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上海新航道托福培训
13年来1000+资深讲师、自主研发教材、个性化教学，让100W+学子从新航道成功留学海外名校。
2016浙大801经济学综合完美回忆版（西经部分+政经部分+计量简答及分析部分） 写在最前面： 自从浙大2014起便不对外公布真题，对我们考研同学来说是很痛苦的一件事，复习时也有种完全找不到路的感觉，想拿最近真题练手又无路可寻，笔者在考完后，本着为考研筒子谋福利的想法，努力回想一番，整理出了西经部分，政经部分以及计量除计算题以外的部分，希望为各位提供一定的帮助吧。 一、西经部分（100分） （一）、名词解释部分 1.需求弹性 2.价格上限 3.经济增长 4.人力资本 （二）计算部分 5.微观部分：微观考了一个求最大利润的问题，比较简单，参考意义并不大） 6.宏经考研计算题：（与2013年考研题类似） Y = C + I +G +NX C = 300 + 0.8Yd I = 200 – 1500r G = 200 NX = 100 + 0.04Y – 500r 税率：t = 0.2 L = 0.5Y – 1500r M = 550 P = 1 (1):求IS曲线 (2):求LM曲线 (3):求在商品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡下的r,Y是多少？ (4):求在均衡下的C,I,NX各为多少？ （三）简答部分 7.请简答价格歧视的条件 8.请简答通货膨胀能够造成正的产出效应的三个条件 （四）论述部分 9.请作图分析并论述在完全竞争市场下成本不变，成本递增，成本递减三种情形下行业的长期供给曲线如何形成并分析其特征。 10.请从寻找工作，最低工资，工会，效率工资四个方面来论述失业是如何形成的。 二、政经部分（50分） 简答题： 1.商品的使用价值及价值与劳动二重性之间的关系 2.政府失灵和市场失灵
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
2016年托福独立写作全年汇总，献给2017年备考的你 之前的每周六日都是托福考生们考试的日子，本周六则是大家欢庆圣诞的日子，2016年的托福考试已经全部结束，本文将会汇总全年的托福独立写作题目，希望备考2017年托福考试的小伙伴能够好好利用这批题目，回温一下本年的考试重点，准备迎接明年的托福考试。 1、Some people think that starting school day early is a good approach to support learning; other people think that starting school day at the later time is a good approach to support learning. Which one do you prefer? 2、In times of economic crisis, in which field do you think the government can cut financial support? 3、The high school students are required to study many different subjects at the same time or they should study only three or four subjects at a time? 4、Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smartphone, video games, for fun and entertainment. Playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children's development. 5、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: For a student, reading on his/her own is as important as, or even more important than reading what is assigned by teachers. 6、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: After completing high school, students should take at least one year off work or travel before they begin studying in university. 7、The university club want to help others，if you are a member of them， you only could undertake one project this year. which following would you prefer to choose? To help students at a nearby primary school with reading and mathematics; Build house for people who cannot buy or rent; Visit and assist the elderly people with daily tasks. 8、The university club want to help others，if you are a member of them， you only could undertake one project this year. which following would you prefer to choose? To help students at a nearby primary school with reading and mathematics; Build house for people who cannot buy or rent; Visit and assist the elderly people with daily tasks.
6.25 Task 1 Sometimes people behave impolitely in public. Describe a time when an impolite behavior annoyed you.Explain why you were annoyed. Task 2 If someone donates a piece of Iand to your community, should it be used to construct an amusement center or grow plant and flowers? 7.20 TASK1 Your friend is coming to your country for studying, but he or she is worried about the cost, what are the advices you can offer? TASK2 Some people answer mobile phones and reply text messages when they are meeting friends in person, others think it is not a polite thing to do when they are already having a face to face conversation, what is your opinion on this matter? 8.20 Task 1 In every culture there are some customs or traditions from the past those young people no longer follow. Describe a custom or tradition form the past that is no longer common but that you wish still popular today. Give specific reasons why you wish that still popular. Task2 Some people prefer to watch entertainment programs on television. Others prefer to watch educational programs. Which do you prefer? Explain why? 8.21 Task 1：
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff
Jan 9th （教育）Some people think schools should start classes early in the morning. Others think schools should let their students get up later in the day. Which do you prefer? Jan 23th（教育）Some people believe that video games could inspire young students' interest and make their study more efficient rather than distracting them and a waste of time, so young students should be allowed to play video games. Jan 24th （政府）If a government is facing economic problems, which one or which ones should the government spend less money on? A: Art B scientific research C parks and public gardens Feb 27th （教育）High school students should be required to learn many subjects at the same time, others thing that they should concentrate on only three or four subjects at a time? Feb 28th （教育）Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smartphone, video games for fun and entertainment; playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children's development. Mar 11th （教育）Students do reading by their own is as important as or more important than the reading teachers assigned. Mar 13th （教育）After completing high school, students should take at least one year off work or travel before they begin studying in university. Mar 19th （教育）Students in a university club want to help others, but they can only choose one project a year, which one of the following is the best? A help those students in a nearby primary school with reading and math. B help people who cannot afford to build or rent a home to build a house. C Visit and assist elderly people with daily tasks. Mar 26th （人际交往）It is often not a good thing for people to move to a new town or a new country because they will lose their friends. Apr 9th （处事）Do you agree or disagree it’s be tter to get advice from older people than people the same age as you. Apr 23th（运动教育）Playing sports can teach people important lessons about life. May 7th（工作）An interesting and challenging job with less vacation or a job with more vacation time but less fun. May 22th（政府）Which is the most important thing for a country leader to assure the prosperity of country？ 