高中英语语法介词
高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解---------介词及练习一.概念: 介词(preposition)又叫做前置词，一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，一般不重读, 在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。
介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有:
1) 名词或名词性从句:
eg. ?He lives near our school. ? This will give me some idea of what life is. 2) 代词: eg. ? I am angry with him. ? She isn’t satisfied with me.
3)动名词或动名词短语: eg. I have an idea fro solving this problem. 4)不定式(只限于介词but和except):
eg.?I can do nothing for them but just sit her there and hope.
?I can do nothing for them except to send them money.
5)数词: eg. Four from seven leaves three.
6)形容词: eg. I know it from old. 我早就知道它。
7)副词: eg. I can’t stay for long.
注意,英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。
eg.? The policeman helped the old woman across the street. 警察帮助
老大娘过马路。(“过”=across)
?Are you for it or against it? 你赞成还是反对, (“赞成”= for; “反对”= against)
二、介词的种类,
eg.at; in; of since, before, after等。 A.介词按其构成分为 1) 简单介词(simple preposition):
2) 复合介词(compound preposition): eg.as for; as to; into; out of 等。
3) 二重介词(double preposition) eg.from under; from behind; until after; except in等。
4) 短语介词(phrasal preposition) eg.according to; because of; in spite of; on behalf of等。
5) 分词介词( participle preposition) eg.regarding; concerning; including; providing等。
eg.across; among; around; above; after; along; at; before; behind; below等。 B. 介词按其词义分为 1)地点介词:
2)时间介词: eg.about; after; sround; as at; before; behind; between; by; during; for, from..
3)比较介词: eg.as; like; over; above等。
4)除外介词: eg.besides; but; except等。
5)反对介词: eg.against; with等。
6)原因介词: eg. for; with; from等。
7)结果介词: eg.for; with; without等。
8)方式介词: eg.by; in; with等。
9)所属介词: eg.of; with等。
10)条件介词: eg. on; without; considering等。
11)让步介词: eg.in spite of; despite等。
12)目的介词: eg.for; to等。
13)根据介词: eg. on; according to等。
三、介词短语及其功用,介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(Prepositional phrase), 介词短语在句中可用作: 1)主语:eg.From Beijing to Tianjing is two hours by train. 2)表语: eg.She looks like an actress. 3)宾语: eg.I’ll give you until tomorrow. 4)定语: eg. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
5)补语: eg.They found themselves in a dark wood. 6)状语: eg. Albert has so much work to do so that he is staying late at the office.
四、相关知识点精讲,
1.表示地点位置介词:
1.
1)at ,in, on, to:
at : (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示"在……附近,旁边"; eg. ?He arrived at
the station at ten. ?He is sitting at the desk.
(3)表示的位置是某一点; eg. at the third crossroad/ at 108 Beijing Street/ at the North Pole
(4)可接集体活动。eg.at a party/concert/lecture/meeting… at home/ at the corner of the street/at the front of the hall in : (1)表示在大地方;
(2)表示"在…范围之内"; eg. ?He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. ?Jiangsu lies in the east of China.
(3)表示的位置往往是立体的,有长、宽、高等。 ?in the desk/in the
corner of the room/in a picture/in the wall on: (1) 表示毗邻,接壤; (2)表示的位置往往是一个平面或一条线。 eg. Russia lies on the north of
China./a city on the river/a hotel on the this road to 表示在……范围外,
不强调是否接壤. eg. Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province. 2)above, over, on: 在……上
above: (1) 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相 eg. ?The bird is flying above my head.
对;两物体中间有一定的空间距离。 ?There are lights above/over our heads.
(2) 与刻度连用时，用above。 ?Can you see the plane flying over/above the building?
eg. three degrees above zero. ?The water came above/over our knees. over: (1)指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体 eg. ?There is a bridge over the river.
有一定的空间,不直接接触. eg. ?There’s a thick cloud over the north of China.
