Reading
THE SENSE OF SMELL
1 Smell is the most direct of all the senses. It is thought to be the oldest sense in terms of human evolution, which may explain why smell is hard-wired into the brain. The olfactory nerve, which manages the perception of smells, is essentially an extension of the brain. The olfactory nerve provides a direct link from receptors at the top of the nose to the portion of the brain that controls memory, emotion, and behavior.
2 The olfactory system detects certain airborne chemicals that enter the nose and then transmits this chemical information to the limbic system in the brain. The olfactory region at the upper end of each nostril is yellow, moist, and full of fatty substances. The shade of yellow indicates the strength of the sense of smell: the deeper the shade, the keener and more acute it is. Animals have a very strong sense of smell, so their olfactory regions are dark yellow to reddish brown, while those of humans are light yellow.
3 When an odorous substance enters the nose, it binds to olfactory receptor cells, the neurons lining the yellow upper portion of the nasal cavity. Olfactory receptor cells contain microscopic hairs called cilia that extend into the layer of mucus coating the inside of the nose. Odor molecules diffuse into this region and are absorbed by the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells. What this means is that when we hold a rose to our nose and inhale, odor molecules float up into the nasal cavity, where they are absorbed by five million olfactory receptor cells. The receptor cells alert the olfactory nerve, which sends impulses to the brain's olfactory bulb, or smell center. Thus, olfactory information about the rose enters the brain's limbic system, where, in most of us, it stimulates a feeling of pleasure.
4 The limbic system of the brain integrates memory, emotion, and behavior. The system is composed of a group of related nervous system structures that are the functional center of emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness. The components of the limbic system are linked to the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain involved in complex learning, reasoning, and personality. The cerebral cortex makes decisions about the emotional content of these unique human qualities after "consulting" the limbic system and other brain centers in processing and retrieving memories. It may, in turn, use memories to modify behavior.
5 Scent may be the strongest trigger of memory and emotions. When we inhale a scent, receptors in the brain's limbic center compare the odor entering our nose to odors stored in our memory. Along the way,
memories associated with those odors are stimulated. A smell can be overwhelmingly nostalgic because it triggers powerful images and emotions. The waxy fragrance of crayons can instantly transport us to our second-grade classroom, or the scent of freshly mown grass can flood us with the joy of summer freedom. What we see and hear may fade quickly in short-term memory, but what we smell is sent directly to long-term memory.
6 Smells can increase alertness and stimulate learning and retention. In one study, children memorized a word list, which was presented both with and without accompanying scents. The children recalled words on the list more easily and with higher accuracy when the list was given with scents than without, showing the link between smell and the ability to retain information. In another study, researchers examined how various smells can increase alertness and decrease stress. They found that the scent of lavender could wake up the metabolism and make people more alert. They also found that the smell of spiced apples could reduce blood pressure and avert a panic attack in people under stress.
Glossary:
nostalgic: causing a desire for things, persons, or situations of the past; causing homesickness
retention: the act of retaining; keeping, holding, or maintaining
Why does the author use the term hard-wired in describing the sense of smell and the brain?
?[A] To describe the texture and feel of the olfactory nerve
?[B] To emphasize the close connection between smell and the brain
?[C] To compare the power of smell with that of other senses
?[D] To explain how the sense of smell evolved in early humans
The word detects in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ?[A] notices
?[B] destroys
?[C] fights
?[D] compares
Of what significance is the color of the olfactory region at the upper end of each nostril?
?[A] The color changes with different airborne chemicals.
?[B] The significance of the color is little understood.
?[C] The color becomes darker when an odor is present.
?[D] The color shows the strength of the ability to smell
The word diffuse in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
?[A] drop
?[B] flow
?[C] cut
?[D] bend
What happens when the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells absorb odor molecules?
?[A] The tiny hairs inside the nose become darker in color.
?[B] The nervous system activates the digestive system.
?[C] The olfactory nerve sends impulses to the brain.
?[D] Some receptor cells die and are replaced by new cells
The word integrates in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
?[A] predicts
?[B] connects
?[C] damages
?[D] slows
When a scent is inhaled, all of the following occur in the limbic system EXCEPT
?[A] The scent is compared to other scents stored in memory.
?[B]The scent is transmitted to the other sensory organs.
?[C] The brain stimulates memories associated with the scents.
?[D] The person may feel an emotion related to a memory
Why does the author mention crayons and freshly mown grass in
paragraph 5?
