History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)
美国文学史及选读1、2
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学
1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and
other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史
3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese
(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，
他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at
Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真
正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.
7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事
件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.
8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the
Country”.
9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导sought a post as guide to the
Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.
10.他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克
地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.
11.早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.
12.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a
harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;
波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.
1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”
2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts 并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.
3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.
4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon
themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.
二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯
1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。
他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.
2．Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island。对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》“A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”
三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1．Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
2．她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”.诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.
3．Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。
他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学
1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s“Common Sense”;
托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”
2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.
3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.
4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.
诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：
1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;
1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by Bartram
一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
collocation of proverbs.
2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.
3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.
5．教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography”
二、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）
1．被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.
2．1762年税务官职务employed as an excise officer. 1772年《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”
第一部政治性小册子。1774年富兰克林给他写介绍信“an ingenious worthy young man”去美国费城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania Magazine”and contributed to the “Pennsylvania Journal”是政治讽刺的天才a political satirist of genius.
3．1776年1月10日his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 《常识》，署名“By an Englishman”.书中大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.成了美国独立革命思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
4．1776-1783《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen’s army。最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。
5．战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。
(1791-1792)《人权》“Rights of Man”。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制not only championed Rousseau’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.
6．在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱, he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror, was imprisoned.
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”.
7．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.
三、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）
1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics…..
2．尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise. 3．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence. 4．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。5．把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（the Library of Congress）.1819 年开始创建弗吉尼亚大学并担任第一任校长。
6．1826年去世，正值《独立宣言》签署50周年the fiftieth anniversary of “The Declaration of Independence”
7．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。
四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.
2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.
3．1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. F·L·帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.
4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.
5．1786年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.
6．1788 年出板《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办《国家公报》对抗《联邦公报》with Jefferson’s support “National Gazette”campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States”edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).
7．他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.
8．教材作品：《野忍冬花》：“The Wild Honey Suckle”
《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground”
《致凯提·迪德》：“To a Caty-Did”
Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学
1.1828年安德鲁·杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束”the frontier hero Andrew
Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年开始Civil War.
2.美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡the United States had
begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.
3.这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双重影响The attitudes of
America’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.
4.浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感
觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
6．超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
7．美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms. 8．From the early 1800s to the civil war 美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.
一、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
1.他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism
familiar style.
2.他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特征结合起来，
作品中尽量表现出自己的个性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.
3.1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，
他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment.
He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.
4.19岁发表《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》讽刺作品，对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺“Jonathan Oldstyle”, satires of New
York lif.
5.1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲
殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York”by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.
6.1822年《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”.
7.1824年《旅行者故事》，带有德国浪漫主义风格“Tales of Traveller” has the flavor of the German romanticism.
8.同美国剧作家及演员约翰·佩恩创作著名社会喜剧《查理二世》（又叫《快乐君主》） in Paris he with John Howard
Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy “Charles the Second” or “The Merry Monarch”.
9.1828《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》“A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus”;
10.1829《格拉纳达征服编年史》“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”;
11.1831《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》“V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” .
1832《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”; 1832年《西班牙征服传说》收录在1835年《见闻札记》中“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”(in the “Crayon Miscellany”).
12.陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，1835《草原游记》；1836《阿斯托里亚》；1837《博纳维尔船长历险记》，western
adventures as “A Tour on the Prairies”; “Astoria” and “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”.
13.1840《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》“Life of Oliver Goldsmith”;
1855-1859《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”.
14．教材作品：《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”;
《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.
二、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851
1．美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare. 2．1821年他第二部小说《间谍》获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War. 3．库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年《领航者》最为成功“The Pilot” the best of his many sea romances. 1839年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史《美国海军》he wrote the first official history of the
U.S. Navy.
4．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由5部小说共同组成，历时18年，1823-1841，即《杀鹿者》、《最后的莫希干人》、《探路人》、《拓荒者》及《大草原》。阿伦·内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.
5．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“The Last of the Mohicans”
三、William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
1.1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ”
Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.
2.他不仅在诗坛享有极高声望，在新闻界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰出的编辑之一。他积极支持
言论自由、贸易自由等主张，还主张废除奴隶制apart from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as one of the great editors of American journalism. He supported such causes as free speech, free trade and the abolition of slavery.
3.《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work,
“Most perfect brief poem in the language”.
4.后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》his most important later works are his translations of the
“Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.
5.当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的
水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.
6.教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”
《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”
四、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849
1.1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖he won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a
Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern Literary Messenger” ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and
a writer of fiction.
2.发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”.
3.1840 年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》his first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.
4.1845 年诗集《乌鸦》出版“The Raven” was published as the title poem of a collection 在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗
歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers.
5.教材作品：《给海伦》：“To Helen”
《乌鸦》：“The Raven”
《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”
五、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.