(2)表示“布满”，“盖满” ?There is a table cloth over the table.
(3)表示“穿越”, “越过”，用over或acorss。 eg.He walked
over/across the bridge./There is a bridge over/across the river.
(4)与数字连用时用over=more than。 eg.over 100 people/over 800 metres above sea level on: 表示某物体上面并与之接触. eg. He put his watch on the desk./ on the wall 3) below, under: 在……下面
under: (1)表示在…正下方,有垂直之意。 eg. There is a cat under the table.
(2)接普通数词，under =less than eg.100 metres below sea level / children under seven years of age / under fifty below:(1)表示在……下,不一定在正下方 eg. Please write your name below the line.
(2) 与刻度连用时，用below。 eg. ten degrees below zero
小测试:
A.in
B.at
C.on
D.into 1. Mary’s________the garden.
A. below
B.on
C.above
D.over 2. Don’t worry. She’ll finish the work in______twenty minutes.
A. below us
B.below ourselves
C.under us
D.under ourselves 3.From
the bridge we could see the river__________.
A.under
B. in
C.below
D.on 4.The weather here is 20
degrees___________zero today.
A.after below
B.in below
C.after under
D.inunder 5.He will be
back__________20 minutes.
A. on
B.over
C.through
D.in 6.When they looked up, they saw a
plane________the tall building.
A.above
B.below
C.over
D.across 7.He finished his work
in_________twenty minutes.
A. on
B.in
C.at
D.to 8.He lives____________203 Huanghe Street.
2.表示时间介词:
1) in , on,at: 在……时
in: 表示较长时间,如世纪,朝代,时代,年,季节,月及一般(非特指)的早,中,晚等。
theg.in the 20 century / in the 1950s / in 1989 / in summer / in January/ in the morning / in the night (在夜间)/ in one's life/ in one's thirties等。 on: 表示具体某一天及其早,中,晚。
eg. on May 1st / on Monday/ on New Year's Day/on a cold night in January / on a fine morning/ on Sunday afternoon等。 at: 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。
eg. at 3:20 / at this time of year /at the beginning of /at the end of … / at the age of … / at Christmas / at night / at noon / at t his moment等。注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词.如:We meet every day.
2)in, after: 在……之后
2.
in +段时间"表示将来的一段时间以后; eg. My mother will come back in three or four days. after+段时间"表示过去的一段时间以后; eg. He arrived after five months. after+将来点时间"表示将来的某一时刻以后。 eg. She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon. 3)from, since 自从……
from: 仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久; eg. He studied the piano from the age of three. sinc: 表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。 eg. They have lived here since 1978. 4)after, behind: 在……之后
after: 主要用于表示时间; eg. We shall leave after lunch. behind: 主要用于表示位置. eg. Lucy is hiding behind an old house. 5) until/till: 直到…为止。 eg.till/until last week/ till/untill now/ from morning till night 6) by: 在某时间之前;不晚于……时间。 eg. by the end of lasy year 小测试:
A. on
B.in
C.at
D.from 1. We often go to the park___________Sunday morning.
A.after
B.before
C.till
D.since 2. My aunt has worked in a
clinic___________1949.
A. since
B. on
C. in
D. to 3. His father will be back from
London__________a few days.
A.at
B. of
C.on
D.with 4.It happened to be very cold_____the morning of our sports meet.
A.at
B.in
C.on
D.over 5.He decided to visit the factory
_________Friday night.
A. on
B.at
C.in
D.during 6.He suddenly returned__________a rainy night.
A. 10 minutes later
B. after 10 minutes
C. in 10 minutes
D. 10 minutes after 7.The doctor will be free__________.
A. After
B. In
C. From
D. Since 8. “How long has his bookshop been in business?” “_______1982.”
A. until
B.after
C.by
D.around 9. The train leaves at 6:00 p.m.. So I have to be at the station ________5:40 at the latest.
