美国文学史整理
一、Colonial America 殖民时期
1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut.
2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教
American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.
3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and
honest.
4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩
work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》
American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》
The Rights of Man《人权》
The Age of Reason《理性时代》
②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）
Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》
Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》
二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期
1、Characteristics：
①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.
反对理性主义的客观性。
②Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense.
感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。
③An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.
强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。
④Stress on the close relationship between man and nature.
强调人与自然之间的密切关系。
⑤Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange
疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪
⑥Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.
对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。
2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.
A deep influence from the American Puritanism.
The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.
3、writers and works:
①Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗
A Psalm of Life (1838) 《人生礼赞》
V oices of the Night (1839) 《夜吟》
The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 《海华沙之歌》
The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 《路边客栈的故事》
②Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文
A History of New York (1809) 《纽约外史》
The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 《见闻札记》
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》
“Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
(The cognomen o f Crane was not inapplicable to his person…..)
Bracebridge Hall (1822) 《布雷斯布里奇田庄》
Tales of a Traveller (1824) 《旅客谈》
③James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏
Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》
The Pioneer 《拓荒者》
The Prairie 《大草原》
The Spy 《间谍》
三、New England Transcendentalism (新英格兰超验主义)
1、Over-soul（超灵）~was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.(简答)
Individualism individual was the most important
a fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God.
2、writers and works:
①Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生
Nature (1836)《论自然》
<节选：Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God.>
The American Scholar (1837) 《论美国学者》
Divinity School Address (1838) 《神学院演说》
Self-Reliance (1841) 《论自助》
Representative Men (1850)《代表人物》
The Transcendentalist 《超验主义者》
The Over-Soul 《论超灵》
②Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
<节选Our village life would stagnate if it were not for the unexplored forests and meadows which surround it. ……We can never have enough of Nature. >
四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期
我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。
1、High Romantics in fiction
①Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑
Twice-Told Tales (1837)《尽人皆知的故事》
Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet letter (1850) 《红字》
The House of Sever Gables (1851) 《有七个尖角阁的房子》
Blithedale Romance (1852)《福谷传奇》
The Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》
Our Old House (1863) 《我们的故居》
< symbols and setting, ambiguity, supernatural elements. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.>
②Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Moby-Dick (1851) 《白鲸》(pp113-118)
Pierre (1852) 《皮埃尔》
Typee (1846)《泰比》
Omoo (1847)《奥穆》
Mardi (1849)《玛迪》
2、High Romantics in poetry
①Edgar Allan Poe 艾伦·坡
< the father of modern horror story and detective story. >
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 《怪诞故事集》
“The Raven”(1845) 《乌鸦》
“Annabel Lee ”(1849) 《安娜贝尔·李》
②Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼
Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
Features in Whitman’s poems：
·Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.
·Thought rhythm：does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.
·Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.
·Cataloguing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.
③Free verse (自由诗)
④Emily Dickinson 艾米丽·狄金森
Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death Nature friendship love & marriage Work：I died for beauty
Features：frequent use of dashes（破折号）， sporadic capitalization of nouns （零星的名词）， convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing（措辞费解不合文法），off-rhymes（压尾韵）, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors（大胆的隐喻）, and aphoristic wit（警句）.
五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学
·at the later part of the 19th century.
·simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature.
·based on the accurate of human experiences.
·It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.
·is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.
feature：objective and real
Writers and works:
①Howells Their Wedding Journey (1872) 《结婚旅行》
②Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯
The American (1877) 《一个美国人》
Daisy Miller (1878) 《黛西·密勒》
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇画像》
The Art of Fiction (1884) “小说的艺术”
The Bostonians (1886) 《波士顿人》
The Tragic Muse (1890) 《悲惨的缪斯》
The Wings of Dove (1902) 《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors (1903) 《专使》
The Golden Bowl (1904) 《金碗》
六、Regionalism & Local Colorism（乡土文学与地方色彩文学）
·presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world.
·describes the exotic and the picturesque.
·glorifies the past.
·attempts to show things as they are.
·stresses the influence of setting on character.
·Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic
Writers and works:
①Mark Twain 马克·吐温“the Lincoln of literature”
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 《王子与贫儿》
Life on Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》
The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner) 《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
Feature：use Vernacular language. local color
Style：unpretentious, colloquial, poetic.
②Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特·比彻·斯托
Uncle Tom’s Cabin （1852）《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
③Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯·布雷特·哈特
The Lost Galleon (1867) 《沉船》
The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 《咆哮营里的幸运儿》
Mrs. Skaggs’s Husbands (1873) 《斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们》
An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 《红狗的女继承人》
七、American Naturalism 美国自然主义文学
美国文学自然主义者认为，人同时受制于（are controlled）自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素（laws of heredity）与社会环境（environment）是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。
·more inclusive and less selective than realism. 比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少·Determinism governs everything 决定论支配一切
·It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.
·It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.
1、writers and works:
①Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩
The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红色英勇勋章》
② Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯
McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》
③ Theodore Dressier 西奥多·德莱塞
An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》
Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》
Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 《珍妮姑娘》
The Financier (1912) 《金融家》
The Titan (1914) 《巨人》
The Stoic (1947) 《斯多葛》
The Genius (1915) 《天才》
④ Jack London 杰克·伦敦
Martin Eden (1909) 《马丁·伊登》
The Son of the Wolf (1900) 《狼之子》
The Call of the Wild (1903) 《野性的呼唤》
The Sea Wolf (1904) 《海狼》
White Fang (1906) 《白獠牙》
“Love of Life” (1907) 《热爱生命》
⑤ Upton Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱
The Jungle 《屠场》
八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌
feature：fragmentation（分散，碎片）
stream-of-consciousness（意识流的）
a break with the past
writers and works:
①Ezra Pound 庞德
Des Imagists 《意象派诗选》 Cantos 《诗章》
Cathay 《华夏》“Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》
② T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特
The Waste Land (1922) 《荒原》
Family Reunion (1950) 《大团圆》
③ Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特
A Boy’s Will (1913) 《少年的心愿》
North of Boston (1914) 《波士顿以北》
After Apple Picking (1914) 《摘苹果之后》
Mountain Interval (1916) 《山间洼地》
New Hampshire (1923) 《新罕布什尔》
West-Running Brook (1928) 《西流的溪涧》
A Further Range (1936) 《又一片牧场》
A Witness Tress (1942) 《一株见证的树》
“Mending Wall”“修墙”
“The Road Not Taken”“没有走过的路”
④ Carl Sandburg 卡尔·桑德伯格
In Reckless Ecstasy 《肆无忌惮的狂想》
Cornhuskers 《辗米机》 The American Songbag 《美国歌袋》Smoke and Steel 《烟与钢》 The Prairie Years 《草原的年代》Good Morning, America 《早上好，美国》 The People, Yes 《人民，好》
九、Modern American Fiction 美国现代小说
1、The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）
Writers and works:
①Ernest Hemingway 海明威
·He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.
·Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy. ·They reveal man's impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.
·The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有八分之一露出水面。)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》
The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的年代里》
The Torrents of Spring (1926) 《春潮》
Men without Women (1927) 《没有女人的男人》
Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》
To Have and to Have Not (1937) 《贫与富》
Style：Hemingway’s style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments.
② F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《新潮女郎与哲学家》The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 《美丽的和倒霉的》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
All the Sad Young Men (1926) 《所有悲伤的年轻人》
Tender is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后一个巨头》
2、others
① Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小镇畸人》
Poor white (1920) 《穷白人》
Horses and Men (1923) 《马与人》
The Triumph of the Egg (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利》
Death in the Woods (1933) 《林中之死》
Windy McPherson’s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子》
② Willa Cather 薇拉?凯瑟
The Song of the Lark (1915) 《云雀之歌》
My Antonia (1918) 《我的安东尼亚》
O Pioneers! (1913) 《啊，拓荒者！》
A Lost Lady (1923) 《失踪的女士》
The Professor’s House (1925) 《教授之家》
Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) 《大主教之死》Shadows on the Rock (1931) 《岩石上的阴影》
③ Sinclair Lewis 辛克来·刘易斯
The Grapes of Wrath (1939) 《愤怒的葡萄》
The Moon is Down (1942) 《月亮下去了》
The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) 《我们不安的冬天》
The Pastures of Heaven (1932) 《天堂牧场》
In Dubious Battle (1936) 《胜负未决》
Of Mice and Man (1937) 《鼠与人》
⑤ John Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯
The Trilogy U. S. A (1937) 《美国三部曲》
The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) 《一个年轻人的冒险》Three Soldiers (1921) 《三个士兵》
Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》
1919 (1932) 《一九一九》
The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》
Number One (1943) 《第一号》
The Grand Design (1949) 《伟大的计划》
District of Columbia (1952) 《哥伦比亚特区》
十、The Southern Renaissance 美国南方文学（Southern Renaissance.）
1、Themes：
Chevalier heritage.骑士遗产
Agrarian virtue. 农业推崇
Plantation aristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活
Lost cause.失去的事业
White supremacy. 白人至上的传统
Purity of Southern womanhood. 南方女性的纯洁
2、Writers and works
①William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳
The Yoknapatawpha Saga (约克纳帕塔法世系 )
The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧嚣与骚动》
Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Intruder in the Dust (1948) 《尘土中的入侵者》
Sartoris (1929) 《沙托里斯》As I Lay Dying (1930) 《我弥留之际》Sanctuary (1931) 《圣殿》Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》The Hamlet (1940) 《村子》Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》The Town (1957) 《小镇》“The Bear”“熊”
Feature：
·successfully advanced some modern literary techniques: Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue) 意识流
·multiple point of view 多角度的
·talk about the violence and evil in all human beings
·His prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech.
② Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫
Look Homeward, Angel (1929) (novel) 《天使，望乡》
Of Time and the River (1935) (novel) 《时间与河流》
From Death to Morning (1935) (stories) 《从死亡至早晨》
The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel) 《蛛网与岩石》
You Can't Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel) 《有家归不得》
The Hills Beyond (1941) 《远山》
③ Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波特
The Flowering Judas 《开花的犹大树》
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》
Pale Horse, Pale Rider 《苍白的马，苍白的骑手》
Learning Tower and Other Stories 《斜塔和其他故事》
Ship of Fools 《傻瓜的船》
④ Eudora Welty 尤多拉·韦尔蒂
Death of a Traveling Salesman (1936) 《旅行推销员之死》
Delta Wedding (1946) 《三角洲的婚礼》
⑤Carson McCullers 卡森·麦卡勒斯
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940) 《心是孤独的猎手》
The Ballad of the Sad Café (1943/1951) 《伤心咖啡馆的民谣》
⑥ Mary Flannery O'Connor 弗兰纳里·奥康纳
Wise Blood (1952)
A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955)
The Violent Bear Is Away (1960)
Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965)
⑦ William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦
Sophie's Choice 《苏菲的抉择》
Lie Down in Darkness (1951) 《躺在黑暗中》
The Confessions of Nat Turner 《纳特·特纳的自白》
十一、Modern American Drama 现代美国戏剧
1、Expressionism（表现主义）：
An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
2、writers and works:
① Eugene O'Neill 尤金·奥尼尔
Bound East for Cardiff (1914)《东航卡迪夫》
Desire under the Elms (1924)《榆树下的欲望》
Beyond the Horizon (1920)《天边外》
The Emperor Jones (1920)《琼斯皇》
The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》
All God’s Chillum Got Wings (1924) 《上帝的儿女都有翅膀》
The Great God Brown (1926)《大神布郞》
Strange Interlude (1928)《奇异的插曲》
Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)《悲悼》
The Iceman Cometh (1946)《送冰的人来了》
Long Day’s Journey into Night (1956) 《日长路远夜深沉》
② Elmer Rice 埃尔·莫莱斯
Left Bank (1931)《左岸》 Adding Machine (1923)《加算器》
Judgment Day (1934)《审判日》 On Trial (1914)《审讯》
The Mongrel (1924)《混血儿》 Street Scene (1929)《街景》
Dream Girl (1945)《梦幻姑娘》
③Susan Glaspell
Trifles (1916) 《琐事》 The Outside (1917)《外界》
Bernice (1919)《贝尔尼斯》 Inheritors (1921)《继承人》
The Verge (1921)《界限》 Alison’s House (1930)《艾里森的房子》
④ Clifford Odets
Waiting for Lefty (1935)《等待老左》 Golden Boy (1937)《金孩子》
The Country Girl (1950)《乡村姑娘》 Night Music (1940)《夜曲》
Awake and Sing! (1935)《醒来唱歌》 Clash by Night (1941)《夜间冲突》
The Flowering Peach (1954)《开花的桃树》 The Big Knife (1948)《大刀》
⑤ Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯
The Streetcar Named Desire (1947) 《欲望号街车》
The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》 Night of the Iguana 《鬣蜥之夜》
Summer and Smoke 《夏日烟云》 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》The Rose Tattoo 《玫瑰文身》 Suddenly Last Summer 《去年夏天突然》Sweet Bird of Youth 《甜蜜的青春之鸟》 Period of Adjustment 《微妙的调整阶段》
⑥ Arthur Miller 米勒
All My Sons 《都是我儿子》
Death of a Salesman (1949)《推销员之死》
The Crucible 《坩锅》/《炼狱》 A View from the Bridge 《凭桥远眺》After the Fall 《堕落之后》 Incident at Vichy 《维希事件》
The Archbishop’s Ceiling 《大主教的天花板》 The Price 《代价》
The Creation of the World and Other Business 《创世记和其他》
⑦ Edward Albee 爱德华·阿尔比
The Zoo Story (1958)《动物园故事》 The Sandbox (1961)《沙袋》
Three Tall Women (1994) 《三个高个女人》 Tiny Alice (1964) 《小小爱丽丝》
A Delicate Balance (1966)《微妙的平衡》 All Over (1971)《万事皆休》
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？》
Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)《毛主席语录》
⑧David Mamet
American Buffalo 《美国野牛》
⑨ David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦
M. Butterfly 《蝴蝶君》
Broken Promises: Four Plays 《没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本》
十二、African American Literature 美国黑人文学
1、Early African American literature
①Frederick Douglass 道格拉斯
The Life and Time of Frederick of Douglass (1881) 《弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代》②Booker T. Washington
Up from Slavery (1901)
③W. E. B. DuBois
The Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches (1903) 《黑人的灵魂》
④Jean Toomer
Cane (1923)《拐杖》
2、Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴（or The New Negro Movement）
① Countee Cullen 卡伦，C.
