Numerous challenges remain in biomaterials development. These challenges include targeting materials (containing drugs), for example, to specific cells; designing materials that can sense biochemical signals in the body; and developing materials with improved biocompatibility.
improved biocompatibility
The ability to address these challenges will be facilitated by advances in biology and materials science.
d i bi l d t i l i
Understanding more about extracellular matrix biology, cell receptors, and immunology will help, for example, in understanding how the body responds to specific materials.
专业英语翻译的技巧
介词的减译
In 1994, Sommerville and co-workers developed genetically
altered plants that contained the necessary metabolic pathway to accumulate PHAs accumulate PHAs
介词除转译成汉语动词等词类外，减译的情况较多
Conventional polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene persist for many years after disposal Built for the long haul these 连词的减译
persist for many years after disposal. Built for the long haul, these polymers seem inappropriate for applications in which plastics are used for short time periods and then used for short time periods and then
disposed.
This unusual characteristic of a BP is attractive for applications in hi h th i di t t t ith f d f t d d ti
人称代词的减译
which they are in direct contact with foods for extended time periods. PLA can be converted into compost in municipal facilities 。物主代词的减译
The chemical industry plays a key role in sustaining the world economy and underpinning future technologies, yet is under unprecedented pressure from the effects of globalization and change in many of its traditional markets.
Major advances in understanding the relation between the 其他代词的减译
j g
molecular structure of chemical products and their toxicity mean that we can begin to design “safer” chemicals.
词性的转换
The experiment proved to be a failure.
The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability. Gelatin is much more soluble in water than in organic solvents.
g
The device is shown schematically in Figure 3.
The device is shown schematically in Figure3
In 1839, American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered a technique, which he called vulcanization, for manipulating the properties of the sap from rubber trees by treating it with heat and properties of the sap from rubber trees by treating it with heat and sulfur.
全部否定
None of the polymeric implants have shrinkage defects.
None of the polymeric implants have shrinkage defects
英语中常用具有否定意义的词构成全部否定句，如用no，not，
等否定语翻译时译为否none，nothing，nowhere．neither，nor等否定语。翻译时译为否定词：“不、没有，都不，全不”等。
部分否定
Not both of the instrument can serve the purpose.
英语中只有总括意义的一些代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，不构成全部否定，只是部分否定。这些词有：
all, both, every, everybody, everything, complete, whole, always, many, much等。
部分否定一般译为：“不都、并非、并不都、不全是、不总是”等。
意义上的否定
Although these technologies are now highly developed and widely Alth h th t h l i hi hl d l d d id l used, they are far from optimized.
英语中有些单词或问组，虽然在形式是肯定的，但在意义上是否定的。常见词有动词、名词、形容词、介词、连词。常见的词组有：的常见词有动词名词形容词介词连词常见的词组有
But for 如果没有in the dark 一点也不知道
free from 没有、免于far from 远非，一点也不
short of 缺少too…to (do) 过于……以致于不
short of too to(do)
双重否定
B f th i hi h d f difi ti (b tit ti )Because of their high degree of modification (or substitution), plastic grade celluloseacetates were not believed to be nonbiodegradable until the mid-1990s 英语中还有由no ，not 与表示否定意义的词连用，构成双重否定句；nonbiodegradable until the mid 1990s.
英语中有由与表示否定意义的词连用构成双重否定句；翻译时可译为肯定形式，也可保持双重否定形式。No…not (no) 没有……没有……
without…not 没有……就不……
not until not…until 直至……之后才……
never…without 每逢……总是……
no… other than 不是别的，正是
……别not…too… 越……越好
not (none)…the less 如不……就不…
沉淀分散实验中，在严格控制浓度的情况下，先加入一定量（与溶液体积成一定的比例）的分散剂和过氧化氢，再用2mol/L的氨水滴定，产生分散性良好的悬浮液，并不断搅拌防止团聚现象发生。用分光光度剂进行透光率的测定实验，结果表明，乙醇、乙醇+乙
11 1.25mol/l
二醇（：）、异丙醇、聚乙二醇几种分散剂中，以的聚乙二醇（1：10）作分散剂的悬浮液中透光率低，表明所得的粒子尺寸小，具有很好的粒子分散和防团聚作用.
