介词
一．介词的定义和特征
介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如:
Most of the students went to the classroom.大部分学生去了教室。
We play basketball on the sports ground.我们在操场上打蓝球。
介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。
belong to 属于，rely on 依靠，talk to 同...谈话，be afraid of 害怕，be strict with对...
严格...
介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。
Where do you come from?你是哪儿人?
Who are you talking to?你在跟谁谈话呢?
What do you study for?你为了什么而学习?
介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义:
about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身
I have bought a book about Shakespearean.我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。
There are about fifteen trees in the picture.图片里大约有十五棵树。
above在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游
The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。
I think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。
across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面
Can you swim across the river？你能游过河吗？
We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。
after在...后面,依照
He went home after school.他放学后就回家了。
Read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。
against 撞到，靠着,反对,违背
The car hit against the tree. 汽车撞了树。
He is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。
along沿着,顺着
They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。
among在...当中
He is the tallest among them. 他是他们当中个子最高的。
around在...的周围,在...那一边
They sat around the table talking the news.他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。
There is a drugstore around the corner.拐角处有一家药店。
as 作为
He doesn't like people treat him as a child. 他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。
at在...时刻,在...点钟,在...岁时, 向，在...之中，按...速度,值(卖)...钱
He always gets up at six in the morning. 他时常早上六点钟起床。
He shot at the bird but missed it. 他向鸟射击，但是没射中。
The car goes at eighty miles an hour. 汽车以每小时八十公里的速度行驶。
before在...的前面(位置),在...之前(时间)
He took a picture before the car. 他在汽车前照了张照片。
He can't finish his work before supper. 晚饭前他完不成工作。
behind在...的后面(位置), 落后于，不如，迟于,晚于(时间)
Are there any brooms behind the door. 门后有扫帚吗？
All of us are behind him in mathematics. 我们数学都不如他。
below在...之下,低于...
There are four lights below the ceiling. 天花板下面有四盏灯。
The murderer run away below the police's eyes. 杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。
beside在...的旁边,在...之外,与...相比
He found the body by the river. 他在河边发现了尸体。
Beside yours，my computer is too slow.与你的计算机速度相比，我的就慢多了。
besides除...之外
We are all here besides Bowe. 除鲍外，我们也都来了。
between在...两者之间
The relations between the two countries has improved since then.
两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。
beyond 在...那边
The shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it.
你要找的商店在街的那边，你不会找不到的。
but 除去
He has nothing but money. 他除钱以外什么都没有。
by 被..., 在...的近旁, 在...之前, 不迟于, 以...为手段。
The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。
Miss Lucy came to China by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。
down 沿着...望下
She walked down the street. 她沿着街道走。
during 在...期间,在...时候。
During the holiday, we went to the south.我们假期去了南方。
except 除...之外
He knows nothing except English.他除英语以外什么都不知道。
for 为..., 因为..., 至于...
He works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。
She came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom.
她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。
from 从..., 来自..., 因为...
Where are you from? 你是哪里人？
He died from an accident. 他死于一场事故。
in 在..., 在...之内，从事于..., 按照..., 穿着...
He was born in 1992. 他生于1992年。
I could finish the program in two weeks. 我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。
He spend less time in reading. 他读书时间很少。
The man in black jacket is our teacher. 穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。
like 象...，如同...
The twins are like their father. 双胞胎象他们的父亲。
near 靠近....
There are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。
of ...的，属于...
This is a map of China. 这是一张中国地图。
off 离开...，在...之外
The young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。
I live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。
on 在...之上
My book is on the table. 我的书在桌子上。
out of从...出来，在...之外
The dog run out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。
outside ... 外边
They are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。
over 在...之上，遍于...之上，越过...
There is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。
He is over sixty years old. 他有六十多岁。
past 越过...，过...，超越...
The students walked past the post office.学生们走过了邮局。
It is ten past two.现在是两点十分。
round 围着...，绕过...，在...周围
We sat round the table.我们围着桌子坐下。
The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
since 自... 以后，自...以来
He has made great progress in English since he came into the college.