A. by; until
B. until; around
C. till; by
D. at; on 10. “Can I
stay________the weekend?”
“Yes, but you’ll have to leave_________Monday middy at the latest.”
B. for nine o’clock
C.since two hours
D.sicne two hours ago 11. They have been in the store__________. A. for a long time ago
12.I have been playing chess________many years, but I’m hardly a expert. A. in B.with C.since D.for
3.表示方式介词:
(1) by: + 接人或方式等。eg. made by him/by this means eg. by doing
this/by car/bus/train/bike/ us/ come in by the door (2) in: + 接语言/衣
物等。eg. in this way eg. in the(this/that) way/ in a high(low) voice/
in pen /ink / English/the rain (3) with: + 接工具性的名词或其他名词。eg. with this method eg. with a hammer/ a pen(pencil) (4) on: + 接人体名词和TV等词。eg. lie on one’s back/ to learn English on TV/on the radio (5) to : + 接乐器或乐曲名词。 eg.to sing to the piano( guitar) /to dance to music
3.by fax /radio / telephone: 靠传真、无线电、电话注意,1.by weight (volume) : 按重/体积 2. by height: 按高度
4. by the week/ the hour/ the year 按周/ 按小时/ 按年
5. by the
pound按英镑
小测试:
A. in
B. with
C. by
D. on 1. He worked out the problem_________that means.
A. by
B. at
C. with
D. in 2. Please answer my question_________a
loud enough voice.
A. by which
B. by that
C. in which
D. with which 3.This is the
car___________he came here.
A. with; looked
B. to; looking
C. on; looking
D. on; looked 4. He
lay_________his back, his eyes_________upward.
A. in; with
B. with; in
C. with; with
D. in; in 5. He often
wrote________a pen, but now he is writing______pencil.
A. by
B. through
C. on
D. with 6.He built a
telescope____________with he could study the skies.
A. by; open
B.when; opened
C.while; opening
D. with; open 7.He often sleeps___________the window___________.
A. on
B. in
C. with
D. for 8.How beautiful the girl
looks___________her new clothes.
A. by
B. from
C. on
D. in 9.He often learns English__________TV
after wrok.
3.
A. by music
B. by the music
C. to music
D. to the music 10.They often dance _____________on Sunday nights.
A. with
B. in
C. by
D. on 11. The tall building was
destroyed___________a big fire.
A. to dance
B. to dance by
C. to dance with
D. to dance to 12. The young man often writes music___________
A. with fax
B. to fax
C. by fax
D. by he fax 13. The manager keeps in touch with me___________.
A. by
B. on
C. in
D. through 14. He was caught__________the heavy rain.
4.表示除外介词:
除外介词有:besides; but; except和apart from。
(1) besides: 除外……之外(还包括……)。 eg. We need fifteen more people besides your group.
besides + doing sth. eg. What else did you do besides writing a letter?
eg. I don’t really want to go. Besides, it’s too late now. 注意: ? besides: adv. 而且，再说
eg. She is sitting beside me on the bench. ? beside: prep.在……之旁。
(2) except/ but: 除……之外(不包括)。 eg. We work every day except/but Saturday and Sunday. except for + sth. : 除去整体的一部分或对部分缺点要修正。 eg.?Except for the color, I like the car very much.
eg.?Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes. except that + 从句: eg. We know nothing about him except that he is America. except when +从句: eg. He comes to see me every day except when it rains. except/ but +to do sth. eg.? I have nothing else to do except look after the child. ?She did nothing but (to)cry. ? We had no other choices but (to) go the the police station for help. (3) besides : 用于否定句= except/ but eg. I have no other tools besides/except/but these.
(4) apart from:
eg. I’ve finished apart from the last question. ? = except for: 除……之外(不包括)
eg. What other sports do you like apart from football? ? = in addition to; as well as除外……之外(还); 此外; 加之
(5) other than = except: 除…以外eg. ?I don’t know any French people other than you. 小测试: ? We’re going away in June but other than that I’ll be here all summer.
