时，海关设置的编码，共10位数字。 8. 运输方式：Mode of Transportation It refers to the final departure mode of transportation , such as sea, road, railway and air, etc. 指货物出境的最后运输方式，如江海、公路、铁路及航空等。 9. 运输工具名称Name of Transportation Tool It refers to the name of departure tool of transportation (for example, sea for vessel and number of voyage, railway for the number of train and air for the number of flight). 指货物出境的运输工具名称(如江海填船名及航次，铁路填车次，航空填航班号)。
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡
中文3100字，2000单词，1.1万英文字符 出处：Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41. 原文 Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export. Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China 1. Introduction The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high
题目：关于农产品出口竞争力研究的文献综述 众所周知，农产品出口对增加农民收入、优化农业结构和加快农业发展均有积极的意义。我国农产品出口额已经连续六年保持上升趋势，但我国的农产品出口在国家贸易结构和世界贸易结构中仍然处于弱势地位，最根本的原因在于我国农产品在国际市场上缺乏强有力的竞争力。我国农产品出口竞争力不强的原因何在，如何提高我国农产品的国际竞争力呢？ 加入WTO后，我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争力更加剧烈，因此如何提高农产品的出口竞争力将是个非常关键的问题。本文将对国内近年来有关于农产品出口竞争力研究成果进行回顾和梳理。文中对农产品出口竞争力的概念，影响因素从国内和国外两个方面进行梳理以及提高农产品出口竞争力的措施进行简单评价 一、有关竞争力的概念 一国外学者认为： 1．竞争力的内涵。 出口竞争力，就是出口产品在国外市场的国际竞争力。古典经济学认为，国际竞争力的强弱取决于一个国家或地域或地区生产要素：劳动力、资金与自然禀赋等方面具有的相对优势，从亚当·斯密创立比较优势论到大卫·李嘉图相对优势论，还有赫克歇尔一俄林自然禀赋理论都沿袭这一看法；经济历史学家强调经济体制在国际竞争中的重要作用，他们认为有利的制度形式是推动国家或地域经济发展的动力，从而也必然促进其国际竞争力的提高。 2．竞争力的理论基础。 长期以来，古典经济学家李嘉图的比较优势论是西方国际贸易理论的“基石”。李嘉图认为，国际贸易的基础并不限于生产技术上的绝对差异，只要各国之间存在着生产技术上的相对差异，就会出现生产成本和产品价格的相对差别，从而使各国在不同的产品上具有比较优势，是国际分工和国际贸易成为可能。他以各国劳动生产率的差异为基础进行分析，认为每个国家或地域都集中生产并出口其具有比较优势的产品，进口其具有比较劣势的产
跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单