Color (1925) One Way to Heaven (a novel) (1932)
Copper Sun (1927) The Black Christ (1929)
The Lost Zoo (1940) My Lives and How I Lost Them (1942)
②Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿
Spunk《胆量》Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934) 《约拿的葫芦藤》
Mules and Men (1935) 《骡子与人》 Tell My Horse (1937) 《告诉我的马》
Mountain (1939) 《山人摩西》 Dust Tracks on a Road (1942) 《风尘仆仆》
③ Langston Hughes 蓝斯顿·休斯
“The Negro Speaks of River” (1920) “黑人说河”
Shakespeare in Harlem (1947) 《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》
I Wonder as I Wander (1956) 《我漂泊，我思考》
The Weary Blues (1926)《疲倦的歌声》 Dear Lovely Death (1931)《亲爱的的死神》Mulatto (1936)《混血儿》(play) The Best of Simple (1961)《辛普尔精选集》
3、African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s
① Richard Wright 理查德·赖特
12 Million Black Voices (1941) 《一千二百万黑人的声音》
Uncle Tom’s Children (1938; enlarged, 1940) 《汤姆叔叔的孩子们》Native Son (1940)《土生子》 The Color Curtain (1956)《有色的窗帘》Black Boy （1945）《黑孩子》 The Outsider (1953)《局外人》
Eight Man (1961)《八人行》 White Man, Listen! (1957)《白人，听着!》The Long Dream (1958)《漫长的梦》 Land Today (1963)《如今的土地》
② Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·艾里森
Invisible Man (1952)《看不见的人》
Shadow and Act (1964) (essay collection)《影子与行动》
Going to the Territory (1986) (essay collection)《走向领地》
③ James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温
Notes of a Native Son 《土生子的笔记》 nother Country 《另一国度》Nobody Knows My Name 《没有人知道我的名字》 Giovanni’s Room 《乔万尼的房间》The Amen Corner 《阿门角》 AJust Above My Head 《就在我头顶上》Go Tell it on the Mountains 《向苍天呼吁》
Blues for Mister Charley 《黑人怨》
4、Contemporary African American literature
①Toni Morrison 托妮·莫里森
The Bluest Eye (1970)《最蓝的眼睛》 Sula (1973)《苏拉》
Song of Solomon (1977)《所罗门之歌》 Tar Boy (1981)《柏油娃娃》Beloved (1987)《宠儿》 Jazz (1992)《爵士乐》
② Alex Palmer Haley 亚里克斯·哈里
he Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965) 《马尔科姆·艾克斯自传》
Roots (1976) 《根》 Hanning《汉宁镇》
③ Alice Walker 艾丽斯·沃克
Meridian (1976)《梅丽迪安》 The Color Purple (1982)《紫色》
(poem collections)：Once 《有一次》 Revolutionary Petunias 《革命的牵牛花》In Love and Trouble (1973)《相爱与烦恼》（short story collection）
十三、Chinese American Literature 美国华裔文学
1、the first stage：开创（end of 19C~20C 60s ）
①Edith Maude Eaton 艾迪丝·伊顿
Mrs. Spring Fragrance (1912) 《春香夫人》——beginning
②Louis Chu 雷庭招
Eat a Bowl of Tea 《吃一碗茶》
2、the second stage：转折 (20C 70~80s)
①Frank Chin 赵健秀
Chickencoop Chinaman (1972)《鸡笼里的华人》
The Year of Dragon (1974)《龙年》
The Chinaman Pacific & Frisco R. Co.《铁路上的华工》
Donald Duck: a Novel《唐纳鸭》
Gunga Din Highway 《贡嘎丁公路》
Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Prose and Poetry (1974) 《哎呀！美国亚裔作家文集》
②Maxine Hong Kingston 汤婷婷
The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts（1976）《女勇士》
China Man (1980)《中国佬》
Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989)《孙行者：他的伪歌本》
3、the third stage、：繁荣（20C 90s~now）
① Amy Tan 谭恩美
The Joy Luck Club (1989) 《喜福会》
The Kichen God’s Wife (1991) 《灶神之妻》
The Hundred Secret Senses(1995) 《百种神秘感》
The Bonesetter’s Daughter (2001) 《正骨师的女儿》
② Gish Jen 任碧莲
Typical American (1991) 《典型的美国人》
Mona in the Promised Land (1996) 《莫娜在希望之乡》
Who’s Irish? (1999) 《谁是爱尔兰人？》
③David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦
M. Butterfly (1988) 《蝴蝶君》
The House of Sleeping Beauties 《睡美人之屋》
The Voyage (1992) 《航行》
Broken Promises: Four Plays 《没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本》
十四、Confessionals 自白派
1、罗伯特·洛威尔
《不一样的国度》（Land of Unlikeness）、《威利爵爷的城堡》（Lord Weary’s Castle）、《卡瓦纳家族的磨坊》（Mills of the Kavanaughs）、《献给联邦死难者》(For the Union Dead）、《大洋附近》（Near the Ocean）、《笔记1967-68》（ Notebook 1967-68 ）、《海豚》（The Dolphin）、《陈旧的辉煌》（The Old Glory）/.....
2、安妮·塞克斯顿
《我生命的房间》（The Room of My Life）
去精神病院半途而归》、《生或死》、《变形记》、《死亡笔记》...
3、西尔维亚·普拉斯
《高烧103度》、《分割》、《死亡与商号》、《燃烧的女巫》、《边缘》....