从他来到大学后，他的英语有了很大进步。
through 经过...，穿过...
They went through the forest.他们穿过了森林。
throughout 遍及...，在各处
The police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain.警察搜山寻找犯人。
till 直到...，在...以前
He didn't come back till eleven o'clock.他直到十一点钟才回来。
We'll be home till six.六点以前我们都会在家。
to 到...，向...，趋于
How long is it from here to the station？从这儿到车站有多远？
under 在...之下，低于
There are some footballs under the bed.床底下有几颗足球。
These students are under seventeen years old. 这些学生们不到十七岁。
until 直到，在...以前
Please wait for us until we come back.请等着我们回来。
It was not until last week that I handed in mathematics paper.
直到上周，我才交了数学论文。
up 在...上面，在...上
He went up the stairs.他上了楼梯。
upon 在...之上，迫近...
It's not polite to look down upon him.蔑视他是不礼貌的。
within 在...之内
You must finish the work within two weeks. 你必须两周内完成这项工作。
without 没有，不，在...之外
We can't do it better without your help.没有你的帮助，我们就做不好。
We couldn't live without air and water.没有空气和水，我们就不可能生存。
二、介词的分类与语法功能
1．分类：
(1)介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、
短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。
介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout 等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。
常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：
It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.
He quarrelled with her yesterday.
He succeeded in passing the final exam.
I'm still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.
The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.
(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：
This machine is in good condition.(表语)
Where is the key to my bike?(定语)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
She always thinks herself above others.(宾补)
2. 介词搭配
(1)“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。
①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)
②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a
coat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)
④介词+ the + 部位与动词的关系(=动词+ sb.'s + 部位，可换用)
strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)
catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)
hit the boy in the face(“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用)
⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)
⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.(“说服，建议”意义与into连用)
⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)
⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)
⑨give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)
注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。
⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须
用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。
请注意以下介词搭配：reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱
(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……
干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask …for …寻找，use …for用作，leave for前往，take …for
误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to
求助(救)于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare …to把……比作，
send for派人去请(拿)……，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱
好…。
(2)“名词+ 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。
the absence of water缺水，the hope of success成功的希望，have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会，take pride in them为他们感到骄傲，the key to the question问题的答案，a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药，the ticket for tomorrow明天的票，in Beijing去了北京，his absence from Beijing不在北京，to study学习方法，the way of studying maths学习数学的方法...
3. 核心介词用法归纳与辨析
(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。
表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，
如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。
还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in
a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：
①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night(大夜间)。
②in five days(weeks, months, years)中in意思是“在……以后”。
③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war,
during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：
during the discussion in discussing the problem
during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball
during the course of in digging the tunnel
(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。
on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning
on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on
Children’s Day
on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1
early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1)
on a rainy night, on warm winter days
(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等
at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six
at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)
at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。
注意：
有些时间名词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years...
one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day, one day, yesterday / afternoon,the night before ...
(4)till、until、to的用法
①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn't get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).
但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：
Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.
②to表“终结”时常用和from连用，如：from July to September, from six
to(till)eight(从……到……为止)，但from morning till night(从早到晚)，不能用to。
from …to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。
A. 表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day
(天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place(处处，到处)，from
side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door(家家户户)，from house to house(挨
家挨户)，from shop to shop(一个商店接一个商店)。
B. 表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，
自始至终)(from the beginning to the end of…);from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚), from top to
bottom(整个地，彻底地)，from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish(自始至终，
从头到尾)。
C. from one + 名词+ to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another(顺着
车厢依次地)。
D. 名词+ by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from …to短语区别开：
one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地(但by and by 不久以后)；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一
天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并
肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。
(5)in、after、later
①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示
“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。
②一段时间+ later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段
时间后。
③after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只
能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。
The doctor will be with us in six minutes.
She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.
He received her letter after four weeks.
