美国文学史
American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:
1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)
2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺
Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)
1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)
2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular book
of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor Richard
Improved)
4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)
5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political
ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.
6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of
Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.
7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.
8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famous
and respected private figure of his time.
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；
The British Prison Ship英国囚船；
To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；
The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；
The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者
(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.
(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父
(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny
19th Century American Literature
Washington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)
1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)
2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)
3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）
4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)
5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)
6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)
The Rise of American Romanticism
? One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).
? It started with the publication of Washin gton Irving's e The h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855).
.Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,
faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a
presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主
义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并
且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
Transcendentalism :Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul,
the individual and Nature. The most important representatives are
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
.
Washington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)
A History of New York(《纽约外史》)A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作； The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获
得国际声誉的作家；
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon(《见闻札记》收录了The legend of the Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普.凡.温克尔》等名篇,开创了美国短篇小说的传统) The Tales of a Traveller,(《旅人述异》)
The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
A HIstory of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(《哥伦布的生平和航行》)
1)the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，
2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon(《见闻札记》the first modern short stories and the first great
American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
3)Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties。重
振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。4)He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家
James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)
1. Leather stocking Tale 皮袜子故事集, (regard as ―the nearest approach yet to an American epic.被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品):
―The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》、
―The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》、
―The Pathfinder《探路人》、
―The Pioneers《拓荒者》、
―The Prairie《大草原》,
2.The Spy 间谍(about American Revolution)
3.precaution(戒备)
4. contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
5.《拓荒者》在《草原》上《探路》，遇到《最后一个莫西干人》在《杀鹿》。
Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳萨尼尔.霍桑）
1.Fanshawe（范肖）
2.Twice-ToldTales（《重讲一遍的故事》）
3.The Blithedale Romance（《福谷传奇》）
4.Mosses from an Old Manse（《古宅青苔》）（包括Young Goodman Brown《小伙子布朗》，The Celestial Railroad
5.The Scarlet Letter(红字)
6.The House of the Seven Gables （《带有七个尖角阁的房子》）
7.The Marble Faun（《玉石人像》）
8.The life of Franklin Pierce
9.Our Old Home
特点：
(1) unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。
⑵ his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。
⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
1.show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。
2.―The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》、
―The Raven《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,
―Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
3.often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
4.First work<《塔默兰诗集》>
Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
Naturalist，transcendentalist,Writer and philosopher,
①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。
②―Walden《瓦尔登湖》成名作。
―Civil Disobedience《平民反抗》(论公民的不服从权利)essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。
Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)
1.--Novelist,short story writer,essayist and poet.
2.―Moby Dick‖《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。
①The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。
②主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。
③在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。
④故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；
1.Omoo 《奥姆》,Mardi《玛迪》,White-Jacket《白外套》,Billy Budd《水手比利·巴德》,Pierre 《皮埃尔》,Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》,the Piazza Tales《广场的故事》,The Confidence-Man
《骗子》,Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War,Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land ,John Marr and Other Sailors(《约韩·玛尔和其他水手》) ,Timoleon(《梯摩里昂》)
1.★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚.
2.―Leaves of Grass‖草叶集1870 the first genuine epic poem. Marked the birth of the truly
A Tramp Abroad(流浪汉在国外)
Life on the Mississippi(《密西西比河上的生涯》)
Following the Equator(赤道沿线)
The Prince and the Pauper(乞丐公主)
Henry James(亨利.詹姆斯)
1.n ovelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家
James is one of the great figures of c transatlantic literature.
the founder of psychological realism.心理现实主义的开创者：
2.代表作：
Roderick Hudson （《罗德里克·赫德森）The American（《美国人》）
Daisy Miller（《黛西·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《一位女士的画像》
The Spoils of Poynton《被凌辱的伯顿》The Wings of the Dove《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors《使节》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》
3.He was one of the three strong advocates of 19th century American realism,
The two was Howells and Mark Twain.
4.His literary technique is mainly concerned with “point of view”.,
Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞
代表作：
1.―Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》(the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.)
2.Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲: ―The Financier(金融家)
―The Titan（巨人）、
―The Stoic（《斯多葛》）
3.An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》，(The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。)
4. Plays of the Natural and Supernatural（《自然和超自然的戏剧》），
A Hoosier Holiday（《印第安纳节日》）Twelve Men（《十二个男人》），
A Book About Myself（《关于我自己》），The Color of a Great City（《大都会的色彩》），
A Gallery of Women（《妇女群像》）Dawn（《黎明》），
Tragic America（《悲剧的美国》），America Is Worth Saving（《美国值得拯救》）Jack London 杰克.伦敦：
1.was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist.