4、约翰·贝里曼John Berryman
《向布雷兹特里特夫人致意》、《77首梦歌》、《短诗集》、《贝里曼十四行诗集》、《他的玩具，他的梦，他的休息》.....
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
The literature of colonial America John Smith 1）The1st American writer 2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the1st distinctly American literatur e written in English,attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans. 3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the1st planting of That c olony” 4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia:with a Description of the Country” 5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德),historical and political.
The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips,together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness,purpose and cha racter,they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork,thrift,piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想） William Bradford&John Withrop 1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.” 2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans -Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier. -Looked upon themselves as a choosen peol
I. Explain the following literary terms. 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. II. Questions and Answers. Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. 1. What is local color？ an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America‖ 2. What is American Puritanism 1). Total Depravity - the concept of Original Si 2). Unconditional Election - the concept of predestination 3). Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. 4). Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. 5). Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God. 3. Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography. themes in autobiography: Self- Improvement Mind: Self-education Body: Physical Activity Behavior: Moral Perfection Religion: The best service to God is to be good to man Benjamin Franklin and aspects of The American Dream Rags to Riches: Impotence to Importance: A Philosophy of Individualism: Freewill vs. Determinism: Hope and Optimism:
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be
事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this
美国文学史序言部分 殖民地时期（colonialism)约1607-1765 时期综述（随便看看，重点没有涉及这部分） 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 3、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 启蒙时期与独立战争时期（reasoning and revolution)1765-18世纪末p1 代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790 Poor Richard's Almanac《格言历书》A Collection of maxims,or proverbs,on the value of work and savings for success. The Autobiography《自传》开创了美国名人写传记的风气 2、William Hill Brown 威廉·希尔·布朗 The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》 浪漫主义时期（Romanicism)1800-1865 一、文学特征： 1、Transcendentalism超验主义 代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕” 二、代表作家： 1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 The Sketch Book《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》取材于德国民间故事，以纽约哈德逊河谷为背景 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 frontier saga 边疆传奇小说----Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》五部曲 创造了原型人物-班波 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特第一个浪漫主义诗人 To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》The Yellow Violet《黄色的堇香花》 4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱p18 作品：Nature《论自然》超验主义理论的“圣经” Essays《论文集》Poems《诗集》The American Scholar《论美国学者》 Representative Men 《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》 5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗p45 In Walden《沃尔登》描写在湖畔的生活，宣传自然的美好 on the duty of Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》