(1)对于是否应该在大学期间详细规划自己的未来，学生们意见不一。 Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university . 有的人认为对未来应该有一个明确的目标和详细的计划为日后可能遇到的挑战做好充分准备 Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, 有的人则认为不用过多考虑未来，因为未来难以预料。 whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future , because future is full of uncertainties. (2)经过仔细检查，这位科学家得知自己患了癌症 After a very careful check-up ,the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease . 虽然知道自己将不久于人世，但他并没有抱怨命运的不公，而是准备好好利用剩下的日子 Although he knew that his life was ticking away ,instead of complaining about the fate ,the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days , 加速推进由他和同事们共同发起的那个研究项目以提前结项。 and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated ,and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule. (1)在火车站上，有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历，那些战斗故事对我有着极大的吸引力。 At the railway station , an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War , the fighting stories of which were of great fascination to me . 后来他上了车，列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些故事仍然是那么清晰可见，对于英雄们的壮举，我钦佩不已。 Then he got up on the train and it roared past me . But the stories were so real and definite that I greatly marveled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes. (2)行之有效的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境，还能大大降低能源消耗。 Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment , as well as reducing energy consumption . 回顾这个地区近年来的发展情况，我们惊喜地发现地区政府强制实行的环保政策 Looking back on the recent development of this region , we find , to our pleasant surprise , that little exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government , 不但没有受到任何批评，还促使居民增强了环保意识，尽其所能节约能源。 and the policy has raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save energy as possible as they could. (1)随着婚礼的临近，苏珊变得非常焦虑。他说不清楚是什么让自既然如此烦恼。 As the wedding ceremony was approaching, Susan had become quite anxious. She could not pin down what exactly was troubling her. 在同好友凯特长谈了一次后，她才意识到，尽管自己已经28岁了 After a long talk with her close friend Kate, she realized that, although she was 28 years old, 但在感情方面还不够成熟，还没有为婚姻做好准备，也不知道这桩婚姻是否会给自己带来美满的家庭生活。she was not emotionally mature enough to be ready for marriage and she was not sure whether the marriage would guarantee her a happy family life.
1.3 US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University 美国副总统在复旦大学的演讲开场白 Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. // We are grateful for the welcome we have received, especially for the kind of reception here at Fudan University. We thank you for the honor, and we bring you good wishes from President George W. Bush and the people of the United States.// 非常感谢您，市长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们。我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 I know that many of you will soon graduate from this great university. I am told the standards are extremely demanding here, and a degree from Fudan University signifies years of hard work and discipline. I congratulate each one of you on your achievement, and I commend your teachers for upholding the tradition of excellence that marks the 99-year history of Fudan University.
哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws
1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality. 电可以用数量和质量来度量。 2) Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment. 互感器安装在高压设备上。 3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants. 电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。 4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。 5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in Farads. 电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。 1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified. The signal should be filtered before being amplified. 放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。 2)An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun. Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot. 物体放置在太阳下会变热。 3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed. Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments. 在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验。 4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current. 改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法。 5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object. 传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动。 1)The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter. The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter. 图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。 2)A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits. A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits. 正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。 3) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier. The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier. 工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。 1）The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied. The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power. 单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。 2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit. The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit. 保险的作用就是保护电路。
Translation Exercises 3 1.There are two classes of people: the selfish and the selfless; these are respected, while those are looked down upon. 有两种人：自私的人和无私的人；前者招人唾弃，后者受人尊重。 2．Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country”. 先秦时代（大约2000年以前）的中国学者提出学说“关爱别人，友善邻里是一个 国家最宝贵的东西。” 3.Men and nations working apart created these problems: men and nations working together must solve them. 人民和国家分离开来产生了这些问题，人民和国家团结起来一定能解决问题。 4. He was astounded but highly pleased that the man who presided over the destinies of the mighty British Empire should come pleading to him. 他很震惊但非常高兴主持英帝国命运之神的人将迎接他。 5. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 他提出一些新的想法去挑战所有人都关心的利益。 6. A shy, retiring man known to his Columbia University students as a dull lecturer, he had the brilliance of mind that made him the teacher of his time, respected by presidents and philosophers alike. 被哥伦比亚大学学生认为迟钝的羞涩的退休老人有卓越的才华，这使他成为当时的学者，被院长和类似的哲学家尊重。 7. This was the last place the colonialists would leave, for in it lay riches and natural resources. 这是殖民主义者最后被解放的地方，因为这儿有丰富的自然资源。
4.迪士尼世界：后现代的乌托邦城市 迪斯尼世界的本质是什么？这个答案多半体现在迪斯尼为游客创造幻觉的努力上，这一幻觉使游客觉得自己进入了一个更符合他们渴望的完美世界。迪斯尼世界用各种各样的方式创造了这个完美世界。例如，它鼓励游客以一个孩子的眼光去看待这个乐园，并把自己定义为一个“给生活带来梦想”的地方。然而最根本的却是，它只是创造了一个完美世界的虚构版本。在这个世界，迪斯尼引导游客逃脱来自现实生活中的束缚；在这个世界，游客不再受时间，距离，体积和现实法则的约束。在五花八门的游乐区中，游客似乎脱离了人体以及人体的遗传基因；他们穿梭于过去与未来中，离开了地球。在惊险的游乐项目中，他们不遵循万有引力定律，以一种不符常理的速度和方式移动着。 迪斯尼世界还怂恿游客逃避社会和自我的堕落状态。它创造了美国资本主义制度和政治历史的理想化幻象；它把游客拖入到永久庆典的世界中----一个满是游行队伍、焰火，盛装的表演者以及无尽的享乐诱惑的世界。游客仿佛加入了一个永无止境的假期中，生活中的负面情绪也都被抛之脑后。 显然，当你把所有这些都联系在一起，就可了解到，迪斯尼世界只是帮助游客以一种虚构的方式实现人类最大的梦想：超越。在迪斯尼世界，我们超越了平凡。它取代了我们自己所在的世界----在现实世界，多数机遇与我们擦肩而过，多数人隐藏自己的动机；而在迪斯尼，我们游历在象征世界：这个世界客观、具体，却似乎没有压力、无忧无虑，异常精彩，正如幻想一般。 就是这样，迪斯尼摆脱了当代社会枯燥的“科学主义”世界观。德国社会学家马克思韦伯曾经说过，在当今社会，随着科学地位的上升和宗教影响的减弱，我们正在见证世界的觉醒。仿真文化的产物，例如迪斯尼世界，似乎正在随着一种新的承诺而重获魅力：利用太空飞行，外星人，时光穿梭和失落世界的各种神话，艺术和科技可以将我们的世界创造成最新版的当代爱情故事。 但迪斯尼世界并不只提供客观化幻象。借助仿真的力量，它也向我们展示了，科技是如何赋予我们不受世界控制的力量和自由的。迪斯尼展现了技术的种种可能性----有一天我们能够进入外太空，能够在地球各地自由穿梭，能够进化成为一个完美社会。 迪斯尼只有通过让我们乘坐各种游戏装置，把我们变成被动的消费者，才能向我们展示乌托邦的幻想画面。而这一事实加深了迪斯尼世界的种种内在矛盾。因此，在迪斯尼世界，我们可以察觉到一种存在于人与科技关系的本质中的危险。通过为我们做各种事，诱导我们把自己当做孩子并迷失在图像和幻想中，迪斯尼揭示了科技是如何在在那些使用它的人身上促进出种种自恋的个性特征的。 迪斯尼世界是一个警示人的故事，它所展现的，不只是未来的奇迹，更有危机----发展可能引起人类的倒退，使自己迷失在自动化，仿真以及鼓舞人心的智能幻象中。在迪斯尼世界，我们看到人类的最大目的就是依靠科技，在这里，甚至连我们的经历都是由机器制造的。 9. 1.我是第一位当选国会议员的黑人妇女，这使我不同凡响。国会中还有九位黑人议员，但我是第一位同时克服两个不利因素的人。在这两种不利因素中，是个女人比是黑人更糟。