2．1836 年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是《美国学者》，还有一个是《神学院致辞》“The American Scholar” and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收
录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他1850年的《代表》和1856年《英国人》。1847年他的《诗集》问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.
3．人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.
4．他的散文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀his prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable.
5．《美国学者》被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言”“our intellectual Declaration of Independence”
6．教材作品：《论自然》：“Nature”;
《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”
六、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862
1．他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.
2．1854年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-year’s residence at Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living.
3．1849年，根据他1846年坐监经历写下了著名的随笔《平民反抗》，文章中梭罗阐述了自己的观点，在政府的压力下，人不应该违背自己的良知From his experience in jail came his famous essay” Civil Disobedience”, which stated Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.
4．教材作品：《沃尔登我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
七、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
1．《七尖角阁的房子》讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“The House of the Seven Gables” deals with the effects of
a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.
2．他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition.
3．《海关大楼》“The Custom House”;
1852年的《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”;
1846年他完成了宏篇巨著《古厦青苔》splendid stories called “Mosses from an Old Manse”
1860年创作出《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”.
5．霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.
6．在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑的杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当时人们的道德参考it was Hawthorne’s ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral
symbol. 霍桑同埃德加·阿伦·坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American。霍桑同麦尔维尔一样都采用了讲故事的手法来探讨生活的意义to Hawthorne and Melville, hower, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.
7．他的作品还有：《伊桑·布兰德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的体验》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石脸》。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”; “The Ambitious Guest”; “The Great Stone Face”. 8．教材作品：《红字》：“The Scarlet Letter”
八、Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891
1．《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者“Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century.
2．1846年《泰皮》出版后，他被称为“同食人族生活的人”“Typee”, became known as the “man who lived among cannibals” 1847年后续集《欧穆》同样大获成功“Omoo”；
1849年《雷德本》“Bedburn”;
1850年《白外衣》“White-Jacket”;
1891年《比利·伯德》“Billy Budd”
3．两部哲学性小说《玛地》、《皮埃尔》two other philosophical novels “Mardi”, “Pierre”. 《代笔者巴特贝》是有诗歌风味的短篇故事“Bartleby the Scrivener”. 还有两本短篇小说，即《班内托·西兰尼》和《比利·伯德》（最后一部）two celebrated short novels “Benito Cereno” and “Billy Budd”. 《比利·伯德》同《白鲸》一样都运用船来象征社会，苦苦追寻和探讨了人类善与恶的问题，船就是社会的一个缩影，里面有各种各样的人物uses a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil. Aha b’s ship was like a world in miniature with characters from all walks of life.
4．教材作品：《白鲸》：“Moby Dick”
九、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
1．1833-1835创作完成散文浪漫作品《海外记游》his prose rom ance “Outre-Mer”;
2．在《海华沙》中，他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说using Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体裁his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.
3．1838年他第一部诗集名叫《夜吟》Longfellow’s first collection of poems entitled “Voices of the Night”；
1839年浪漫散文作品《许珀里翁》出版“Hyperion” the prose romance.。
1841年《歌谣及其他》“Ballads and other Poems”;
1842年《奴隶制度诗篇》“Poems on Slavery”;
1847年诗歌《伊凡吉林》“Evangeline”;
1855年《海华沙之歌》“Song of Hiawatha”;
1858年《迈克尔·斯坦狄什的求婚》“The Courtship of Miles Standish”;
戏剧作品《迈克尔·安吉洛》dramatic work “Michael Angelo”
翻译作品《神曲》翻译成就最高“Divine Comedy”.
4．他的其它作品：《金星号遇难》、《人生礼赞》、《精益求精》、《乡村铁匠》、《逝去的青春》“The Wreck of the Hesperus”; “A Psalm of Life”; “Excelsior”; “The Village Blacksmith”; “My Lost Youth”.
5．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 6．教材作品：《人生礼赞》：“A Psalm of Life”;
《奴隶的梦》：“The Slave’s Dream”;
《逝去的青春》；“My Lost Youth”;
《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
PartⅣThe Literature Of Realism现实主义文学
1.美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡
的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.
2.现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.
3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实主义大师
亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克·吐温打破了乡土小说的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活the bulk of America’s literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. Yet the greatest of America’s realists, Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.
Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.
4.美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出
受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”
是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了naturalism, a new and harsher realism.
America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.
一、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892
1.美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真
正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.
2.1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作
者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However,
a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In
his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.
3.教材作品：《自己之歌》：”Song of Myself”
《我坐在这儿眺望着》：”I Sit and Look Out”
《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums”
二、Emily Dickinson爱米丽·狄金森1830-1886
1.她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，
和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.
2.她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起，1862年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没有离开过自己的
家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力she and her sister remained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love affair, seems mainly to have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate herself from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination.
3.她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品Emily,
however, refused to revise her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in fact she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.