A. beside
B. besides
C. accept
D. except 1.She said that they had no other choices______go to the teacher for help.
A. except
B. but
C. besides
D.beside 2. Does John know any other foreign language_______French?
A. except
B. expect
C. only
D. beside 3. No one knew Mr. Benson’s address________his daughter.
A. Beside
B. Besides
C. Except
D. Except for 4. _______his wife, no one went to see him.
A. except
B. besides
C. beside
D. except for 5. The film is good
________its ugly colour
A. except when B but when C. except for D.except that 6. We know nothing about her _________she lives downstairs.
A. except for
B. except that
C. expect when
D. except when 7. This kind of animals never comes out_________it’s dark.
A. except asked
B. besides to ask
C. but to asking
D. except to ask
8. He seldom comes to see me _________for money.
5.表示原因介词:
(1) because of + 名词/代词/ what从句，说明做某事的原因。 eg. ?She was late because of her illness. ? I came here because of you. ?He was angry because of what you did. (2) for : for…reason(为了…原因)或用于固定搭配。 eg. ?She decided to get a job for several reasons. ?For what reason were you late? ?He is praised for writing a good poem.
?China is famous for its long history. ?He was scolded for being late.
? He got an award for bravery. ? I couldn’t speak for laughing. (3) as a result of :由于……的结果=because of eg. The river was flooded as a result of the heavy rain. (4) owing to:prep. =because of 由于; 因为 eg. Owing to his hard work, he succeeded. 注意,在动词之后或从句之首用owing
to表示“因为”。 eg. The game was cancelled owing to the heavy rain. (5) due to: because of 由于;因为。 eg. The t eam’s success was largely due
to her efforts.
4.
(6) thanks to:幸亏; 由于; 因为 eg. Everyone knows about it now,
thanks to you ! 小测试:
A. because
B. for
C. because of
D. as of 1.She did’t come to the party__________what you had said.
A. because
B. because of
C. for
D. owing to 2. He doesn’t believe
you ___________what you said is wrong.
A. as
B. because
C. since
D. for 3. He was punished___________ breaking the law.
A. because
B. for
C. as a result of
D. owed to 4. The building was burned down __________the big fire.
A. Because of
B. Because
C. For
D. Since 5.__________what reason was Mark put into prison?
6.表示方向介词:
(1) at : 表示方向的一个“点”，具有攻击的意思。 eg. He shot at a bird./ shout at sb./ rush at sb./come at sb. (2) to : 指方向,不强调点。
eg. He went to the factory./ throw a ball to sb. (3) towards : 强调向某处运动的方向。 eg. He walked towards me.
(4) across: 表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关; eg. She swam across the river./walk across the desert (5) through: 穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。 eg. He walked through the forest./ walk through the forest 小测试:
A. towards
B. at
C. to
D. / 1. He shot __________ the bird, but it flew away.
A. to
B. for
C. at
D. on 2. The wolf jumped _________the farmer to eat him.
A.over
B. across
C. through
D. in 3. It took me five hours to walk ________the forest.
A. on
B. through
C. across
D. towards 4. I walked ___________the square to the hotel.
A. over
B. across
C. on
D. at 5. He walked ________ the hall, smiling strangely.
A. across
B. over
C. cross
D. through 6. They wanted to
swim___________the river to the church.
7.表示目的介词:for
(1) for + 名词= to do sth. eg. ?to go out for food= to go out to look for food
?to go o the pub for a drink= to go to the pub to have a drink (2) for + doing sth. : 表示用途和原因。 eg. ?The pen is used for
writing. ?He was praised for saving a child. (3) for + 宾语+ 不定式 eg.
I opened the door for you to come in.
小测试:
A. for seeing
B. with seeing
C. to see
D. for to see 1. He went to the college _________Professor Wang.
A. with
B. for
C. on
D. for having 2. He went to the
college_________an interview with Professor Wang.