英语翻译专业简历范文 导读：本文是关于英语翻译专业简历范文，希望能帮助到您！ 英语翻译专业简历范文姓名五年以上工作经验|女|32岁（居住地：上海电话：E-mail：最近工作[3年2个月]公司：XX(上海)咨询有限公司行业：其他行业职位：英文翻译兼外事专管员最高学历学历：本科专业：英语学校：华东师范大学自我评价丰富的外国供应商接待经验。工作中独立思考及操作能力强，“CET－6级”、“全国翻译资格考试英语口译三级”证书。英语听、说、读、写流利，可胜任笔译及一般会议口译，陪同翻译等工作。性格开朗，工作认真负责，人际关系融洽。求职意向工作性质：全职期望月薪：面议/月目标职能：英语翻译工作经验2007/9--至今：XX(上海)咨询有限公司[3年2个月]所属行业：其他行业总经理办公室英文翻译兼外事专管员负责总经理工作报告、董事会纪要、公司财务、管理文件等资料翻译工作。因公司出口项目多,我还负责公司员工出国的护照签证申请事宜,经常外出到上级集团及上海市外办,各国驻上海领事馆等。工作业绩：多次翻译公司董事会纪要,少数合同翻译,多次成功申办各国签证,并成功申办了难度较大的斯洛伐克工作签证,并与领事馆保持了良好关系。所属行业：其他行业自由职业英文翻译英语笔译：《财富时报》、《21世纪商业评论》、《疯狂英语》、《天下博客》、英国《卫报》中文版兼职笔译。擅长生物化学、生物工程、质量管理等专业翻译。英语口译：熟悉生物化学、生物工程及质量管理等专业词汇。丰富的外国供应
商及实验室工作人员接待经验。广外会外商陪同口译工作。国家翻译资格水平考试（CATTI）英语口译三级证书。2002/2--2005/9：上海某翻译公司[3个7个月]翻译事业部专职英语翻译从事专职英语翻译工作，至今合共翻译稿件超过600万字，主要包括商业管理、新闻时事、影视剧本、文学文化和电脑IT等内容，其中不少是关于香港社会情况以及行文用语需要符合香港客户要求的繁体中文稿件，也有涉及医学保健、土木建筑、机械设备等方面的稿件。教育经历语言能力英语（精通）日语（一般）德语（良好）培训经历2005/3-2006/3昂立教育高级口译2002/7--2002/8华东工业大学金叶信息技术学院全国大学英语研修班课程2002年曾随学院教师参加暑期全国大学英语教学组和上海外教社在上海举办的研修班课程，受益匪浅。证书2009/10中级工程师合格2005/12高级口译证书合格2004/9初级工程师2002/5英语专业八级合格2002/5全国计算机等级二级合格
1. Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。 2. Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations． 土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。 3. Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project． 计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的，因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据，这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。 4. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials：steel，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，or other construction materials． 他们还确定适当的材料组合：钢材、混凝土、塑料、石料、沥青、砖、铝或其他的建筑材料。 5. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. 在土木工程的这个分支里，工程师修建运输液体、气体或固体的管道和相关的设施，运输的物质范围从煤浆和半液体废料到水、石油和不同类型的高燃性和非燃性气体。 6. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work：the surveyors；workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps，excavate for the foundation，build the forms and pour the concrete；and workers who build the steel framework．These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure． 事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动：勘测员、为临时道路和斜坡定线和施工、挖基础、建模和浇注混凝土的工人、以及绑扎钢筋的工人。这些工程师还为建筑业主定期提供进度报告。 7. This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges．
1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it is fairly minor. 2.父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老乡亲接过了养育我的责任 My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over responsibility for my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必须得在达到严格的安全要求后才可以出售给儿童 The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of new and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志，它刊载了世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要 When it comes to this magazine, it is a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.. 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方 Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 1.无论是在农村还是城市，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式 The Internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到全球经济危机的威胁 Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones. 关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然后对国家的经济发展提供批评性的见解With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment first, and then provide critical reflections on the nation’s economic development. 4.她从来也没有想到他们队会以大比分赢得那场篮球赛 It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin. 5.回顾二十年的中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心，才能和不断对知识的不断追求Looking back on my twenty years’ teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience,