另外，in + 一段时间+ ’s + time 与within + 一段时间的用法如下：
in a week’s time = in a week
They will arrive in three days' time.(与将来时连用)
My brother's birthday is in two weeks' time.(作表语)
I'll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)
(6)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。
①at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在……的平面上。如at the door、at the airport、
at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。
②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in; A地位于B地的外
面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：
Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之外)
Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)
The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)
③地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the
dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth 在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble 摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。
④across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如：
They walked across the playground.
I walked through the forest.
⑤over / under / above / below。
over、above译作“在……之上”；under、below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：
A little boat is now under the bridge.
There is a bridge over the river.
The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)
The window is well above the tree.
⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性
He walked to the station(静态，表示方向和目的地)
He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向)
He is kind to (towards)us.(两者通用)
He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)
They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)
He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)
He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)
He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)
The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)
Go off the road.偏离了道路(动态“离去”)
Come along the river.沿着河过来(线)
across the fields 跨过田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠
across the river横跨这条河……，over the hill翻过这座山
be in the house(静态，在这里……)stay out of the car(静态，在……外)
go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)
(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按
by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。
②表泛指的方式、手段
by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope
③交通工具类
by bus/train/car/taxi(road)
by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot
by plane/jet/spaceship,by air
by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water
另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.'s help (permission)。
④表方式、手段的其他用法
He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)
One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)
He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)
(8)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较
①besides 除……以外，(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。
Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。
It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.
②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。
We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。
在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：
He has no other hats except / besides this one.
③except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what
从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。
He was very clever except for carelessness.
④except that …除了……一点以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
⑤but与except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：
①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。
All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships.
②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。
He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)
③but与一些固定结构连用。
have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for …如不是……
(9)between与among
between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：
Ann is between Tom and Bill.
Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.
They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)
She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)
A horse can be seen between trees now.
among表示三者以上之间。如：
The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.
He was happy to be among friends again.
We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。
London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)
(10)表原因的介词for、because of、due to
He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.
The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.
He was praised for his bravery and courage.
The accident is due to your careless driving.
(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of
这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。
It is clever of you to answer it like that.
It is quite hard for me to explain why.
注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。
(12)兼作连词和副词的介词
①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。
The children went home at once after school.
They went to bed after they had finished the job.
②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。
He ran down the hill.(介词)
Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)
③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。
All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)
We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)
Haven't I seen you before?(before为副词)
(13)介词的省略
①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、
one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如(at)last weekend、(on)that day等。
②介词for表示时间的省略要求。
(A)以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.
(B)表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting
here (for) more than three hours.
(C)否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty
years.
(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man
kept reading.
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。
Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.
She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.
(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配
①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road
等。
②要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。
He is expert in teaching small children.
(15)几个常用的并列连词
①both …and, either …or, neither …nor
both …and“双方都”，连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式。either …or与neither …nor注意采取“就近原则”。
②not only …but also, as well as
注意：两者强调对象不同，not only …but also强调的是but also之后部分，而as well as则强调其前面的部分。not only …but also采取“就近原则”，而as well as只是一个插入语，采取“就远原则”。如：
Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.
not only …but also结构中的not only可用于句首，连接两个分句时，第一个从句主谓要倒装。
Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.
(16)几个常用的从属连词
①when、while、as都表示“当……时候”，when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词
可同时发生，也可先后发生；as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：
When I go to the station, the train had already left.
He sang merrily as he was working.
②till、until均表示“到……时候止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如：I
worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。如：
She didn’t get up until her mother came in.
注意：till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。
③though、although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……”，although较正式，
though最常用。如：
Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.
注意：though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though、as though,而although则不能这样搭配。
④no sooner …than、hardly …when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“刚
刚……就”的意思。
(A) as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有备各种时态。
如：As soon as she gets here I'll tell her about it. Mary left as soon as the
finished the work.
(B)hardly …when、no sooner …than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词
一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子
要倒装。
如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
⑤某些表示时间的名词(词组)也可用作从属连词。它们是：the moment, the minute,
the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn, winter),every(each, next, any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句。如：
His mother died the spring he returned.