4.她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却
对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨Emily Dickinson’s poetry comes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about some of the most important things in life.
5.教材作品：《我品味未经酿造的饮料》：”I taste a liquor never brewed”
《我意识到一场葬礼》：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”
《鸟儿沿着小径过来》：”A Bird came Down the Walk-“
《我为美而死》：”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”
《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》：”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“
《我不能等候死神》：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“
三、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托1811-1896
1.她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天”，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他希
望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，女孩子能够嫁给传教士she was born into a respectable family that was to become famous, her father Lyman was a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by the father who ruled with the kind of wrathful severity that he imagined were the chief characteristics of the God he worshiped and feared.
The boys were expected to become preachers, the girls to marry preachers.
2.1851年6月5日，系列小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的第一集在《民族时代》专栏上开始连载，到1852年4月1
日最后一集刊登完成the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”or “The Man That Was a Thing”, began serially in the National Era on June 5, 1851, and the last installment appeared on April 1, 1852.
3.这部小说被翻译成40多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自
己对两主人公所受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动Since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the author’s sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,, the protagonists of the book’s two main plots.
4.《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》“A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin”with documented case histories to support what she had
portrayed fictionally. 1856年《德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事》“Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” attempt to repeat the theme and extend the argument of her masterpiece: that a society resting on slavery could not long survive.
5.教材作品：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
四、Mark Twain 马克·吐温1835-1910
1.原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯。1847年父亲去世后开始到一家出版社当学徒工，
从1853年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯·比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生
活his formal education ended soon after his father’s death in 1847, when he became a printer’s apprentice. From 1853, he traveled widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in the west, he met Horace Bixby, the captain of the boat, and turned to a career on the river.国内战争爆发以后，他离开密西西比河，先后在军队当过志愿者，到内华达州掏过金，他还做过木材投机生意，当过新闻记者he left the Mississippi at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became, in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector in Nevada, a timber speculator and
a journalist.
2.在弗吉尼亚《企业》杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克·吐温”，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深while working
for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.
3.1865年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版”Jumping Frog”;
1869年，《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”;
1872年，《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”;
1873年，《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
1876年，《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”;
1883年，《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi”;
1884年，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”;
1894年，《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’n head Wilson”;
1900年，《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”;
1906年，《什么是人？》“What is Man”;
1916年，《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger”
4.晚年悲观与失望，对十九世纪美国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶
毒的评论来疏缓自己的压力，晚景凄凉，亲人相继离去he pointed towards his uneasy acceptance of the values of nineteenth-century American society, he wrote three works expressing his acute pessimism. From that time until his death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved at times by outraged commentary on world affairs. His last years were saddened by personal bereavement.
5.教材作品：《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
五、O. Henry 欧·亨利1862-1910
原名威廉·悉尼·波特（笔名欧·亨利）William Sidney Porter.
1.由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感兴趣,《安斯利杂志》的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿he wrote stories for
different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories, the publishers of “Ainslee’s Magazing”
invited him to come to New York.
2.欧·亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很
短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described.
3.欧·亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，他很害羞，不喜与人交往，即使是成名以后也是这样His own estimate
of himself was always a very modest one and he was shy and retiring in the presence of friends yet his fame.
4.最好小说集《四百万》his best volume” The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：《旧知》、《麦珙的礼物》、《市政报告》、
《没讲完的故事》、《月亮女神》、《吝啬爱人》、《装饰过的房间》，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lover”, “The Furnished Room”.
5.教材作品：《警察与赞美诗》：”The Cop and the Anthem”
六、Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916
1.他大部分教育是在家里完成的，全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉he received the major
part of his education at home, his family’s travels in Europe were another source of education for Henry.
2.1871年，第一部小说《观察和守护》“Watch and Ward”;
1875年《罗德里克·赫德森》”Roderick Hudson”;
1877年《美国人》讲述的是一个国际性的话题，书中他认为美国人同丰富多彩的欧洲生活相比，显得没底蕴“The American” with its “international” theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life 1878年《达西·密勒》有人评论该作品是“对美国姑娘的嘲弄”，但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉”Daisy Miller”, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his first international fame.
1881年《一个贵妇人的画像》是其早期作品中最好的一部“The Portrait of a Lady” the finest example of James’s early work.
3.他第二个创作时期作品有：
1886年《波士顿人》“The Bostonians”
1886年《卡萨玛西玛公主》“The Princess Casamassima”;
1890年《悲惨的缪斯》“The Tragic Muse”
4.第三阶段作品有：
1902年《鸽翼》“The Wings of the Dove”;
1903年《大使》”The Ambassadors”
1904年《金碗》”The Golden Bowl”
这时他写法日趋成熟和灵活，许多评论家声称为他的“主要阶段”exemplify the mature and formidable style of
a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.
