泵体工艺外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题Basic Machining Operations—Turning ,Boring
and Milling
译文标题基本的加工工序—切削，镗削和铣削
作者所在系别机械工程系
作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化
作者所在班级
作者姓名
作者学号
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称
完成时间年月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
附录 英文： Casting and Other Forming Processes DeGarmo, E. Paul et al. Materials and Processes in Manufacturintg. John Wiley & Song, 1998. P205-211 Casting Casting is the introduction of molten metal into a cavity or mold where, upon solidification, it becomes an object whose shape is determined by mold configuration. Casting offers several advantages over other method of metal forming: it is adaptable to intricate shapes, to extremely large pieces, and to mass production; it can provide parts with uniform physical and mechanical properties through out and, depending on the particular material being cast, the design of the part, and the quantity being produced, its economic advantages can surpass other processes. Categories Two broad categories of metal-casting processes exist: ingot casting (which includes continuous casting) and casting to shape. Ingot castings are produced by pouring molten metal into a permanent or reusable mold. Following solidification these ingots (or bars, slabs, or billets, as the case may be) are then further processed mechanically into many new shapes. Casting to shape involves pouring molten metal into molds in which the cavity provides the final useful shape, followed only by machining or welding for the specific application. Ingot casting Ingot castings make up the majority of all metal castings and are separated into three categories: static cast ingots, semi-continuous or direct-chill cast ingots, and continuous cast ingots. Static cast ingots Static ingot casting simply involves pouring molten metal into a permanent mold. After solidification, the ingot is withdrawn from
数控加工中心技术发展趋势及对策 原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China) 一、摘要 Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry 二、译文 数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外，世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战
Hydraulic machinery and pump Hydraulic machinery are machines and tools which use fluid power to do work. Heavy equipment is a common example. In this type of machine, high-pressure liquid - called hydraulic fluid - is transmitted throughout the machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses and tubes. The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, and the high power density and wide array of actuators that can make use of this power. Hydraulic machinery is operated by the use of hydraulics, where a liquid is the powering medium. Pneumatics, on the other side, is based on the use of a gas as the medium for power transmission, generation and control. Hydraulic circuits For the hydraulic fluid to do work, it must flow to the actuator and or motors, then return to a reservoir. The fluid is then filtered and re-pumped. The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a hydraulic circuit of which there are several types. Open center circuits use pumps which supply a
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