2.A pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction,
3.he was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone
5.代表作：―The People of the Abyss（《深渊里的人们》）
―The Call of the Wild（野性的呼唤）
―The Sea Wolf（海狼）
―Martin Eden（《马丁·伊登》）(autobiographical novel自传体小说)
―The Son of Wolf(狼子)
―White Fang（白牙）
20th Century American Literature before WWII
1.Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.
2.现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s ―The Waste Land‖, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
3.典型的迷惘一代：
F. Scott Fitzg erald, ―The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》novel
Ernest Hemingway: ―The Sun Also Rises《太阳照样升起》
―A Farwell to Arms《告别了，武器》
William Faulkner ―The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》
4.、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：
Eugene O’Neill :―The Emperor Jones《琼斯国王》、
―Anna Christie《安娜.克里斯蒂》、
―The Hairy Ape《毛猿》
5,代表人物：
Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特
Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德
F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德
William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳
Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威
John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克
Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特：
1.自然主义诗人（He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.）
2.he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.
3. ―The Road Not Taken（未选择的路）―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（雪夜林间驻足）向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑
4.代表作：A Boy's Will《少年的意志》，North of Boston《波士顿之北》,Mountain Interval《山洼》,west-running Brook(《西去的溪流》),A Further range《又一片牧场》,A Masque of Reason(《理智的假面具》),In the Clearing(《林间空地》),
Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德:
1. Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。
2.Imagism emphasized the direct treatment of an object or situation.
3.Pound endorsed three principle of the Imagism:”direct treatment”,”economy of expression”,and”rhythm”.
4.Work:
In a Station of the Metro<地铁站的一撇>(best exemplifies his Imagist ideal)
Collection Poems of Ezra Pound
The Cantos (诗章) The seafarer（航海者）
Cathay（中国）Huge Selwyn Mauberly
F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德：
1.F. Scott Fitzgerald F. is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s
2.He was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age.
3.作品：―This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》，the first novel.
―The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》novel
―Tender Is the Night 《夜色温柔》novel
―Flappers and Philosophers
―Tales of the Jazz Age(爵士时代的故事)
―All the Sad Young Men(所有悲伤的年轻人的故事)
―Taps at Reveille
―The Beautiful and Damned(美丽与毁灭)(漂亮冤家)
―The Last Tycoon(unfinished)(最后一个大亨)
William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳
1.作品的主题：the universal theme of ―the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。
2.作品：―The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、
―Absalom, Absalom!(《押沙龙，押沙龙！》) ―Go Down, Moses（《去吧，摩西》）
―Go Down, Moses―Intruder in the Dust（《坟墓的闯入者》）
―The Marble Faun(first book) ―Knight’s Gambit
―Soldier’s Pay(《士兵的报酬》) ―Requiem for a Nun(《修女安魂曲》)
―Sartoris(《沙多里斯》) ―A Fable(寓言)
―As I Lay Dying(《我弥留之际》) ―The Town（镇）
―Sanctuary《圣殿》―The Mansion（大宅）
―The Unvanquished(《不败者》) ―The Reivers（掠夺者）
― The Hamlet(村子) ―A Rose for Emily
3.narrative method叙述方法:：stream of consciousness 意识流
multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威
1.He was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist.
2.Works:
―The Sun Also Rises (太阳照常升起) ( Hemingway became the spokesman for a lost generation)
―A Farewell to Arms（永别了武器）
―For Whom the Bell Tolls（丧钟为谁而鸣）
―The Old Man and the Sea（老人与海）
John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克：
1.the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家
2.代表作：
―Of Mice and Men《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers ―The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。
―Cup of Gold（金杯）―The Pastures of Heaven（天堂牧场）―To a God Unknown（大地的象征）―Tortilla Flat（《煎饼坪》）
―In Dubious Battle（胜负未定）―The Forgotten Village（被遗忘的村庄）―The Moon Is Down（月亮下去了）―Sea of Cortez
―Cannery Row（《罐头厂街》）―The Pearl（珍珠）
―The Winter of Our Discontent（烦恼的冬天）―America and Americans
―Travels with Charley
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ. Multiple choices. (60 points in total, 2 for each) 1. The Romantic Period in American literature started from the publication of Washington Irving's ______ and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. A. The Sketch Book B. Tales of a Traveller C. A History of New York D. The Scarlet Letter 2. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “_____”. A. the English Renaissance B. the Second Renaissance C. the American Renaissance D. the Salem Renaissance 3. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ______. A. nature , man and the universe B. the relationship between man and woman C. the development of Romanticism in American literature D. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism 14. In the following statements, _________ is NOT true about Washington Irving’s famous story “Rip Van Winkle.” A. The story is not only well-kno wn for Rip’s 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American literature. B. The story is set against the background of the inevitably changing America. C. The social conservatism and literary preference for the past is revealed, to some extent, in the story. D. Irving describes Rip’s response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferability of the present to the past. 15. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay Experience is a serous discussion about the conflict between _________ and ordinary life.