5.同豪厄斯不一样，他的影响不在当时，而是在他去世后接下来的一段时间里，他因对自己祖国的批语，人物
情感的塑造较为封闭狭小，人物的社会范围也较为有限而遭到了当时评论家的功击，他最后阶段创作的作品晦涩难懂，风格也不大气，遭到了当时人们的嘲讽，其实只是对读者提出了更高的要求，只有有了同步的心灵，才能感应他作品中的微妙之处，要求读者所受教育同他一样，要求读者同作者一样不慌不忙，慢慢咀嚼Unlike Howells Jame s’s greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. He had been attacked for criticizing his native land and for the narrow emotional and social range of his characters. And he had been ridiculed for the obscure and costive style of his final period, a style that was able to express the subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption that the reader was as well educated, as exquisitely attuned, and in as little hurry as the author.
6.原来小说主要是一种新闻形式，主要讲述一些浪漫故事。他则把小说转变成了个人在社会环境中面对种种冲
突，，进行深刻转变的文学形式，对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这为感受的最高形式helping to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience.
7.教材作品：《一个贵妇人的画像》：”The Portrait of A Lady”
七、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916
1.他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后
下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival.
2.1900年第一本故事集《狼子》：”The Son of the Wolf”;
1903年《荒野的呼唤》：”The Call of the Wild”;
1903年《深渊中的人们》”The People of the Abyss”;
1904年《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
1905年《附级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”;
1906年《白牙》”White Fang”
1908年《铁蹄》”The Iron Heel”
1909年纯自传小说《马丁·伊登》这部作品也是研究杰克·伦敦的核心学术文献“Martin Eden” a central document for London scholars.
1910年《革命》“Revolution”
其他作品《生活的法则》”The Law of Life”.
3.他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作
品一直经久不衰，他总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.
4.伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切
表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.
5.教材作品：《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
《马丁·伊登》”Martin Eden”
八、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945
全名西奥多·赫尔曼·阿尔伯特·德莱塞Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser
1.从母亲那里他学会了与人为善，在幼小心里滋生了对弱者的同情心理，从父亲那里继承了注重道德的人个品
质及面对失败、失望、绝望时表现出的坚强不屈的意志from his mother he seems to have absorbed a quality of compassionate wonder, from his father he seems to have inherited moral earnestness and the capacity to persist in the face of failure, disappointment, and despair.
2.德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害
羞，同他小说中男女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考Dreiser’s childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking.
3.1900年他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》，小说讲述了嘉莉·米贝的发迹和G·W·赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通过
人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G·W·Hurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons.
4.最为成功的短篇小说《尼吉尔·杰夫》、《巴塞尔·洛格劳的女儿》his best short fictions “Nigger Jeff” and “Butcher
Rogaum’s Daughter”
1910年《珍妮姑娘》”Jannie Gerhardt”
“欲望三部曲”：1912年《金融家》；1914年《巨人》及1947年的《斯多葛》，作品通过这三部作品开始了转变，即从描述无助悲惨的主人公的故事转向描写那些社会和商业上占支配地位的平凡的人的能力”Trilogy of Desire”: “The Financier”; “The Titan”; “The Stoic”, Dreiser shifted from the pathos of helpless protagonists to the power of those unusual individuals who assume dominant roles in business and society.
5.1915年《天才》”Genius”. 1928年《德莱塞访苏印象记》”Dreiser Looks at Russia”
6.1925年出版的最为恢宏，最为成功的小说《美国悲剧》表达了金钱万能的同样主题，作者通过自传性的生活
环境，社会现实及工业化细节等交织成一幅气势恢宏的场面，描写了书中年轻的主人公的行为方式，他获得满足的唯一方式好像就是不断地获取财富，如果必要还可以借助于婚姻the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novel’s thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary.