B. to eat; for looking at
C. for eating; to look at
D. for eating; for looking at 3. Is that cake________or just ________. A. to eat; to look at
A. of
B. with
C. for
D. to 4. It’s usual ________foxes to come so close to town.
A. that
B. which
C. for
D. with 5. It is important________there to be plenty of discussion.
A. for
B. for to be
C. for it to be
D. for there to be 6. It is too late________anyone in the room.
A. about
B. with
C. of
D. for 7. I’m anxious ________the party to be a success.
8.表示价值等量交换介词:
(1) at : 用示表示“以…的价格或速度”。 eg. at a low cost/ at a high price/at a top(full) speed/ at fifty kms an hour (2) for :用示表示“等价交换”。 eg. a chicken for five dollars/ a check for 1,000 dollars 小测试:
A. at
B. on
C. by
D. in 1. I bought the book _________one yuan a copy.
A. for
B. on
C. with
D. at 2. I can’t buy the house __________such a price.
A. with
B. on
C.at
D. for 3. The spaceship leaves the ground
_________high speed.
A. with
B. at
C. for
D. on 4. The old man sold his old car
_________two thousand dollars.
9.表示关系介词: of, from, on, about和to等。
(1) of : 表示所属、关于、同位或说明事物的性质、内容、 eg. the roof of the house (所属) / stories of Lei Feng(关于)
5.
状况等。eg. a man of ability/ a matter of great importance/ the city of Dandong
(2) from : 表示来源。 eg. a sentence from Book II / a letter from America/ a man from Beijing (3) on : 表示专门论述, “关于” 。
表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性 eg. ?There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon. 的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅
读。 ?He is writing a book on cooking.
? some advice on how to learn English / a book on time (4) about:表示内容较为普通,一般性的谈论、叙 eg. ?He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.
述; 不那么正式。 ? a book about Africa children
(5) to : 表示方向、途径或内在联系的关系。 eg. an entrance to the
hall/ on the way to school/ a note to the text… 小测试:
A. of
B. in
C. with
D. to 1. Could you find an answer _______the problem in the book I gave you?
C. of
D. over A. in B. on 2. The storm moved northward yesterday, dropping five inches _______snow during the six hours before noon.
A. over
B. of
C. on
D. to 3. After completing his examination
________the patient, the doctor went out to do something.
4. “Here is an article________smoking.” “I’ve heard a lot of discussion _______that problem recently.
A. on; at
B. of; from
C. about; about
D. on; on
A. to
B. in
C. of
D. from 5. Yesterday I received a telegram
_________his uncle who lives abroad.
A. visit of
B. visit
C. visit to
D. visit about 6. On
his________Japan, he made a lot of friends.
10.表示让步介词:
(1) in spite of + 名词/代词 : 尽管; 虽然 eg. They got there in time in spite of the rain. (=though it was raining) (2) despite+ 名词/代词 : 尽管; 虽然 eg. Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
注意,两者接的是能引起或带来困难的名词。
小测试:
A. despite of
B. though
C. in spite of
D. although 1.They worked in the fields ________the heavy rain.
D.although her looks A. despite she looks B. in spite of her looks C. though she looks 2. He married her _________.
3. He can’t work out the math problem_________.
A. in spite of a teacher
B. despite he is a teacher
C. in despite of
a teacher D. though he is a teacher
11.表示伴随介词: with和without
(1) with + 名词/代词 + 形容词/副词/ eg.? He went out to see the film with his girl friend. (2) without 介词短语/现在分词/过去分词 ? He left without saying goodbye. ? He came to the party without being invited. ? He often sleeps with the door open. ? He went out without his cap on. ? Don’t sit with your feet pointing at others.
?Don’t go out without the door locked. ?The man died without anyone knowing where the coins were buried.