苏州科技学院期末考试试题（卷） 评分标准及标准答案 A卷 院系：专业：考试科目：美国文学史及选读考试形式：闭卷考试时间： 100 分钟 I.Blanks: (10%)(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分) 1. American literature 2. English 3. Puritans 4. short story 5. Autobiography 6. Philip Freneau 7. Washington Irving 8. Edgar Allan Poe 9. The Scarlet Letter II.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分) 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D III.Identification (20%)（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分） 1.James Fenimore Cooper 2.Washington Irving 3.Anne Bradstreet 4.Michael Wigglesworth 5.Washington Irving 6.James Fenimore Cooper 7.Philip Freneau 8.William Cullen Bryant
9.Edgar Allan Poe 10.Edgar Allan Poe 11.Nathaniel Hawthorne 12.Edgar Allan Poe 13.Anne Bradstreet 14.Washington Irving 15.James Fenimore Cooper 16.Philip Freneau 17.William Cullen Bryant 18.Edgar Allan Poe 19.Nathaniel Hawthorne 20.Philip Freneau IV.Terms (20%)（每题4分，共20分） 1. Poor Richard’s Almanac key words: Benjamin Franklin, sayings, hard work, thrift, Puritan, quotes, printed himself, etc. 2. Leatherstocking Tales Key words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc. 3. Puritanism key words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc. 4. Benjamin Franklin key words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful, contributions, printer, etc. V.Appreciation (10%)（每题5分，共10分） Part A a)Philip Freneau’s（1分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分） b)It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc. （1分） c)“Little being” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1分）“But an hour” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （1分）
美国文学史及选读试题上册 姓名：班级：学号 I. Multiple Choice 20’ I. 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Washington Irving D. Philip Freneau 7. Who is the first American prose stylist that acquired international fame? A. Captain John Smith B. Washington Irving C. Benjamin Franklin D. E. A. Poe 8. Who is the writer of To a Waterfowl? A. Anne Bradstreet B. Thomas Hardy C. William Cullen Bryant D. Walt Whitman 9. Thomas Paine is a ____. A. novelist B. dramatist C. poet D. pamphleteer 10. Edgar Allan Poe mainly writes ____ A. short stories B. literary critic theories C. poems D. dramas II. Blank-Filling 20’ 1. ____’s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English. 2. Hard work, ____, piety, and ____were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather. 3. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of____ 4. From 1732 to 1785, Franklin wrote and published his famous ____, an annual collection of proverbs. 5. On January 10, 1776, Paine’s famous pamphlet ____ appeared. It boldly advocated a
Multiple Choice (1’×15=15’) 1.______was the first colony in American history. A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey C. Virginia D.Georgia 2. ______ was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. One of his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.”Array A. John Smith B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D.Thomas Paine 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT ______. A. common sense B. imagination C. intuition D. individualism 4. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________ A. Philip Freneau B. Edgar Allan Poe C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow D. Emily Dickinson 5. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A. Sunflower B. Armada C. Mayflower D. Titanic 6. Melville’s novel ______ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. A. Typee B. Omoo C. White Jacket D. Moby Dick 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, ______ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. A.Modernism B.Rationalism C.Sentimentalism D.Transcendentalism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in _________. A. The Scarlet Letter B. Sister Carrie C. The Great Gatsby D. The Old Man and Sea 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against______ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism. A. Rationalism B. Romanticism C. Neoclassicism D. Enlightenment 11. ________ was a poet in American modern period who was deeply influence by eastern culture. A. T. S Eliot B. Robert Frost C. Ezra Pound D. Walt Whitman 12. Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is NOT true?