7.教材作品：《嘉莉妹妹》：”Sister Carrie”
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”
2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford
《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”
4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”
二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence”
4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”
三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism
1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859)
※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself”※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《见闻札记》“Sketch Book”
《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle”
《纽约外史》“A History of New York”
《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”
《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller”
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus”《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”
《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies”
《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria”
《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith”
《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《间谍》“The Spy”
《领航者》“The Pilot”
《美国海军》“U.S. Navy”
《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales”
包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder”
《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire”
3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis”
※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl”
4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
※《给海伦》“To Helen”
※《乌鸦》“The Raven”
※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle”
《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature”
※《论自助》“Self-Reliance”
《美国学者》“The American Scholar”
《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address”《随笔集》“Essays”
《代表》“Representative Men”
《英国人》“English Traits”
《诗集》“Poems”
6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》
“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
《平民反抗》“Civil Disobedience”
7。纳撒尼尔·霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
※《红字》“The Scarlet Letter”
《七尖角阁的房子》“The House of the Seven Gables”
《海关大楼》“The Custom House”
《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”
《古夏青苔》“Mosses From an Old Manse”
《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”
《伊桑·布兰德》“Ethan Brand”
《小伙子布朗》“Young Goodman Brown”
《海德格博士的体验》“Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”
《野心勃勃的客人》“The Ambitious Guest”
《巨石脸》“The Great Stone Face”
8。赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Herman Melville (1819-1891)
※《白鲸》“Moby Dick”
《泰皮》“Typee”
《欧穆》“Omoo”
《雷德车》“Bedburn”
《白外衣》“White-Jacket”
《比利·伯德》“Billy Budd”
《玛地》“Mardi”
《皮埃尔》“Pierre”
《班内托·西兰尼》“Benito Cereno”
9。亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) ※《人生礼赞》“A Psalm of Life”
※《奴隶的梦》“The Slave’s Dream”
※《逝去的青春》“My Lost Youth”
※《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》
“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
《海外记游》“Outre-Mer”
《海华沙》“Hiawatha”
《夜吟》“V oices of the Night”
《许珀里翁》“Hyperion”
《歌谣及其他》“Ballads and other Poems”
《奴隶制度诗篇》“Poems on Slavery”
《伊凡吉林》“Evangeline”
《迈克尔·安吉洛》“Michael Angelo”
《金星号遇难》“The Wreck of the Hesperus”
《精益求精》“Excelsior”
《乡村铁匠》“The Village Blacksmith”
四、现实主义文学The Literature of Realism
1。沃尔特·惠特曼Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
※《自己之歌》“Song of Myself”
※《我坐在这儿眺望着》“I Sit and Look Ou t”
※《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》“DRUM-TAPS Beat! Beat! Drums”《草叶集》“Leaves of Grass”
2。爱米丽·狄金森Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