?[A] To give examples of smells that can trigger memories and emotions
?[B] To compare typical responses to two common smells
?[C] To explain why smells are likely to affect
a person's behavior
?[D]To identify smells that can increase alertness and work efficiency
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
?[A] We can accurately remember things that we see and hear, but we eventually forget things that we smell.
?[B]Short-term memory contains unimportant information, and long-term memory contains sensory information.
?[C]Smells go straight to long-term memory, while sights and sounds may be held only briefly.
?[D] It is difficult for us to use short-term memory, but we remember things in long-term memory.
The word which in paragraph 6 refers to
?[A] learning
?[B] study
?[C] list
?[D] smell
What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about learning?
?[A] Learning cannot take place unless all of the senses are stimulated.
?[B]Scents can strengthen the ability to hold new information in the memory.
?[C]It is easier to recall previous learning than it is to retain new information.
?[D] Children will not learn much if they are distracted by offensive odors.
Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
One of these structures is a kind of central processing unit that connects memory with physical functions.
The limbic system of the brain integrates memory, emotion, and
behavior. The system is composed of a group of related nervous
system structures that are the functional center of emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness.AThe components of the limbic system are linked to the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain involved in complex learning, reasoning, and personality.B The cerebral cortex makes decisions about the emotional content of these unique human qualities after "consulting" the limbic system and other brain centers in processing and retrieving memories.CIt may, in turn, use memories to modify behavior.D
Read the first sentence of a summary of the passage. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.
?[A] Every time we inhale, airborne chemicals enter the olfactory regions of our nose.
?[B] The olfactory nerve links the nose to the part of the brain that integrates memory, emotion, and behavior.
?[C] The brain's limbic center stimulates memories and emotions associated with a particular scent.
?[D] The sense of smell is stronger in animals than it is in humans.
?[E] Olfactory receptor cells contain microscopic hairs called cilia that absorb odor molecules.
?[F] Smells can trigger emotions, increase alertness, and improve the ability to learn.
Smell, the oldest and most direct of all the senses, is connected with memory and emotions.
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Listening
Conversation
What problem does the man have?
?[A] He does not know where to register for classes.
?[B] His dog was poisoned by something it ate.?[C] He does not know what type of transcript to order.
?[D]He needs to replace his identification card Why does the man talk about his dog?
?[A] His dog enjoys visiting the campus.
?[B] He needs to buy special food for his dog.?[C] His dog destroyed his student ID card.
?[D] He is worried about his dog's health Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.
What can be inferred about riding the bus?
?[A] Dogs are not allowed to ride the bus.
?[B] There is no bus fare if you have a student ID.
?[C] All students are required to ride the bus.?[D] The man does not like riding the bus.
What is one difference between an unofficial transcript and an official transcript?
?[A] An unofficial transcript can be obtained free of charge.
?[B]An unofficial transcript includes less information.
?[C]An unofficial transcript takes five days to receive.
?[D] An unofficial transcript can be used for a scholarship
What will the man probably do?
Click on two answers.
?[A] Have his picture taken in the photo shop
?[B] Take his dog to the animal hospital
?[C] Print an unofficial copy of his transcript
?[D] Request an official copy of his transcript
Conversation
Oral Report
What are the students mainly discussing?
?[A] Statistics about major diseases
?[B] Symptoms of influenza infection
?[C] A major epidemic of influenza
?[D] Different strains of the flu virus Why does the woman mention her great-grandfather?
?[A] Her great-grandfather died during a major epidemic.
?[B]Her great-grandfather worked in the field of public health.
?[C] Her great-grandfather was affected by the 1918 epidemic.
?[D]Her great-grandfather was a soldier in World War I
According to the man, what group first reported large numbers of
influenza cases?
?[A] Business owners
?[B] The army
?[C] Public health officials
?[D] Public schools
What information will the students probably include in their report?
Click on two answers.
?[A] Statistics on other major disease epidemics
?[B] Effects of war on the general population
?[C] Arguments for developing a better public health system
?[D]The connection between World War I and influenza
What do the students agree to do?
?[A] Ask their professor for advice
?[B] Meet again to discuss their research
?[C] Interview people who survived the flu
?[D] Change the topic of their oral report
SPEAKING SECTION DIRECTIONS
The Speaking section measures your ability to speak in English about
a variety of topics. There are six questions in this section.
Questions 1 and 2 are independent tasks in which you will speak about familiar topics. Your responses will be scored on your ability to speak clearly and coherently about the topics.