“翻译是艺术的高级形式。绘画必须栩栩如生，跃然纸上；音乐必须抑扬顿挫，富有旋律；雕刻必须精镂细刻，曲尽其妙。而翻译既需要绘画之真实，又需要音乐之旋律，更需要雕刻之匠心。这不是技术，而是艺术，而是精湛的综合性艺术。”----莫里逊（morrison）（一）翻译的人物言论 1.翻译简史 东汉安世高，大规模从事译经活动 唐代佛经翻译，鼎盛 北宋衰落 2.三大翻译家： ①鸠摩罗什，印度，对翻译方法及理论有深入的研究，提倡译者署名以负文责。最早提出了如何表现原文文体与语趣的重要问题。“鸠摩罗什者，译界第一流宗匠也”----梁启超 ②真谛，西印度，译了49部经论，其中《摄大乘论》影响较大。 ③玄奘，贞观时期，梵译汉，汉（老子著作的一部分）译梵，是第一个向国外介绍汉文著作的中国人。其译场比以前要健全和严密得多，译经质量也很高。 “五不翻”指译音不译意。指不翻神秘语、多义词、中国没有的物名、久以通行的音译、宣扬佛教的用语。 3.道安，东晋，“五失本，三不易”。 4.慧远，东晋，“简繁理秽，以详其中”。 5.彦琮，隋初，《辩证论》：“八备说”。
6.林纾（琴南），清末，不懂外语，与人合作共译180余中西洋小说。 7.严复，清末，明确提出翻译标准的第一人。 在《天演论》卷首的《译例言》中提出“信达雅”的翻译标准。“译事三难：求其信，已大难已。顾信矣不达，虽译尤不译也，则达尚焉。海通以来，象寄之才，随地多有；而任取一书，责其能与于斯二矣，则已寡矣。其故在浅尝，一也；偏至，二也；辨之者少，三也。” 8.矛盾：“直译”、“神韵”。 9.朱自清：“译诗”。 10.郭沫若：“媒婆”论、“风韵”论。 11.瞿秋白：翻译必须“非常忠实”，追求“精确”；“语言”与“言语”的异同。
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3 Earthquakes Earthquakes is trembling or shaking movement of the Earth’s surface.Most earthquakes are minor https://www.doczj.com/doc/9515242470.html,rger earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take the form of one or more violent shocks,and end in vibrations of gradually diminishing force called aftershocks.The subterranean point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus;the point on the surface directly above the focus is the epicenter .The magnitude and intensity of an earthquake is determined by the use of scales,e.g.,the Richter scale and Mercalli scale. Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional stress or tensional stress built up at the margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that make up the Earth’s surface.The immediate cause of most shallow earthquakes is the sudden release of stress along a fault,or fracture in the Earth’s crust resulting in moving of the opposing blocks of rock past one another.These movements cause vibrations to pass through and around the Earth in wave form,just as ripples are generated when a pebble is dropped into water.V olcanic eruption,rockfalls,landslides,and explosions can also cause a quake,but most of these are of only local extent. 6 Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the Earth is about 4,570 million years old.Geologists have divided Earth’s history into a series of time intervals.These time intervals are not equal in length like the hours in a day.Instead the time intervals are variable in length.Different spans of time on the time scale are usually delimited by major geological or paleontological events,such as varying rock type or fossils within the strata and mass extinctions.For example,the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period is defined by the first appearance of animals with hard parts. The geologic time scale was formulated during 地震 地震颤动或发抖运动的地球表面。大部分地震是轻微地震。大地震通常开始轻微的颤动而迅速采取一个或更猛烈冲击的形式，并最终在逐渐减少振动的力称为余震。地震起源的地下点称为重心；表面上以上的重点是中心点。地震的震级和强度的尺度，确定使用例如，李希特尺度和麦加利震级。 大部分地震是因果关系的压应力或拉应力建立在巨大岩石圈板块的运动，使地球表面的空间。最浅的地震的直接原因是沿断层应力的突然释放，或断裂在地壳导致岩石过去彼此对立块体运动。这些运动引起的振动通过环绕地球以波的形式，就像涟漪时产生一个石子投进水中。火山喷发，崩塌，滑坡，和爆炸也可以引起地震，但这些只是局部性的范围。 证据来自辐射测年表明，地球的年龄大约是4570000000岁。地质学家划分地球历史划分成一系列的时间。这些时间间隔的长度像一天中的时间是不相等的。相反，时间间隔的长度是可变的。时间在时间尺度不同跨度通常是由主要的地质或古生物事件分隔的，如不同的地层和大规模物种灭绝的岩石或化石类型。例如，白垩纪和古近纪是用坚硬的部分动物的第一次出现定义之间的边界。