※《我品味未经酿造的饮料》”I taste a liquor never brewed”※《我意识到一场葬礼》“I felt a Funeral, in my Brain”
※《鸟儿沿着小径过来》“A Bird came down the Walk—“
※《我为美而死》“I died for Beauty-but was scarce”※《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声—我死时》
“I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—“
※《我不能等候死神》“Because I could not stop for Death—“3。哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
※《汤姆叔叔的小屋》“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》“A Key to Uncle Tom’s cabin”
《德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事》
“Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp”
4。马克·吐温Mark Twain (1835-1910)
※《汤姆·索亚历险记》”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”《跳蛙》“Jumping Frog”
《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”
《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”
《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
《密西西比河上的生活》”Life on the Mississippi”
《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’nhead Wilson”
《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》”The Man that Corrupted Hadleybury”《什么是人？》“What is Man”
《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger”
5。欧·亨利O· Henry (1862-1910)
※《警察与赞美诗》“The Cop and the Anthem”
《四百万》“The Four Million”
《旧知》“Retrieved Reformation”
《麦珙的礼物》“The Gift of the Magi”
《市政报告》“A Municipal Report”
《没讲完的故事》“An Unfinished Story”
《月亮女神》“Phoebe”
《吝啬爱人》“A Lickpenny Lover”
《装饰过的房间》“The Furnished Room”
6。亨利·詹姆斯Henry James (1843-1916)
※《一个贵妇人的画像》”The Portrait of A Lady”
《观察和守护》“Watch and Ward”
《罗德里克·赫德森》“Roderick Hudson”
《美国人》“The American”
《达西·密勒》“Daisy Miller”
《波士顿人》“The Bostonians”
《卡萨玛西玛公主》“The Princess Casamassima”
《悲惨的缪斯》“The Tragic Muse”
《鸽翼》“The Wings of the Dove”
《大使》“The Ambassadors”
《金碗》“The Golden Bowl”
7。杰克·伦敦Jack London (1876-1916)
※《海狼》“The Sea Wolf”
※《马丁·伊登》“Martin Eden”
《狼子》“The Son of the Wolf”
《荒野的呼唤》“The Call of the Wild”
《深渊中的人们》“The People of the Abyss”
《海狼》“The Sea Wolf”
《阶级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”
《铁蹄》“The Iron Heel”
《马丁·伊登》“Martin Eden”
《革命》“Revolution”
《生活的法则》“The Law of Life”
《白牙》“White Fong”
8。西奥多·德莱塞Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
※《嘉莉妹妹》“Sister Carrie”
《尼吉尔·杰夫》“Nigger Jeff”
《巴塞尔·洛格劳的女儿》”Butcher Rogaum’s Daughter”
《珍妮姑娘》“Jannie Gerhardt”
《金融家》“The Financier”
《巨人》“The Titan”
《斯多葛》“The Stoic”
《天才》“Genius”
《德莱塞访苏印象记》“Dreiser Looks at Russia”
五、二十世纪文学Twentieth—Century Literature
1。埃兹拉·庞德Ezra Pound (1885-1972)
※《一台古钢琴》“A Virginal”
※《再次致意》“Salutation the Second”
※《合同》“A Pact”
※《地铁站台》“In a Station of the Metro”
※《长干行》“The River-Merchant’s Wife:A Letter”2。埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) ※《山上的古屋》“The House on the Hill”
※《理查·珂利》“Richard Cory”
※《米尼弗·契维》“Miniver Cheevy”
《蒂尔伯里小镇》“Tilburg Town”
《克雷格舰长》“Captain Craig”
《本·琼生招待一个来自斯特拉福德的朋友》
“Ben Jonson Entertains a Man from Stratford”
《默林》“Merlin”
《兰斯洛特》“Lancelot”
《特拉斯特拉姆》“Tristram”
3。罗伯特·弗洛斯特Robert Frost (1874-1963)
※《摘罢苹果》“After Apple-Picking”
※《没有走的路》“The Road Not Taken”
※《雪夜林边小立》“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”※《部分》“Departmental”
※《设计》“Design”
※《大多数》“The Most of It”
《小男孩的意志》“A Boy’s Will”
《波士顿以北》“North of Boston”
《山陵》“Mountain Interval”
《新罕布什尔》“New Hampshire”
《小河西流》“West-Running Brook”
《又一片农场》“A Further Range”
《智慧树》“A Witness Tree”
《绒毛锈线菊》“Steeple Bush”
《空旷地》“In the Clearing”
4。卡尔·桑德堡Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)
※《芝加哥》“Chicago”
※《港湾》“The Harbor”
※《雾》“Fog”
※《冰冷的墓》“Cool Tombs”
※《闪烁的深红》“Flash Crimson”
※《人民，是的》“The People, Yes”
《芝加哥诗集》“Chicago Poems”
《剥玉米的人》“Cornhuskers”
《烟与钢》“Smoke and Steel”