Questions 3 and 4 are integrated speaking tasks. You will read a passage, listen to a conversation or lecture, and then speak in response to a question about what you have read and heard. You will need to combine relevant information from the two sources to answer the question completely. Your responses will be scored on your ability to speak clearly and coherently and on your ability to accurately convey information about what you read and heard.
Questions 5 and 6 are integrated speaking tasks. You will listen to part of a conversation or lecture, and then speak in response to a question about what you have heard. Your responses will be scored on your ability to speak clearly and coherently and on your ability to accurately convey information about what you heard.
You will hear each conversation and lecture only one time. You may take notes while you listen. You may use your notes to help you answer the questions
In this question, you will read a short passage about a campus situation, listen to a conversation, and then speak in response to a question about what you have read and heard. Attar you hear the question, you have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
Reading Time - 45 seconds
PARKING ON CAMPUS
A permit is required for all students who park a vehicle on the main campus during the day or evening, Monday through Friday. Parking permits can be purchased from the Cashier's Office and picked up at the Security Office on the first floor of Building 21. Students must park in the new parking lot near the east entrance.
Quarterly parking permits cost $50 for full-time students and $40 for part-time students. Annual permits . are $120 and are sold Fall Quarter only. Owners of vehicles without a valid parking permit may purchase a daily parking permit for $3 at the pay station located at the east entrance.
Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.
The man expresses his opinion about parking on campus. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
Preparation Time- 30 seconds
Response Time - 60 seconds
WRITING SECTION DIRECTIONS
The Writing section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. There are two writing questions.
Question 1 is an integrated writing task. You will read a passage, listen to a lecture, and then answer a question based on what you have read and heard. You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
Question 2 is an independent writing task. You will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience. You have 30 minutes to plan and write your response.
窗体顶端
Directions:
Question:
For this task, you will write a response to a question about a reading passage and a lecture. You may take notes, and you may use your notes to help you write your response. Your response will be scored on the quality of your writing and on how well you connect the points in the, lecture with points in the reading. Typically, an effective response will have 150 to 225 words.
Reading Time - 3 minutes
Some foods are endowed with super powers that give you more energy and greater protection against disease. Eating a diet rich in
blueberries, tomatoes, broccoli, and garlic will change your life for the better. By making these superpower foods part of your regular eating habits, you can actually change the course of your biochemistry and stop the gradual changes in your body that lead to diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer, high cholesterol, obesity, and diabetes.
The concept of superpower foods is supported by research. Studies on blueberries show that they have a positive effect on brain function and motor movement in aging rats. Blueberries also appear to prevent mental decline in mice genetically engineered to develop Alzheimer's disease. Eating one cup of blueberries every day will reduce
aging-related damage in our brain. Blueberries are an excellent source of antioxidants, nutrients in fruits and vegetables that neutralize the products of our metabolism before they can harm brain cells. Researchers believe that blueberries protect our brain through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Blueberries also seem to influence the way brain cells communicate with each other. Tomatoes and tomato-based products are the major source of many carotenoids including lycopene. Research shows that lycopene, the red pigment in tomatoes, helps lower cholesterol and reduces the risk of prostate cancer. Studies show that the antioxidants in broccoli and cabbage help prevent colon cancer. Other studies show that garlic is the natural enemy of high cholesterol and the common cold. Eating foods with garlic or taking garlic supplements will produce a drop in LDL blood cholesterol.
Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the passage during the writing time.
Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading. Writing Time- 20 minutes
托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（4） Questions 11-20 Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called “experimental naturalism”, or “instrumentalism”. Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions.
历年托福听力考试真题下载十(原文+音频) 为了让同学们更好地备考托福听力，下面小马编辑为大家整理了历年5月份托福听力考试真题，并附有文本和听力音频，供同学们进行下载练习。 以下是2005年5月托福听力考试真题音频: 部分 2005年5月托福听力考试真题原文如下： Part A 1. M: Do you know when the next train is I need to be at the Museum of Fine Arts by 10:30. W: Actually there is a shuttle bus at 10 that takes you directly there. And it’s only a 25-minute ride. Q: What does the woman imply 2. M: It was such a great weekend. I saw two really good movies on the play. What did you do W: What you were supposed to be doing Studying! Did you forget we have an exam today Q: What does the woman mean 3. W: So what are they supposed to be building over there Another gym M: Isn’t that where the new library is going Q: What are the speakers talking about 4. W: Do you mind if I use your computer to write a history paper Mine’s out for repairs. M: Sorry, I am in the middle of typing something and it’s gonna be a while. You know, the computer lab is still open. Q: What does the man imply the woman should do 5. M: Hi Gina, that’s a really cool watch. Where did you get it W: Well, my sister works at the jewelry store right off campus.