小测试:
A. since
B. because
C. without
D. unless 1. I don’t think you can finish the work _____my help.
A. when
B. while
C. with
D. because 2. He slept well__________all
the wondows open.
3. The murderer was brought in with his hands ________behind his back.
A. being tied
B.having tied
C. to be tied
D.tied
A. unless
B. besides
C. without
D. except 4. They went to see the
film__________Bob.
B. for
C. with
D. for 5. The teacher came into the
classroom__________a large dictionary under his arm. A. and
A. while
B.when
C. and
D. with 6. The husband and wife worked in the field ________their little son playing under a tall tree nearby.
B. tied
C. being tied
D. to be tied 7. There is a rope nearby with
its end ________in a circle. A. is tied
12.表示根据介词:
(1) according to: 据(…所说);按(…所报道);依照;按照 eg. ?According to Mick, it’s a great movie. ?Everything went according to plan. (2) in accordance with sth: (fml.) 依照; 依据 eg. We acted in accordance with my parents’ wishes.
6.
(3) on :prep. 根据; 由于 eg. On their advice I applied for the job.
/ a story based on fact
13.相近介词比较:
(1)时间介词at; on 和in的区别:
? at: 表示时间点。eg. at seven o’cock/at noon/at midnight / at daybreak/ at dusk/at dawn ? on: 表示某一天;某一天的某一段 eg. on Sunday / on the first of October / on Sunday morning/on the afternoon of Saturday/ on a cold evening ? in : 表示一段(往往不是具体的一段)时间。 eg. in the morning/ a week/ winter/ May / 2010/ in the twentieth century 小测试: 注意,当morning, afternoon, evening 前面有early和late 修饰时, 通常前用介词in。
A. in; in
B. at; at
C. at; on
D. at; in 1. He will come
back_______eight o’clock_______the morning.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. to 2.He left for Shanghai__________the
following night.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. by 3. They visited the city__________June, 2010.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. by 4. They arrived in Beijing________the
morning of July 28th, 2010.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D.to 5. The plane arrived at the airport____late afternoon of last Sunday.
(2)时间介词in和during的区别:
eg. ?in/ during the winter ? in /during my absence ? in ? 两者都表示
一段时间，可以互换。
? during ?in:只说明一般的一段时间;during: 强调一段延续的时间。 ?
during my visit/stay/meal
小测试:
A. in
B. since
C. from
D. during 1. Great changes took place in my country _______my stay in America.
A. in
B. for
C. since
D. during 2. They visited many
cities_________their stay in China.
(3)时间介词for, since和afte的区别r:
eg. I haven’t se en her for two weeks. ? for: 表示时间长度; 两个介词
常
eg. I haven’t seen her since two weeks ago. ? since: 表示从过去某一
点开始延续到现在; 用于完成时中。
eg. ?I didn’t see her after school. ? after: 表示从某一点开始，但这一点不延续到现在，不与完成
体连用，常用于过去时和将来时的句子中。?I’ll go to see her after three o’clock. 小测试:
A. in
B. for
C. after
D. since 1. They haven’t been there
_________2000.
A. in
B. after
C. for
D. since 2. He has been in hospital__________ three weeks.
A. for
B. since
C. after
D. from 3. They didn’t go there
_________2001.
A. in
B. after
C.since
D. for 4. The work will be
finished__________five o’clcok.
A. for
B. since
C. after
D. from 5. He has been away from his hometown _______three weeks ago.
(4)时间介词till,until, to和by的区别:
eg. ?I worked till/until eight oclock in the evening. ? till : ?两词都表示时间或动作的延续，意义无太大区别;
? I didn’t see him till/until last week. ? until : ?用于句首表示强调时常用until。
? Until two o’clock I had to wait. ? from…to… : to可以用until或till替代;
eg. from morning to/ until/till night / put the meeting
to/till/until Tuesday
? to : 还可用于表示钟点。 eg. five to two