《太阳烧灼的西方石板》”Slabs of the Sunburnt West”
《美国歌谣汇编》“The American Songbag”
《芝加哥种族动乱》“The Chicago Race Riots”
《路特拜故事集》“The Rootabaga Stories”
《摄影家斯泰肯》“Steichen the Photographer”
《玛丽·林肯》“Mary Lincoln”
《亚伯拉罕·林肯》“Abraham Lincoln”
5。华莱士·斯蒂文斯Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
※《彼得·昆士弹琴》“Peter Quince at the Clavier”
※《坛子的轶事》“Anecdote of the Jar”
※《冰淇淋皇帝》“The Emperor of Ice-Cream”
《风琴》“Harmonium”
《关于秩序的思想》“Ideas of Order”
《带蓝吉它的人》“The Man with the Blue Guitar”
《一个世界的几个部分》”Parts of a World”
《入夏》“Transport to Summer”
《秋天的曙光》“The Auroras of Autumn”
《必要的天使》“Necessary Angel”
《诗歌选集》“Collected Poems”
《遗著》“Opus Posthumous”
《谐音》“Harmonium”
《星期六早晨》“Sunday Morning”
6。托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) ※《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》
“The Love Song of J· Alfred Prufrock”
※《序曲》“Preludes”
※《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi”
※《空心人给老盖伊一文钱吧》”The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”《普鲁弗洛克及其它一些观察》”Prufrock and Other Observations”《诗集》“Poems”
《圣林》“The Sacred Wood”
《传统和个人天才》“Tradition and the Individual Talent”《荒原》“The Waste Land”
《空心人》“The Hollow Men”
《灰星期三》“Ash-Wednesday”
《四个四重奏》“Four Quartets”
《向德赖登致敬》“Homage to John Dryden”
《萎缩争论》“Sweeney Agonistes”
《耶利尔诗集》“Ariel Poems”
《大教堂凶杀案》“Murder in the Cathedral”
《诗歌的用法和评论的用法》”The Uses of Poetry and the Uses of Criticism”《家庭重聚》“The Family Reunion”
《鸡尾酒会》“The Cocktail Party”
《机要秘书》“The Confidential Clerk”
《政界元老》“The Elder Statesman”
《完美的诗歌与剧作》“The Complete Poems and Plays”
7。F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德F· Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
※《了不起的盖茨比》“The Great Gatsby”
《人间天堂》“This Side of Paradise”
《漂亮的和该死的》“The Beautiful and Damned”
《爵士时代故事集》“Tales of the Jazz Age”
《蔬菜》“The Vegetable”
或叫《从邮递员到总统》“from Postman to President”
《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”
8。厄恩斯特·海明威Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
※《永别了，武器》“A Farewell to Arms”
《三个故事和十篇诗歌》”Three Stories and Ten Poems”
《太阳照样升起》“The Sun Also Rises”
《丧钟为谁而鸣》“For Whom the Bell Tolls”
《死在午后》“Death in the Afternoon”
《非洲的青山》“The Green Hills of Africa”
《过河入林》“Across the River and into the Trees”《老人与海》“The Old Man and the Sea”9。约翰·斯坦贝尔John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
※《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”
《科特兹之海》“The Sea of Corctz”
《长谷》“The Long Valley”
《鼠与人》“Of Mice and Men”
《胜负末决的战斗》“In Dubious Battle”
《托蒂亚平地》“Tortilla Flat”
10。威廉·福克纳William Faulkner (1897-1962)
※《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》“A Rose for Emily”
《圣殿》“Sanctuary”
《沙多里斯》“Sartoris”
《喧嚣与骚动》“The Sound and the Fury”
《在我弥留之际》“As I Lay Dying”
《八月之光》“Light in August”
《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》”Doctor Martino and Others Stories”《武士的行动》“Knight’s Gambit”
《大树林》“Big Woods”
《押沙龙，押沙龙》“Absalom, Absalom”
《去吧，摩西》“Go Down, Moses”
《小乡村》“The Hamlet”
《小镇》“The Town”
《大宅》“The Mansion”
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
法国文学史 一、十六世纪法国文学—文艺复兴时期15-16 La renaissance 七星诗社Le pléiade 修辞学派les Grandes Rhétoriques ●弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷 Francois Rebelais 《巨人传》Gargantua et Pantagruel长篇小说 ●杜贝莱Joachim du Bellay 《橄榄集》Olive ●龙沙Pierre de Ronsard（十四行诗） ●蒙田Michel Eyquem Montaigne 《随笔集》Les Essais 二、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义17 Classicisme ●笛卡尔René Descartes 古典主义哲学自然与理性 《方法论》 Discours De La Méthode ●高乃依 Pierre Corneille 古典主义悲剧 《熙德》 Le cid ●莫里哀Molière 古典主义喜剧 《伪君子》Tartuffe ou l’imposteur ●拉封丹 Jean de La Fontaine 寓言《寓言诗》 Les fables ●拉辛 Jean Racine 《费德尔》Phèdre古典主义悲剧 《安德洛玛克》Andromaque ●布瓦洛 Nicolas Boileau 《诗的艺术》L’art poétique 三、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代 Le siècle des Lumières） ●勒萨日 Le sage 《杜卡雷》Turcaret 《瘸腿魔鬼》Le diable