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！ 小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~ 在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。 小托福考试阅读模拟题： 模拟题1： Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT: A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains. B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface. C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches. D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions. 答案：C 解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。在真正考试中，把原文阅读完毕再去和选项比较会花费较多时间。因此，比较合理的做题顺序是，先读选项，然后拿选项和原文信息去比对。 A选项说的是outflow channel的形成时间和火山活动在北部平原的发生时间是相同的。快速浏览原文，只有在最后一句提到了它们的形成时间，说大概在30亿年前，about引导的时间状语很重要，补充说明了这一时间和北部火山平原形成的时间相同。A正确。 B选项说的是火山形成的地点，只在火星表面的特定区域。看原文，第二句，说的是它们只在赤道区域出现。B 也正确。
2017年01月07日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The university wants to provide student more entertainments and three choices provided below, which do you prefer and why. l A theater performance by the student actors l A concert provided by professional musician l A lecture from a professor Task 2 Friends may disagree with each other, and still maintain friendship. Do you agree with or disagree with this idea, why? 2017年01月14日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 You will need to accomplish an assignment to do a presentation. Which will you choose? 1. Act out a scene from a play(with a partner) 2. Explain your review of a novel you recently you read 3. Read a selection of poem Task 2 Someone choose to work in a small company or organization with a few workers. Others prefer to work in a large company or organization with thousands of employees. Which do you think is better? 2017年2月18日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 1. Which of following aspects do you think contributes most to country's success 1.many business opportunities 2.well rounded medical care system 3.a developed educational system Task 2 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the popularity of the technology that focuses on entertainment, people read fewer books than before. 2017年02月25日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 Your friend will move to a school and worried about making new friends there. What kind of advice will you give him to help him make new friend in the new school? Why? Task 2 Many people prefer to read books in electronic format on a computer screen or other devices. Some other people prefer to read books on paper printed copies. Which way do you prefer? Why? 2017年02月26日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The student is asked to write final project about the famous Historical city Which you're located in. Which we do you choose? 1 video the famous building 2 visit the old people 3 Research and write paper
TPO Listening Exercises Subject: Animal Sciences Your Name: Your Class:
TPO1 Lecture 4 is the main topic of the lecture The types of habitats marmots prefer Methods of observing marmot behavior Feeding habits of some marmot species Differences in behavior between marmot species to the case study, why are marmots ideal for observation They do not hide from humans They reside in many regions throughout North America They are active in open areas during the day Their burrows are easy to locate the appropriate description of each marmot species' behavior to the box below the marmot's name Click on a phrase. Then drag it to the space where it belongs. One of the phrases will not be used Displays aggressive tendencies is family oriented says active during the winter reason does the professor give for the difference in marmot behaviour patterns? Type of food available The size of the population Interaction with other marmot species
TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular 008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious
0308 托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that
历年托福听力考试真题下载五(原文+音频 为了让同学们更好地备考托福听力,下面小马编辑为大家整理了历年1月份托福听力考试真题,并附有文本和听力音频,供同学们进行下载练习。 以下是2002年1月托福听力考试真题音频: 部分 2002年1月托福听力考试真题原文如下: Never be unduly elated by victory or depressed by defeat. Part A 1:A: With so little time left to study for the history final. I think we should concentrate on going over our lecture notes. B: That sounds good. At least we have an idea what Prof. Martin thinks important. Q: How do the students plan to prepare for the exam? 2:A: Sorry I'm late. There was road construction on highway 9 and traffic was backed up for a miles(排起长龙. B: Tell me about it. I take that road. And it took me two hours to get home last night. Q: what does the man mean? 3:A: u said u wanted to borrow my camera for Prof. Wilson's assignment. Well, here it is. B: I know this is precious to you, and I'll take good care of it. I hate using other people's things, especially expensive equipment like this. Q: according to the conversation, what will the woman do?
历年托福考试阅读真题精选 If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn't lead anywhere.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的历年托福考试阅读真题精选，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers. 1. What is the passage mainly about? (A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America (B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers (C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America (D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods 2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) ensured (B) raised (C) arranged (D) discouraged 3. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) value
0308托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy. 1,What does the passage mainly discuss? (a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope. (b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation . (c)The effects of pasteurization on food. (d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of (b)developing into (c)resistant to (d)hurt by 3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer? (a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food? (b)How many types of organisms can be found on food? (c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination? (d)How long can food stand before it putrefies? 4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to