Call me up the minute he arrives.
高考全攻略高中英语语法专题介词和介词短语 考点详情 高考频度：★★★★★【命题解读】 介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。 【命题预测】 高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词，将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查，精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。 【复习建议】 1. 掌握介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析； 2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语； 3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。 介词的分类
考向①介词短语的功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。 介词短语的功能例句 作定语They didn’t find the solution to the problem. 作状语We have breakfast at seven.（表时间） They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法） Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件） 作表语When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home. 作宾语补足语I found the old building in a bad condition. 考向②常考介词的辨析 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。 1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别 表示的概念介词（短语）区别例 时间 in on at at在一个时间点上； in在一段的时间之内； on在具体日子。 ①at 8 o’clock, at noon ②in the 1990s, in January ③on Monday, on a warm morning since from since 指从过去到现在的 一段时间，和完成时连 用； from指从时间的某一点 开始。 ①We have not seen each other since 1995. ②I hope to do morning exercises from today. in, after in指在一段时间之后，也 可以指一段时间之内 =within； ①We’ll be back in three days. ②After seven the rain began to fall. ③What shall we do after graduation?
巧记跟不定式和动名词做宾语的动词用法 语法体现语言的规律,学好英语离不开语法学习。其中，动词的用法是重点，也是难点。对于谓语动词和非谓语动词的用法，学生普遍感到困难。学生感到50多个动词，用法难以掌握，但调整了单词的排列顺序，根据汉意编写顺口溜会方便记忆： （一）跟不定时作宾语的动词有： 打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire) 假装(pretend)喜欢(would like/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish) 决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help) 设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse) 好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt) 选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn) 告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford) 不定式宾语要牢记！ （二）跟动名词作宾语的动词有： 考虑（consider）完成（finish）多练习（practise） 避免（avoid）冒险（risk）求建议（suggest/recoomend） 面对（face）喜欢（enjoy/appreciate）和介意(mind) 允许（allow）承认（admit/permit）或放弃(give up/abandon) 推迟（put off/delay/postphone）逃避（escape）不原谅（excuse/pardon）提及（mention）坚持(keep/insist on）要想象（imagine/fancy） 还有词组feel like 和can’t stand！ 瞧！，我们就这样快快乐乐地记住了吧！ （三）在动词remember, try, regret, forget, need/want/require， stop, mean等后跟动名词V-和不定式意义不同，巧记一句话（记住努力；后悔忘记；需要停止；很有意义），学习采用对比法： remember to do something记着去做某事（现在还没有做） remember doing something记着曾做过某事（以前做过某事） try to do something努力、尽力做某事 try doing something试着做某事（看能否达到预期的结果） stop to do something开始做某事（停下正在做的事，开始做另一事） stop doing something停止做某事（停止正在做的事） regret to do something对将来做的事感到遗憾、惋惜 regret doing something对已经做过的事感到后悔
第6章动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。 一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类 与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。 A.动词-ing形式的一般式 1. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。 She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking. 她倾听她邻居的讲话。 3. 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电
子邮件。 He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。 B. 动词-ing形式的完成式 动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。 I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 注意： 在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. ) C. 动词-ing形式的被动形式 动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 1．一般式的被动形式 The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。
高中英语语法“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是定语从句一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间 存在一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+ 关系代词”句型。例如： The man who/whom/th at you spok e to is a teacher. =The man to whom you spok e is a teacher. 一、基本构成 1.“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which（指物）或whom(指人)，即： 介词+which/whom。 （1）The man to whom you spok e is a teacher. （2）The city in which she lives is far away. （3）The little girl is reading a book,in which there are many cartoons. 注意：当介词放在关系代词的前面时，用在介词后的关系代词不能省略。 2.在限制性定语从句中，当介词置于定语从句的谓语动词之后时，可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom（指人）作介词的宾语.且此处关系代词可以省略，特别是在口语中。如：（1)The man(who/whom/that)you spok e to is a teacher. （2）The city（which/that）she lives in is far away. 注：通常介词放在定语从句中动词后，也可以放在关系代词前面，但有些特殊动词短语搭配不能拆分，介词只能放在动词后，如：look for,look after,pay attention to,take care of,look forward to,listen to等。This is the pen(that/which)you are looking for. The patient(who/whom/that)she is looking after is her father. The words that/which we should pay attention to are written on the blackboard. There are fifty patients who/whom/that we must take good care of. 二、关系副词when，where，why可用“介词＋which”来代替。关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词。其中 when=表时间的介词（如：in，at,during等）+which； Where=表地点的介词（如：in，at,on,under等）+which； Why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which (1)当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示 时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。 I still remember the day when I came here.(on the day=when=on which) (2)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表 示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。 This is the h ou se where I lived last year.(in the house=where=in which) (3)当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用 for which来代替关系副词why。 There are many reasons why people like traveling.(for the reasons=why=for which)