1）create more job for employed worker 2）increasing agriculture and low the food price 3）increase access to affordable house
2016年1-12月托福独立口语题目汇总(1)
S1: Do you think it is a good idea to let students keep pets in dorms? S2: Do you agree or disagree that celebrities are good examples for young people. 16.01.23 S1: Which one of the following history courses should be added: history of science, art hist ory or modern history of the 20th century? S2: Some people prefer to make a plan with their friends about social activities, while other s prefer to decide about what to do when they meet their friends. Which one do you prefer a nd why? 16.01.24 S1: If you were to do a volunteer job in the community, which one of the following jobs wou ld you like to choose? 1. clean up the park, 2. plant trees, 3. build a bicycle lane. S2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Schools and universities are s uccessful because they hire experienced professors? 16.02.27 S1: What hobby would you suggest your friend who is busy with his or her work to take up ? S2: Which one of the following two factors is more important to the success of an artist? na tural talent or hard work
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
2016年最新托福综合写作大全：巧用模板句式 To implement模板 or not? 很多考生在备考写作单项时遵循的是以下的思路： 首先，找到大量的模板句型，组成自己的模板框架。 其次，将中文思路整理出来，再生硬地将中式思维翻译成英文的句子。 最后，将翻译后的句子和自己的模板揉在一起，完成写作。 那么这样做的结果是什么呢——托福考官会毫不犹豫地将你的作文划分到最低档，也就是说你只能得到一个limited的分数。原因其一是因为考官认为你有抄袭的嫌疑，这是绝对不允许的；其二是考官会认为你不具备英文表达的能力，只会生硬地堆砌一些固化老套的模板。 那么托福写作到底用不用模板呢？蒋老师给大家的答案是：YES！很多学生在这个时候又会疑惑了：刚才还不让用模板呢，这个时候怎么又可以了呢？别急，我们继续往下看。 考过托福的同学都熟知，托福写作需要大家完成两篇文章。第一篇是综合写作，第二篇是独立写作。相对来说，综合写作难度更大。综合写作的难度无外乎以下三点：首先，它需要学生在有限的时间内完成阅读和听力两个任务；其次，它要求学生快速抓住阅读和听力材料的核心，然后写出一篇符合评分标准的作文；最后，在写作的过程中考[微博]生需要客观作答，不要加入任何的个人感情在作文中。 综合写作的客观性和明清时期的科举考试十分相似，所以我们也需要在托福考试时写“八股文”。八股文章就四书五经取题，内容必须用古人的语气，绝对不允许自由发挥，而句子的长短，字的繁简、声调高低等也都要相对恒温，字数也有严格限制。在某种程度上说，这正好符合托福综合写作的要求——在考试时使用即定的模板句型进行写作。不过，在套用模板的过程中也要做到灵活运用，同时做到以下几点。 第一，在备考初期，考生可以挑选5-8个模板，并且开始背诵这些模板，背之前要确保模板句型中的语法、单词拼写准确。第二，背熟模板后要开始大量的练习，同时参照范文来分析自己的作文，整理范文中优秀的短语、句型，改造和润色自己的作文。第三，有了前两个阶段的累积，考生在这一阶段要完成至少15篇以上的作文。 高分学员备考案例回顾 致赢托福一对一的学员张同学(女)正是应用了以上方法，在写作单项上取得了重大突破。上课前，她表示自己前两次的托福写作都是20分，具体分数给出的是fair，但是自己也不知道如何去突破这个瓶颈。在上写作诊断课的过程中，老师发现她综合写作的问题有二，一是文章的字数不够，尤其是在紧张的考试氛围下更达不到目标字数；二是即使听懂了阅读和听力中的要点，但是两者之间的关系没有表达出来。 在找到了张同学综合写作的问题之后，蒋老师给她定制了专属的课程。首先老师给她提供了以下四段式公式： ? The reading and the listening have opposite views on 阅读听力共同话题. Thereading agrees 阅读立场while the listening provides
2017年01月07日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The university wants to provide student more entertainments and three choices provided below, which do you prefer and why. l A theater performance by the student actors l A concert provided by professional musician l A lecture from a professor Task 2 Friends may disagree with each other, and still maintain friendship. Do you agree with or disagree with this idea, why? 2017年01月14日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 You will need to accomplish an assignment to do a presentation. Which will you choose? 1. Act out a scene from a play(with a partner) 2. Explain your review of a novel you recently you read 3. Read a selection of poem Task 2 Someone choose to work in a small company or organization with a few workers. Others prefer to work in a large company or organization with thousands of employees. Which do you think is better? 2017年2月18日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 1. Which of following aspects do you think contributes most to country's success 1.many business opportunities 2.well rounded medical care system 3.a developed educational system Task 2 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the popularity of the technology that focuses on entertainment, people read fewer books than before. 2017年02月25日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 Your friend will move to a school and worried about making new friends there. What kind of advice will you give him to help him make new friend in the new school? Why? Task 2 Many people prefer to read books in electronic format on a computer screen or other devices. Some other people prefer to read books on paper printed copies. Which way do you prefer? Why? 2017年02月26日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The student is asked to write final project about the famous Historical city Which you're located in. Which we do you choose? 1 video the famous building 2 visit the old people 3 Research and write paper