附录A 机械制造技术是研究产品设计、生产、加工制造、销售使用、维修服务乃至回收再生的整个过程的工程学科,是以提高质量、效益、竞争力为目标,包含物质流、信息流和能量流的完整的系统工程。随着社会的发展,人们对产品的要求也发生了很大变化,要求品种要多样、更新要快捷、质量要高档、使用要方便、价格要合理、外形要美观、自动化程度要高、售后服务要好、要满足人们越来越高的要求,就必须采用先进的机械制造技术。 1 先进制造技术的特点 1.1面向21世纪的技术 先进制造技术是制造技术的最新发展阶段，是由传统的制造技术发展起来的，既保持了过去制造技术中的有效要素，又要不断吸收各种高新技术成果，并渗透到产品生产的所有领域及其全部过程。先进制造技术与现代高新技术相结合而产生了一个完整的技术群，它是具有明确范畴的新的技术领域，是面向21世纪的技术。 1.2 是面向工业应用的技术 先进制造技术并不限于制造过程本身，它涉及到产品从市场调研、产品开发及工艺设计、生产准备、加工制造、售后服务等产品寿命周期的所有内容，并将它们结合成一个有机的整体。先进制造技术的应用特别注意产生最好的实际效果，其目标是为了提高企业竞争和促进国家经济和综合实力的增长。目的是要提高制造业的综合经济效益和社会效益。 1.3驾驭生产过程的系统工程 先进制造技术特别强调计算机技术、信息技术、传感技术、自动化技术、新材料技术和现代系统管理技术在产品设计、制造和生产组织管理、销售及售后服务等方面的应用。它要不断吸收各种高新技术成果与传统制造技术相结合，使制造技术成为能驾驭生产过程的物质流、能量流和信息流的系统工程。 1.4 面向全球竞争的技术 20世纪 80年代以来，市场的全球化有了进一步的发展，发达国家通过金融、经济、科技手段争夺市场，倾销产品，输出资本。随着全球市场的形成，使得市场竞争变得越来越激烈，先进制造技术正是为适应这种激烈的市场竞争而出
毕业设计中英文翻译 英文原文 Hard gear processing [abstract ] uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request Outline Uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request. The gear in the hard heat treatment process, its material organization and the stress change, usually can cause the gear to have the distortion, namely tooth profile, tooth to and tooth pitch error. This this error will cause the tooth profile not correctly to mesh in the transmission time, thus has enlarged the load, will have the gear noise. Therefore, the hard gear after the heat treatment, should increase together the precision work working procedure generally. The hard gear precision work craft may divide into two kinds: A kind is uses non- formed the cutting edge, like the gear rubs truncates the processing; Another kind then is has formed the cutting edge like hard gear (HRC48 ~ 53) to roll truncates the processing. This article strongly will discuss will use in hardly rolling the hard alloy tools forming cutting edge precision work process which the tooth will process. The now hard alloy material, the cutting tool coating and the gear-hobbing machine technology development, has caused the hard gear to roll cuts the processing technology to have the remarkable enhancement, specially is smaller than in the processing or was equal to when 12DP center small modulus gear, may withstand the enormous cutting force which in the hard cutting process produces. Hard alloy hob selection The hard alloy hob has the very big progress in the material variety specification. Superfine, is thin, medium or the big pellet hard alloy now all has the product. In addition, the hard alloy hob semifinished materials formed craft technology also had the remarkable enhancement, like uses static pressure and so on heat (HIP) the craft, this craft under the high-pressured high temperature, increased the hard alloy semifinished materials intrinsic binding force, enhanced the hard alloy anti- curved intensity. According to the ISO stipulation, the entity hard alloy material may differently divide into certain kinds according to the application situation: The gear cutting tool divides into K kind and P kind, K kind of hard alloy has a higher
利用神经网络预测轴向柱塞泵的性能 Mansour A Karkoub a, Osama E Gad a, Mahmoud G Rabie b a--就读于科威特的科威特大学工程与石油学院 b--就读于埃及开罗的军事科技大学 摘要 本文推导了应用于轴向柱塞泵（斜轴式）的神经网络模型。该模型采用的数据是由一个实验装置获得的。这个正在进行的研究的目的是降低柱塞泵在高压下工作时的能量损耗。然而，在最初我们要做一些研究来预测当前所设计的泵的响应。神经网络模型具有前反馈的结构，并在测验过程中使用Levenberg-Marquardt优化技术。该模型能够准确地预测柱塞泵的动态响应。 1、简介 可变排量轴向柱塞泵是在流体动力系统中经常要用到的重要设备，如液压动力供应控制和静液压传动驱动器的控制。本装置具有变量机制和功率-重量比特性，使其最适合于高功率电平的控制。所设计的这种轴向柱塞泵拥有可靠性和简便的特点，然而其最重要的特征是可以变量输出。 人们在轴向柱塞泵领域已经做了很多研究，但是本文将只论述一下少数几人所做的贡献。 Kaliafetis和Costopoulos[5]用调压器研究了轴向柱塞变量泵的静态和动态特性。所提出的模型的精确度依赖于制造商提供的动态运行曲线等数据。他们得出结论，运行条件对泵的动态行为是非常关键的，而泵的动态行为可以通过减小压力设定值进行改善。Harris等人[4]模拟和测量了轴向柱塞泵的缸体压力和进油流量脉动。Kiyoshi和Masakasu[7]研究了斜盘式变量输送的轴向柱塞泵在运行时刻的实验上和理论上的静态和动态特性。并提出了一种新的方法来预测泵在运行过程中的响应。也对研究泵特性的新方法的有效性进行了实验验证，实验中使用了一个有宽、短而深的凹槽的配流盘。Edge和Darling[2]研究了液压轴向柱塞泵的缸体压力和流量。这个得出的模型经过了实验检验。对于配流盘、缸体上设计的退刀槽和泵的流量脉动对泵特性的影响都进行了验证。 人们已证实了一种可替代的建模技术——神经网络（NN）能取得良好的效果，特别是对于高度非线性的系统。这种技术是模仿人脑获取信息的功能。Karkoub 和Elkamel[6]用神经网络模型预测了一个长方形的气压轴承的压力分布。所设计的这种模型在预测压力分布和承载能力方面比其他可用的工具更加精确。Gharbi 等人[3]利用神经网络预测了突破采油。其表现远远优于常见的回归模型或有限差分法。李等人[8]用神经网络模型NNS和鲍威尔优化技术对单链路和双链路的倒立摆进行了建模和控制。研究者们取得了理想的结果。Panda等人[9]应用NNS在普拉德霍湾油田对流体接触进行了建模。所得到的模型预测的目标油井中的流量分配比传统的以回归为基础的技术更准确。Aoyama等人[1]已经推导出一个神经网络模型来预测非最小相系统的响应。所开发出的的模型被应用于Van de Vuss反应器和连续搅拌式生物反应器，所得到的结果是令人满意的。 本文研究利用神经网络解决轴向柱塞泵（斜轴式）在一定的供油压力下的建模。本文首先会描述用于收集实验数据的实验装置，然后将会简要介绍神经网络建模程序。 2、实验装置
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
Shaft Solid shafts. As a machine component a shaft is commonly a cylindrical bar that supports and rotates with devices for receiving and delivering rotary motion and torque .The crankshaft of a reciprocating engine receive its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms), and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the crankshaft, has only one receiver or input, but each cam on the shaft delivers rotary motion to the valve-actuating mechanisms. An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools. In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter couter shafts, jack shafts, or head shafts. These line shafts were assembled form separate lengths of shafting clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the present-day trend is in this direction, there are still some oil engine receives its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms) , and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the crankshaft, has only one receiver or input, but each cam on the shaft delivers rotary motion to the valve-actuating mechanisms. An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools. In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter coutershafts, jackshafts, or headshafts. These line shafts were assembled form separate
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 1 液压传动概述 1.1 液压传动的发展概况 1.1.1 压传动的定义 一部完整的机器是由原动机部分、传动机构、控制部分及工作机部分组成。原动机有几种类型，例如电动机、内燃机等。工作机即完成该机器的工作任务的直接工作部分，如剪床的剪刀，车床的刀架、车刀、卡盘等。由于原动机的功率和转速比是被限制的，为了覆盖工作机较大范围的工作力和工作速度的变化，以及操作性能的要求，在原动机和工作机之间设置了传动机构，其作用是把原动机输出功率经过变换后传递给工作机。 传动机构通常分为电气传动、机械传动和流体传动三类机构。流体传动是通过液压、流体或气体来进行能量传递和控制的。但需要认识到实际上只有两种液压系统：液力传动和液压传动（包括液力和气体）。 液压传动和液力传动均是以液体作为工作介质来进行能量传递的传达方式。液力传动则主要是利用液体的动能来传递能量；而液压传动主要是利用液体的压力能来传递能量。由于液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此，它被广泛的应用于工业的每个分支。一些典型的运用像机械工程、建筑、海洋开发、交通运输、农业和航天航空 1.1.2 液压传动的发展概况 到18世纪中叶的工业革命，电能已经不能支持工业机器的传动需求。18世纪末液压传动被用于驱动液力设备，例如起重机、压力机、绞车、压榨机、液力千斤顶、修剪机械、和支承机械。在这些系统中，是一种由蒸汽机驱动液力的水泵，这种泵是通过压力将水通过管道传到工业机械来驱动各种机器的。这些早期的液力系统有着许多的不足，例如设计问题，由于设计已经发展为艺术而多过了科学。然而，直到19世纪电力成为新的有优势的技术。这样的结果液压传动并没有起到推动的作用。电力传动不久被发现在远距离传递上有良好的效果。在19世纪最后的10年里液压传动技术只有小小的发展。近代，1906年液压传动开始被重视，是当时用液
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d8119323.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d8119323.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is