高中英语语法总结大全之动词 动词 1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。 说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如： We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（having是实义动词。） He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。 （has是助动词。） 3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如： She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。） She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。） 4）根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如： She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。） She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。 说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。 5)根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如： The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 ）巩固练习 重点题型（ 常考知识点 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up.他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods,where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman,)was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that 关系副词：when,where,why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1.This is our school.It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2.This is our school.W e study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3.Do you know the r oom?It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4.I have read the newspaper.It carries the important news. →I have r ead the newsp aper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格。 1.A plane is a machine t hat can fly. the machine=that 2.The boy who brok e the window is called Wangkai. the boy=who 3.The boy whose p arents are working outside was b r oug ht up by his grandfather. the boy’s=whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
介词 一．介词的定义和特征 介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介 词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如: Most of the students went to the classroom.大部分学生去了教室。 We play basketball on the sports ground.我们在操场上打蓝球。 介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。 belong to 属于，rely on 依靠，talk to 同...谈话，be afraid of 害怕，be strict with对... 严格... 介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。 Where do you come from?你是哪儿人? Who are you talking to?你在跟谁谈话呢? What do you study for?你为了什么而学习? 介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义: about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身 I have bought a book about Shakespearean.我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 There are about fifteen trees in the picture.图片里大约有十五棵树。 above在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游 The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。 I think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。 across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面 Can you swim across the river？你能游过河吗？ We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 after在...后面,依照 He went home after school.他放学后就回家了。 Read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。 against 撞到，靠着,反对,违背 The car hit against the tree. 汽车撞了树。 He is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。 along沿着,顺着 They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。 among在...当中 He is the tallest among them. 他是他们当中个子最高的。 around在...的周围,在...那一边 They sat around the table talking the news.他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。 There is a drugstore around the corner.拐角处有一家药店。 as 作为 He doesn't like people treat him as a child. 他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。
高中英语语法大全动词的语态 一.概念： 动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,有人称,数,时态的变化. 相关知识点精讲 1. let 的用法 1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如： They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。 ---> The strange was let go. 2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如： The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。 ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如： My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。 3. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如： It is said that…据说 It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that…大家相信 It is hoped that…大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that…大家认为 It is suggested that…据建议 It i s taken granted that…被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
5. 动词 1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。 说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如： We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。（having是实义动词。） He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。 （has是助动词。） 3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如： She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。） She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。） 4）根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如： She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。） She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。 说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。 5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如： The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。） Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。） The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。） 6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。 5.1 系动词 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。 1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 句法 目 的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句