●马里沃 Pierre Carlet de Marivaux 《爱情与偶然游戏》Le jeu de l’amour et du hasard ..... ●孟德斯鸠 Montesquieu 《波斯人信札》Les lettres persanes 《论法精神》l'esprit des lois三权分立 ●伏尔泰 Voltaire 《哲学通信》Les lettres philosophiques 《中国孤儿》l’orphelin de la Chine 《老实人》Candide ●狄德罗 Denis Diderot 《百科全书》Encyclopédie ●卢梭 JeanJacques Rousseau 《忏悔录》Les Confessions 《新爱洛依丝》La nouvelle Hélo?se ●博马舍 Beaumarchais 《回忆录》Mémoires 《费加罗的婚礼》Le mariage de Figaro ●布封Buffon 《博物史》Histoire naturelle ●尼埃AndréChénier 《颂歌集》odes ●拉克洛 Laclos 《危险关系》les liaisons dangereuses ....... 五、十九世纪法国浪漫主义文学 Le Romantisme ●斯塔尔夫人 Madame de Sta?l
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reason and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
郑克鲁《外国文学史》笔记 第一章古代文学 西方古代文学包括：古希腊罗马文学和早期基督教文学。(它们是氏族社会向奴隶制过渡时期的产物)。古希腊罗马文学和早期基督教文学中分别体现出来的世俗与人本色彩和神圣与超越色彩共同构成西方文学(和文化)的两个源头。恩格斯说："没有希腊文化和罗马帝国的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲"。 第一节古代文学 一古代希腊文学 (一)主要成就：神话、史诗和戏剧，此外还有寓言、抒情诗和文艺理论等 (二)主要特征： 1 鲜明的人本色彩，命运观念.从诸神的恣情纵欲，到盗火者的狂热殉情；从阿喀琉斯的冲天怒火，到美狄亚的残忍复仇。一切都是世俗，活生生的。绝无宗教恐怖的压抑和彼岸天国的诱惑 2 现实主义和浪漫主义并存。古希腊文学的许多篇章从不同程度，不同侧面反映了当时社会。为后人提供了第一手资料，也有相当一部分作品充满了神奇的想象、怪诞色彩、表现出浓厚的浪漫主义色彩 3 种类繁多，且具有开创性除神话，史诗外还有悲剧，喜剧、寓言、故事、教谕诗、抒情诗、散文、小说 (三)古希腊文学的发展状况分为三个时期： 第一时期公元前12世纪到公元前8世纪(由氏族社会向奴隶社会过渡时期)史称"荷马时代"(英雄时代)： 主要成就：神话、史诗代表作家赫西俄德 教谕诗《工作与时日》：现存最早一部以现实生活为题材的诗作。 叙事诗《神谱》：最早一部比较系统地叙述宇宙起源和神的谱系的作品。 第二时期公元前8世纪到公元前4世纪中叶(奴隶制社会形成至全盛时期)史称"古典时期"：主要成就：戏剧成就最大，另外还有抒情诗、散文、寓言、悲剧、喜剧、文艺理论。萨福：柏拉图称她为"第十位文艺女神"。寓言：《伊索寓言》(散文体主要反映奴隶制社会劳动人民的思想感情，是劳动人民生活教训和斗争经验的总结(《农夫和蛇》《乌龟和兔子》等。全盛时期欧洲文学史上著名的三大悲剧诗人：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯.喜剧诗人：阿里斯托芬"喜剧之父"：希罗多德《希腊波斯战争史》雄辩家：苏克拉底和狄摩西尼。文艺理论家：柏拉图(西方客观唯心主义的始祖)反对民主制，创立"理念论"。代表作《对话录》。亚里斯多德：代表作《诗学》 第三时期从公元前4世纪末到公元前2世纪中叶(奴隶制衰亡时期)史称"希腊化"时期主要成就：新喜剧：不谈政治，以描写爱情故事和家庭关系为主要内容。又称"世态喜剧" 最著名的新喜剧作家：米南德(雅典人)田园诗(牧歌)：主要作家：忒俄克里托斯二古罗马文学(连接古希腊文学和欧洲近代文学的桥梁) 恩格斯说"没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲"。
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
法国文学史 一、中世纪11-15C 1.英雄史诗《罗兰之歌》La Chanson de Roland （英雄驰骋战场） 2.骑士文学《Tristan et Iseult》（特里斯坦与伊瑟，骑士与贵妇之间的爱情） 《玫瑰传奇》 十字军东征，宗教信徒的虔敬和狂热，武士精神的勇猛和野蛮，封建势力，基督教，商业扩张都在此达到顶峰。（骑士文学中爱情是纯粹精神性的，不参杂任何其他因素的神圣情感） 3.诗歌Francois Villon 4.市民文学《列那狐的故事》 讽刺叙事诗，形形色色的动物代表了社会各个阶层的人的各种性格，狼代表贵族，暴虐又愚蠢；狮子代表国王，象征权力和正义；兔代表下层群众，软弱可欺… 5.市民戏剧《巴特兰律师》 6.市民故事 二、十六世纪法国文学—文艺复兴时期 背景：文艺复兴，新兴资产阶级反封建，反教会，人文主义精神，以人权反对神权 1.弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷Francois Rebelais 1494-1553，作家，医生（医学博士，语言天才）·《巨人传》Gargantua et Pantagruel用了13种语言： ·巨人的故事本是民间流传的某些巨大无比，豪饮豪食的巨人的事迹，与中世纪苍白的骑士形象不同，拉伯雷看到了这些巨人形象所体现出的一种肉体精神，与教会的禁欲主义形成尖锐的对立。高扬人性，讴歌人性，鞭挞了法国16世纪封建社会，是新兴资产阶级对封建教会统治发出的呐喊。
三、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义 1.诗歌与戏剧 Boileau 布瓦洛《诗艺》 Corneille 高乃依《熙德》 Racine 拉辛《安德洛玛克》Andromaque Moliere 莫里哀 2.散文与祭奠 拉法叶特夫人代表作（心理小说）La Princesse de Cleves 克莱夫王妃 塞维利夫人代表作（书信）Correspendance 《书简集》 拉封丹La Fontaire 寓言集 ·法国古典文学的代表作家之一，著名的寓言诗人。他的作品经后人整理为《拉·封丹寓言》，与古希腊著名寓言诗人伊索的《伊索寓言》及俄国著名作家克雷洛夫所著的《克雷洛夫寓言》并称为世界三大寓言。主要著作有《寓言诗》《故事诗》《普叙赫和库比德的爱情》等。他被19世纪法国著名文学评论家泰纳誉为“法国的荷马”。雨果的《巴黎圣母院》以及莫泊桑的《一生》都提到他是法国古典文学作家中著名的诗人。 佩罗童话故事 La Rochefoucault 《道德箴言录》 笛卡尔，帕斯卡：既是文学家也是物理学家 四、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代Le siecle des Lumieres） 1.孟德斯鸠Montesquieu 《论法的精神》三权分立《波斯人礼札》 2.伏尔泰Voltaine 富裕的资产阶级家庭出身，经商天赋 《哲学通讯》《老实人》candide 《查第格》Zadig 《天真汉》Ingenu 3.狄德罗Diderot，百科全书派，美学，真善美统一 《百科全书》花了21年，共28卷《修女》la religieuse
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)