变否定，NOT 前。 哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B
高中英语语法练习-介词和连词 一、基础练习 1. Henry, ＿＿＿ Mary and Tom, is coming to China for a visit? Which is WRONG? A. together with B. like C. besides D. but in addition to 2. His father will be back from London＿＿＿＿a few days. A. since B. in C. on D. after 3. He usually goes to work on time ＿＿＿＿＿＿. A. except for raining days B. besides it rains C. but that it rains D. except on rainy days 4. Did you have trouble ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ the post office? A. to have found B. with finding C. to find D. in finding 5. If you keep on, you’ll su cceed ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿. A. in time B. at one time C. at the same time D. on time 6. The train leaves＿＿＿6：00 pm, so I have to be at the station＿＿＿5：40 pm at the latest? A. at； until B. for； after C. at； by D. before； around 7. ＿＿＿the gate and you’ll find the entra nce＿＿＿the park＿＿＿the other side. A. Through； to； on B. Along； of； on C. Down； to； at D. Up； of； by 8. One＿＿＿ five will have the chance to join in thegame. A. within B. among C. in D. from 9. —— Do you go there ＿＿＿bus?—— No, we go there ＿＿＿a train. A. in； on B. on； on C. by； in D. by； with 10. I made the coat ＿＿＿my own hands. It was made＿＿＿hand, not with a machine. A. in； in B. in； with C. with； by D. with； with 11. The trees ＿＿＿front of the house are ＿＿＿the charge of Mr. Li. A. in； in B. at； in C. in； by D. from； in 12. The old man died＿＿＿＿＿＿ cold ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ a cold night. A. from； at B. of； in C. of； on D. for； during 13. My uncle lives＿＿＿＿116 Changhe Street. His room is ＿＿＿＿the sixth floor. A. at； on B. to； at C. on； in D. of； to 14. I don’t think you can wo rk out the maths problem＿＿＿＿her help. A. since B. unless C. with D. without 15. He is running＿＿the wind towards the station＿＿Tom running ＿＿the right. A. down； and； on B. against； with； on C. for； with； in D. with； while； to 16. In Hangzhou Mr. Black was so struck＿＿the beauty of nature that he stayed＿＿another night. A. at； on B. with； at C. for； in D. by； for 17. —— How long has the bookshop been in business? ——＿＿＿＿＿＿1987. A. After B. In C. From D. Since 18. We offered him our congratulations＿＿＿＿＿his passing the college entrance exams. A. at B. on C. for D. of 19. Guangdong lies＿＿＿the south of China and Fujian is＿＿＿the east of it. Hainan is ＿＿the coast of the mainland. A. in； in； on B. in； on； off C. on； to； on D. in； to； away
高二英语语法复习人教版 一. 本周教育内容： 语法复习： 非谓语动词做名词的定语 There be句型中的非谓语动词的使用 With+名词+补足语 二. 知识总结与归纳： （一）非谓语动词（to do; doing; done）做名词的定语 修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用doing短语，done短语，being done 短语，to be done短语修饰。其结构和意思如下： 1. 被修饰名词+doing短语：正在做……的人/正在发生的事。 2. 被修饰名词+ done短语：被……的人/事 3. 被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被……的人/事 4. 被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被……的人/事 请看下面几个定语从句以及句中定语从句的简化表达： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question that is being discussed is very important. The question being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a party which is to be given in our class at 7:4 5. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45. 总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。 1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。 2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done表示正在被做的。 3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done表示将要被做的。 例句： 1. Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China. 2. A bridge connecting Asia with North America across the Bering Strait could be a critical link in the proposed global highway which would allow people to travel overland to anywhere in the world. 3. A driver starting off in the evening on the Russian side would arrive in Alaska on the morning of that same day, effectively traveling many hours back in time. 注意：还有一些结构已经形成了固定的短语：doing/done+名词 如： the fallen leaves a washing machine spoken English written English a dressing mirror a waiting room the coming year boiled water
必修一 语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday. ② Are you coming to the cinema? ③ He is leaving for London in two hours. ④ We are spending next winter in Australia. Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc. 扩展： What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples: “I’m going to play football on Saturday” You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you. “I’m playing football on Saturday” You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you. 语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语) Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways: by repeating the words spoken (direct speech) by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech). Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used. 1、declarative sentence陈述句 ①Change in pronoun:The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed