当前位置:文档之家› 外文翻译--机械设计及加工工艺

外文翻译--机械设计及加工工艺

外文翻译--机械设计及加工工艺
外文翻译--机械设计及加工工艺

Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Processes

Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to

devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human

needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only

concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of

its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various

factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product.

People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are

typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is

basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative,

a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of

mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials

engineering, strength ofmaterials the purpose of mechanical design is to

serve a need for man. Inventions, knowledge by themselves do not necessarily incorporated into a designed product

will a benefit be derived. It should be

recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a

particular product is designed.

Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use

innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the

system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be

manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of

engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to

provid all the correct decisions required to produce a good design.

On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the

utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point i

s misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.

Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a

英文原文 附录 and manufacturing processes.

As stated previously, discoveries and

scientific benefit produce a product which will

certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.

New designs generally have "bugs" or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk.It should be emphasized that,if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.

During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints.Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufac-

turing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other.It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.

Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.

Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind

simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their

accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer,

when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or

supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this

solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time

and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted.

Basically, there are only three means of communication available to

us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore

the successful engineer will be technically competent and

versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically

competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is

(1) Does the design really serve a human need?

(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival

companies?

(3) Is it economical to produce?

(4) Can it be readily maintained?

(5) Will it sell and makea profit?

Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions,

but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with

initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate

the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and

assembly drawings.

Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing

cycle[3]. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or

tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails

in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the severely handicapped.If ability in all three forms is

lacking, no one will ever know how competent that

person The competent of not succeeding should be expected

engineer should not in a presentation. because failure or is! be afraid In fact, criticis of the

possibility seems to accompany

every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be

learned from a failure,and risk defeat.

deciding not effectively, the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in to make

the presentation at all.

the following questions must be answered:

To communicate

design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.

Designing starts with a need,real or imagined.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions.

For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a

record of one's thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with one's own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas.

When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest.The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight,and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section,together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy;of

elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; and

of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives.

Finally, a design based upon function and reliability will be completed, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, and if the device is to be produced in quantity, the

initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be

manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of

manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new

ideas are conceived or as further analysis based upon tests and

experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal, customer satisfaction, and

manufacture cost are all related to design, and ability in design is

intimately involved in the success of an engineering venture.

To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested

for the designer.

1. Apply ingenuity to utilize desired physical properties and to

control undesired ones.

The performance requirements of a machine are met by utilizing l

aws of nature or properties of matter (e. g., flexibility, strength,

gravity,inertia,buoyancy,centrifugal for, principles of the lever and

inclined plane, friction, viscosity, fluid pressure, and thermal expa

nsion), also the many electrical, optical, thermal, and chemical phen

omena.

However, what may be useful in one application may be detrimental

in the next. Flexibility is desired in valve springs but not in the valve

camshaft; friction is desired at the clutch face but not in the clutch

bearing. Ingenuity in design should be applied to utilize and control the

physical properties that are desired and to minimize those that are not

desired.

2. Provide for favorable stress distribute minimum weight. On components subjected particular attention is given to a reduction in stress and to an increase of

strength at fillets, threads, holes, and fits.

modification in shape, and strengthening

may be done by prestressing treatments such as surface rolling and

shallow hardening. Hollow shafts and tubing, and box sections give a

favorable stress distribution, together with stiffness

and minimum weight. Sufficient stiffness to maintain alignment and uniform

pressure between contacting surfaces should be provided for crank, cam,

and gear shafts, and for enclosures and frames containing bearing

supports. The stiffness of shafts and other components must

and stiffness with

to fluctuating stress,

concentration, Stress reduction are made by

be suitable to avoid resonant vibrations.

3. Use &zsic equations to calculate and optimize dimensions.The

fundamental equations of mechanics and the other sciences are the accepted bases for calculations.

They are sometimes rearranged

in special forms to facilitate the

determination or optimization o f dimensions, such as the

beam and surface stress equations for determining gear-tooth size.

Factors may be added to a fundamental equation for conditions not

analytically determinable, e. g. , on thin steel tubes, an allowance

for corrosion added to the thickness based on pressure. When it is

necessary to apply a fundamental equation to shapes, materials, or

conditions which only approximate the assumptions for its derivation, it

is done in a manner which gives results "on the safe side". In situations

where data are incomplete,

equations of the sciences may be used as proportioning guides to extend a satisfactory design to new

capacities.

4.

Choo se materials for a combination of properties. Materials should be chosen for a combination of pertinent properties, not only for strengths,

hardness, and weight, but sometimes for resistance

to impact, corrosion, and low or high temperatures. Cost and fabrication such as weld ability, machine ability, in heat-treating temperatures, and required coating.

between stock and integral components.

previously developed components is frequently selected and his company from the stocks of parts manufacturers,

if the component meet the performance and reliability requirements and is

adaptable without additional development costs to the particular machine

being designed.However, its selection should be carefully made wi'th a

full knowledge of its propcrties, since the reputation and liability of

the company suffer if there is a failure in any one of the machine's

parts. In other eases the strength, reliability, and cost requirements

are better met if the designer of the machine also designs the component,

with the particular advantage of compactness if it is designs integral

with other components, e. g., gears to be forged in clusters or integral

with a shaft.

6. Provide for accurate location and non interference of parts in properties are factors,

sensitivity to variation

4. Select carefully by a designer

assembly. A good design provides for the correct locating of parts and

for easy assembly and repair. Shoulders and pilot surfaces give accurate location without measurement during assembly. Shapes can be designed so that parts cannot be assembled backwards or in the wrong place. Interferences, as between screws in tapped holes, and between linkages must he foreseen and pretended. Inaccurate alignment and positioning between such assemblies must be avoided, or provision must be made to minimize any resulting detrimental displacements and stresses.

The human race has distinguished itself from all other forms of

life by using tools and intelligence to create items that serve to make life easier and more enjoyable. Through the centuries, both the tools and the energy sources to power these tools have evolved to meet the increasing sophistication and complexity of mankind's ideas.

In their earliest forms, tools primarily consisted of stone instruments. Considering tile relative simplicity of the items being made and the materials being shaped, stone was adequate. When iron tools were invented, durable metals and more sophisticated articles could be produced. The twentieth century has seen the creation of products made from the most durable and, consequently, the most unmachinable materials in history. In an effort to meet the manufacturing challenges created by these materials, tools have now evolved to include materials such as

alloy steel, carbide, diamond, and ceramics.

A similar evolution has taken place with the methods used to power our tools. Initially, tools were powered by muscles; either human or animal. However as the powers of water, wind, steam, and electricity were harnessed, mankind was able to further extended

manufacturing capabilities with new machines, greater accuracy, and faster machining rates.

Every time new tools, too

l materials, and power sources are

utilized, the efficiency and capabilities of manufacturers are greatly enhanced. However as old problems are solved, new problems

and challenges arise so that the manufacturers of today are faced with tough questions such as the following: How do you drill a 2 mm

diameter hole 670 mm deep without experiencing taper or runout? Is there a way to efficiently deburr passageways inside complex castings and

guarantee 100 % that no burrs were missed? Is there a welding process that can eliminate the thermal damage now occurring to my product?

Since the 1940s, a revolution in manufacturing has been taking

place that once again allows manufacturers to meet the demands imposed by increasingly sophisticated designs and durable, but in many cases nearly unmachinable, materials. This manufacturing revolution is now, as it has been in the past, centered on the use of new tools and new forms of

energy.

The result has been the introduction of new manufacturing processes used for material removal, forming, and joining, known today as nontraditional manufacturing processes.

The conventional manufacturing processes in use today for material

removal primarily rely on electric motors and hard tool materials to

perform tasks such as sawing, drilling, an broaching. Conventional

forming operations are performed with the energy from

electric motors, hydraulics, and gravity. burning gases and electric arcs.

In contrast, nontraditional energy sources considered

unconventional by yesterday's standards. Material removal can now be

accomplished with electrochemical reactions, high-temperature plasmas, and high-velocity jets of liquids and abrasives. Materials that in the past have been extremely

difficult to form, are now

electrons.

processes have been invented and successfully

Likewise, material joining is conventionally a ccomplished with thermal energy sources such as manufacturing processes harness

formed with magnetic fields, explosives, and the shock waves from powerful electric sparks. Material-joining capabilities have been expanded with the use of high-frequency sound waves and beams of In the past 50 years, over 20 different nontraditional

manufacturing

implemented into production. The reason there are such a large number of nontraditional processes is the same reason there are such a large number of conventional processes; each

process has its own characteristic attributes and limitations, hence no one process is best for all manufacturing situations. For example, nontraditional process are sometimes applied to

increase productivity either by reducing the number of overall manufacturing operations required to produce a product or by performing operations faster than the previously used method.

increasing repeatability, reducing in-process breakage of fragile work pieces, or by minimizing detrimental effects on work piece properties.

Because of the aforementioned attributes,

some of these processes, and there is no reason to believe that this trend will not continue into the future.

2. Approximately one half of the nontraditional manufacturing

processes are available with computer control of the process

parameters. The use of computers lends simplicity to processes that implementation.

adaptively-controlled through the use of vision systems, laser gages, and other in-process inspection techniques. If, for example, the in-process inspection system determines that the size of holes being

produced in a product are becoming smaller, the size can be modified without changing hard tools, such as drills.

4.The implementation of nontraditional manufacturing processes

will continus to increase as manufacturing engineers, product

In other cases, nontraditional processes are used to reduce the number of rejects experienced by the old manufacturing method by nontraditional manufacturing processes have experienced steady growth since their introduction. An increasing growth rate for these processes in the future is assured for the following reasons:

1. Currently, nontraditional processes possess virtually

unlimited capabilities when compared with conventional processes, except for volumetric material removal rates. Great advances have

been made in the past few years in increasing the removal rates of people may be unfamiliar with, and thereby accelerates acceptance. Additionally, computer control assures reliability and

repeatability[s], which also accelerates acceptance and

1.Most nontraditional processes are capable

of being

designers, and metallurgical engineers become increasingly aware of the unique capabilties and benefits that nontraditional manufacturing processes provide.

译文

机械设计及加工工艺

机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品,满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。

进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创新性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、动力学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺等方面具有深厚的基础知识。

如前面所述,机械设计的目的是生产满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科学知识本身并不一定能给人类带来益处,只有当它们被用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。

应当把机械设计看成设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制订产品的制造工艺的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公

式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面,应该认真精确地进行所有运算。例如,即使将一个小数点的位置放错,也会使正确的设计变成错误的。

一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承担一定的风险;当新的方法不适用时,就恢复采用原来的方法。因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计,要求摒弃许多陈旧的,为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人易于墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易的事情。一位设计工程师应该不断地探索改进现有产品的办法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理,将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。

新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新办法。

在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。

即使产生了许多不切合实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即绘制生产图纸之前被改正。只有这样,才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。

心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作,因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。

另一个应该被认识到的重要问题是,设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和沟通。与其他人就设计方案进行交流和沟通是设计过程的最后和关键阶段。毫无疑问,有许多伟大的设计、发明或创造之所以没有为人类所利用, 就是因为创造者不善于或者不愿意向其他人介绍自己的成果。提出方案是一种

说服别人的工作。当一个工程师向经营、管理部门或者其主管人员提出自己的

新方案时,就是希望向他们说明或者证明自己的方案是比较好的。只有成功地

完成这项工作,为得出这个方案所花费的大量时间和精力才不会被浪费掉。

人们基本上只有三种表达自己思想的方式,即文字材料、口头表述和绘图。因此,一个优秀的工程师除了掌握技术之外,还应该精通这三种表达方式。如果一个技术能力很强的人在上述三种表达方式中的某一种的能力较差,他就会遇到很大的困难。如果上述三种能力都较差,那将永远没有人知道他是一个多么能干的人!

一个有能力的工程师不应该害怕在提出自己的方案时遭到失败的可能性。事实

上,偶然的失败肯定会发生的,因为每个真正有创造性的设想似乎总是有失败或批评伴随着它。从一次失败中可以学到很多东西,只有不怕遭受失败的人们才能取得最大的收获。

总之,决定不把方案提交出来,才是真正的失败。为了进行有效的交流,需要解决下列问题:

(1)所要设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要?

(2)此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力?

(3)生产这种产品是否经济?

(4)产品的维修是否方便?

(5)产品有无销路?是否可以盈利? 只有时间才能对上述问题给出正确的答案。但是,产品的设计、制造和销售只能在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图,与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行沟通。

通常,在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能要求对某个零件尺寸或公差做一些更改,使零件的生产变得容易。但是,工程上的更改必须经过设计人员批准,以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时,在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。

这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作,设计人员应该不断努力,寻找这些更好的方法。

设计是从实际或者假想的需要开始的。对于现有的设备可能需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本等方面做进一些改进工作;也可能需要新的设备完成以前由人来做的工作,例如计算或者装配。当目标完全或部分被确定以后,下一个设计步骤是对能够完成所需要功能的机构及其布局进行总体设计。对于此项工作,徒手画的草图是很有价值的,它不仅可以记录下我们的想法,而且还有助于与别人进行讨论,特别是和自己的大脑进行交流,从而促进创新想法的产生。

当一些零件的大致形状和几个尺寸被确定后,就可以开始认真的分析工作。分析工作的目的是要在重量最轻、成本最低的情况下,获得令人满意,即优良的工作性能,并且还要安全耐用。对于每个关键承载截面,应该寻求最佳的比例和尺寸,同时要对这几个零件的受力进行平衡。要对材料和处理方式进行选择。只有根据力学原理进行分析才能达到这些重要目的。这些分析包括根据静力学原理分析反作用力和充分利用摩擦力,根据动力学原理分析惯性、加速度和能量;根据弹性力学和材料力学分析应力和变形;根据流体力学来分析润滑和流体传动。

最后,完成基于功能要求和可靠性所进行的设计,且要制作一台样机。如果试验结果令人满意,而且该装置将要进行批量生产,就应该对最初提出的设计方案做一些修改,使其能以较低的成本进行批量生产。在以后的制造和使用期内,如果产生

了新的想法或者根据试验和经验所做的进一步分析结果表明,可以有更好的替代方案,则很可能对原设计方案进行修改。销售吸引力、客户的满意程度和制造成本均与设计有关,而设计能力则与工程创新的实现是密切相关的。

为激发创造性思维,建议设计人员遵循下列准则。

1. 创造性地利用所需要的物理性能和控制不需要的物理性能。可以利用自然法则或物质的性能(例如柔性,强度,重力,惯性,浮力,离心力;杠杆原理和斜面原理,摩擦,粘性,流体压力和热膨胀)和许多电学,光学和化学现象来满足一台机器的设计要求。一种性能在某种场合下可能是有用的,而在另外一种场合下则可能是有害的。阀门的弹簧应该有柔性,而阀门的凸轮轴就不需要柔性。离合器结合面上需要有摩擦,而离合器轴承却不需要摩擦。设计时,需要创造性地利用和控制所要的物理性能,将不需要的物理性能减至最小。

2.在重量最轻的情况下,提供合理的应力分布和刚度。对于承受交变应力的零件,应该特别注意减轻应力集中和提高圆角,螺纹和配合处的强度。改变零件的形状,可以降低它所承受的应力,对零件施加预应力,如表面滚压和浅表面硬化,均可使其得到强化。空心轴和空心管道,箱形截面能获得有利的应力分布,同时具有强度高而重量最轻的特点。曲轴,凸轮轴以及含有轴承支座的外壳和构架都应有足够的刚度以保证直线对中精度和接触表面之间的压力均匀分布。轴和其他零件须有适当的刚度,避免产生共振。

3. 利用基本公式进行尺寸计算和尺寸优化。力学和其他学科的基本公式是公认的计算依据。有时需要将这些公式进行移项而化成特殊形式,以简化尺寸的计算或者对尺寸进行优化。例如,用梁的表面应力公式来计算齿轮的轮齿尺寸。在不能采用解析法计算的情况下,可以在基本公式内引入系数。例如,对于薄壁钢管,考虑到腐蚀性,可将根据压力求得的厚度增加一些。当必须应用一个基本公式来确定形状、材料和使用条件,而这些被确定的量仅仅与在公式推导中的假设比较接近时,要采取措施使结果“偏于安全”。

当数据不完全时,可以应用理论公式作为尺寸的指南,在扩展后的范围内获得令人满意的设计结果。

4.根据性能组合选择材料。选择材料时需要考虑有关的性能组合,不仅考虑强度,硬度和重量,而且有时还要考虑抗冲击性,抗腐蚀性和耐高温或低温的能力。成本和制造性能都是应该考虑的因素,这些因素包括可焊接性,机械加工性能,对热处理温度变化的敏感性和所需要的涂层等。

5.在现有零件和整体零件之间进行认真的选择。若一个以前研制的零件能够满足性能要求和可靠性要求,并适用于所设计的那台机器而无须附加的研制费用,那么设计人员及其公司通常会从零件制造厂的现货中选取该零件。但是,只有充分了解其性能,才能进行认真的选择工作,因为任何一个机器零件的失效都会影响公司

的信誉,并使公司承担相应的责任。在其他情况下,若机器设计人员自己来设计零件,则零件的强度,可靠性和成本等方面的要求就可以更好地得到满足。可将某个零件与其他零件设计成一个整体零件,例如将几个齿轮设计为一个锻件或者将齿轮与轴设计为一体,这种方法的主要优点是紧凑。

6.保证零件在装配中准确定位和不发生干涉。一个良好的设计能够保证零件定位准确,装配和修理方便容易。轴肩和导向表面在装配过程中不需要测量就能提供准确定位。零件的形状应该被设计得保证这个零件不会被装反或装错位置。必须能够预见和防止诸如不同的螺纹孔中的螺钉之间的干涉和不同的连杆机构之间的干涉。必须避免部件之间的找正对中误差和定位误差,或者必须采用措施,减小任何由此引起的不利的位移和应力。

人类通过使用工具和智能,制造使其生活变得更容易和更舒适的物品这种方法,把他们自己与其他种类的生命区别开来。许多世纪以来,工具和为工具提供动力能源的种类都在不断地发展,以满足人类日益完善和越来越复杂的想法。

在最早的时期,工具主要是由石器构成的。考虑到所制造的物品相对简单的形状和被加工的材料,石头作为工具是适用的。当铁制工具被发明出来以后,耐用的金属和更精致的物品能够被制造出来。在20世纪中,已经有了一些由有史以来最耐用,同时也是最难加工的材料制造的产品。为了迎接这些材料给制造业带来的挑战,工具材料已经发展到包括合金钢、硬质合金、金刚石和陶瓷。

给我们的工具提供动力的方法也发生了类似的进步。最初,是由人或动物的肌肉为工具提供动力;随后,水力、风力、蒸汽和电力得到了利用,人类通过采用新型机器、更高的精度和更快的加工速度来进一步提高制造能力。

每当采用新的工具、新的材料和新的能源时,制造效率和制造能力都会得到很大的提高。然而,当旧的问题解决之后,就会有新的问题和挑战出现。例如,现今制造业面对着下面一些问题:如何去钻一个直径为 2 mm长度为670 mnl的孔,而不产生锥度和偏斜?用什么办法能够有效地去除形状复杂的铸件内部的通道中的毛刺,而且保证去除率达到100%?是否有一种焊接工艺,它能够

避免目前在产品中出现的热损伤?

从20世纪40年代以来,制造业中发生的大变革一次又一次地促使制造厂家去满足日益复杂的和耐用的,但是在许多情况下几乎接近无法加工的材料所带来的各种要求。这种制造业的大变革不论现在还是过去都是集中在采用新型工具和新型能源上。这样做的结果是产生了用来去除材料、成型、连接的新型加工工艺。这些工艺目前被称为特种加工工艺。

在目前所采用的常规制造工艺中,材料的去除是依赖于电动机和硬的刀具材料进

行的,诸如锯断、钻孔和拉削。常规的成型加工是利用电动机、液压和重力所提供

的能量进行的。同样,材料连接的常规做法是采用诸如燃烧的气体和电弧等热能进行的。

与之相比,特种加工工艺采用按照以前的标准来说不是常规的能源。现在,材料的去除可以利用电化学反应、高温等离子、高速液体和磨料射流。过去非常难于成型加工的材料,现在可以利用大功率的电火花所产生的磁场,爆炸和冲击波进行成型加工。采用高频声波和电子束可使材料的连接能力有很大的提高。

在过去的50年间,人们发明了20多种特种加工工艺,并且将其成功地应用于生产之中。这么多种特种加工工艺存在的原因与许多种常规加工工艺存在的原因是一样的。每一种工艺都有它自己的特点和局限性。因而,不存在一种对任何制造环境来说都是最好的工艺方法。

例如,有时特种加工工艺或者通过减少生产某个产品所需要的加工工序的数量,或者通过采用比以前使用的方法更快的工序来提高生产率。

在另外的场合中,采用特种加工工艺可以通过增加重复精度,减少易损坏工件在加工过程中的损伤,或者减少对工件性能的有害影响来减少采用原来的加二[工艺所产生的废品的数量。

由于前面所提到的这些特点,特种加工工艺从其诞生时起就开始了稳定的发展。由于下列原因,可以肯定这些工艺将来会有更快的增长速度。

(1)目前,同常规工艺相比,除了材料的体积去除率外,特种加工工艺几乎具有不受制的能力。在过去几年中,某些特种加工工艺在提高材料去除率方面有了很大的进展,而且有理由相信这种趋势在将来也会继续下去。

(2)大约半数的特种加工工艺目前采用计算机控制加工参数。使用计算机可使人们所不熟悉的加工过程变得简单,因而加大了人们对这种技术的接受程度。此外,计算机控制可以保证可靠性和重复性,这也加大了人们对这种技术的接受程度及其应用范围。

(3)大多数特种加工工艺可以通过视觉系统,激光测量仪表和其他加工过程中的检测技术来实行适应控制。例如,加工过程中的检测结果表明,产品中正在加工的

孔的尺寸在变小,可以在不更换硬的加工工具(如钻头)的情况下,修

正孔的尺寸。

(4)随着制造工程师,产品设计人员和冶金工程师们对特种加工工艺所具有的独特能力和优越性的了解的增加,特种加工工艺的应用范围将会不断增加。

毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处: 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题: JDBC接口技术 译文: JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI(ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口)。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口,使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC,很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢?如果有,那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢? ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统(DBMS)中存取数据的,用C语言实现的,标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI,应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统(DBMS)中的数据,而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1.ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分:应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口:屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别,为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器:为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器:实现ODBC的函数调用,提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要,数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求,使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源:由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器,以便ODBC函数调用,但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用,并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时,数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时,数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求,对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译,并将结果返回给应用系统。 2.JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来,Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序,其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API,编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥,比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱,越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加,对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处,比如它并不容易使用,没有面向对象的特性等等,SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1.x 版本中,JDBC只是一个可选部件,到了JDK1.1公布时,SQL类包(也就是JDBCAPI)

数控加工外文翻译

数控加工中心技术发展趋势及对策 原文来源:Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China) 一、摘要 Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry 二、译文 数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度,数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业(如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业)的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什么,而在于怎样生产,用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料,而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术,以提高制造能力和水平,提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外,世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战

ZigBee技术外文翻译

ZigBee:无线技术,低功耗传感器网络 加里莱格 美国东部时间2004年5月6日上午12:00 技师(工程师)们在发掘无线传感器的潜在应用方面从未感到任何困难。例如,在家庭安全系统方面,无线传感器相对于有线传感器更易安装。而在有线传感器的装置通常占无线传感器安装的费用80%的工业环境方面同样正确(适用)。而且相比于有线传感器的不切实际甚至是不肯能而言,无线传感器更具应用性。虽然,无线传感器需要消耗更多能量,也就是说所需电池的数量会随之增加或改变过于频繁。再加上对无线传感器由空气传送的数据可靠性的怀疑论,所以无线传感器看起来并不是那么吸引人。 一个低功率无线技术被称为ZigBee,它是无线传感器方程重写,但是。一个安全的网络技术,对最近通过的IEEE 802.15.4无线标准(图1)的顶部游戏机,ZigBee的承诺,把无线传感器的一切从工厂自动化系统到家庭安全系统,消费电子产品。与802.15.4的合作下,ZigBee提供具有电池寿命可比普通小型电池的长几年。ZigBee设备预计也便宜,有人估计销售价格最终不到3美元每节点,。由于价格低,他们应该是一个自然适应于在光线如无线交换机,无线自动调温器,烟雾探测器和家用产品。 (图1)

虽然还没有正式的规范的ZigBee存在(由ZigBee联盟是一个贸易集团,批准应该在今年年底),但ZigBee的前景似乎一片光明。技术研究公司 In-Stat/MDR在它所谓的“谨慎进取”的预测中预测,802.15.4节点和芯片销售将从今天基本上为零,增加到2010年的165万台。不是所有这些单位都将与ZigBee结合,但大多数可能会。世界研究公司预测的到2010年射频模块无线传感器出货量4.65亿美量,其中77%是ZigBee的相关。 从某种意义上说,ZigBee的光明前途在很大程度上是由于其较低的数据速率20 kbps到250 kbps的,用于取决于频段频率(图2),比标称1 Mbps的蓝牙和54的802.11g Mbps的Wi - Fi的技术。但ZigBee的不能发送电子邮件和大型文件,如Wi - Fi功能,或文件和音频,蓝牙一样。对于发送传感器的读数,这是典型的数万字节数,高带宽是没有必要,ZigBee的低带宽有助于它实现其目标和鲁棒性的低功耗,低成本。 由于ZigBee应用的是低带宽要求,ZigBee节点大部分时间可以睡眠模式,从而节省电池电源,然后醒来,快速发送数据,回去睡眠模式。而且,由于ZigBee 可以从睡眠模式过渡到15毫秒或更少主动模式下,即使是睡眠节点也可以达到适当的低延迟。有人扳动支持ZigBee的无线光开关,例如,将不会是一个唤醒延迟知道前灯亮起。与此相反,支持蓝牙唤醒延迟通常大约三秒钟。 一个ZigBee的功耗节省很大一部分来自802.15.4无线电技术,它本身是为低功耗设计的。 802.15.4采用DSSS(直接序列扩频)技术,例如,因为(跳频扩频)另类医疗及社会科学院将在保持一样使用它的频率过大的权力同步。 ZigBee节点,使用802.15.4,是几个不同的沟通方式之一,然而,某些方面比别人拥有更多的使用权力。因此,ZigBee的用户不一定能够实现传感器网络上的任何方式选择和他们仍然期望多年的电池寿命是ZigBee的标志。事实

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

软件开发概念和设计方法大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目:软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目: 文献、资料来源: 文献、资料发表(出版)日期: 院(部): 专业: 班级: 姓名: 学号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2017.02.14

外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement,and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the

机械加工毕业设计外文翻译--淬硬齿轮的加工

毕业设计中英文翻译 英文原文 Hard gear processing [abstract ] uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request Outline Uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request. The gear in the hard heat treatment process, its material organization and the stress change, usually can cause the gear to have the distortion, namely tooth profile, tooth to and tooth pitch error. This this error will cause the tooth profile not correctly to mesh in the transmission time, thus has enlarged the load, will have the gear noise. Therefore, the hard gear after the heat treatment, should increase together the precision work working procedure generally. The hard gear precision work craft may divide into two kinds: A kind is uses non- formed the cutting edge, like the gear rubs truncates the processing; Another kind then is has formed the cutting edge like hard gear (HRC48 ~ 53) to roll truncates the processing. This article strongly will discuss will use in hardly rolling the hard alloy tools forming cutting edge precision work process which the tooth will process. The now hard alloy material, the cutting tool coating and the gear-hobbing machine technology development, has caused the hard gear to roll cuts the processing technology to have the remarkable enhancement, specially is smaller than in the processing or was equal to when 12DP center small modulus gear, may withstand the enormous cutting force which in the hard cutting process produces. Hard alloy hob selection The hard alloy hob has the very big progress in the material variety specification. Superfine, is thin, medium or the big pellet hard alloy now all has the product. In addition, the hard alloy hob semifinished materials formed craft technology also had the remarkable enhancement, like uses static pressure and so on heat (HIP) the craft, this craft under the high-pressured high temperature, increased the hard alloy semifinished materials intrinsic binding force, enhanced the hard alloy anti- curved intensity. According to the ISO stipulation, the entity hard alloy material may differently divide into certain kinds according to the application situation: The gear cutting tool divides into K kind and P kind, K kind of hard alloy has a higher

机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床复习过程

普通钻床改造为多轴钻床 目前,我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进,通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床,但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床,改造成多轴钻床后,能大大地缩短加工时间,提高生产效率。 多轴加工应用:据统计,一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用 数控机床虽然能提高85%,但购置费用大。某些情况下,即使生产率高,但加工相同的零件,其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点,就钻削加工而言,多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。 多轴加工优势:虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用,但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围,仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展,大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔,若以摇臂钻床加工,单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时,另外还要 划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工,钻锪孔只要171.6 小时,划线也简单,只要1.9 小时。因此,利用数控控制的二个坐标轴,使刀具正确地对准加工位置,结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围,而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效,迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中,有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工,平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。 多轴加工的设备:多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个

信息技术英文缩写与解释

AVI 影音文件Audio Video Interleaved 声音图象交叉存取。AVI是一种微软媒体文件格式,类似于MPEG和QuickTime。在AVI中,声音和图象是交叉的存取在一个文件中的每个段的。 ADSL 非对称数字用户线路 非对称数字用户线路。这种DSL叫做非对称DSL,将成为广大家庭和小型商业客户最熟悉的一种DSL。ADSL之所以叫做非对称是因为它的两个双工通道都用来向用户传输数据。仅有很小一部分带宽用来回送用户的信息。然而,大部Internet 特别是富于图形和多媒体Web 数据需要很大的下传带宽,同时用户信息相对比较少,上传的带宽也不要很大。使用ADSL时,下传的速率可以达到6.1 Mbps,而上传速率也可以达到640 Kbps。高的下传速率意味着您的电话可以传输动画,声音和立体图形。另外,一小部分的带宽可以用来传输语音信号,您可以同时打电话而不用再使用第二条电话线。不象电视线路提供的相同的服务,使用ADSL,您不需要和您的邻居争用带宽。有时候,现有的电话线可以使用ADSL,而有时候却要升级,除非电话公司提供了无分离器的ADSL,您就必须安装一个DSL调制解调器。 ASP (Application Services Provider) 应用服务提供商 是指配置、租赁、管理应用解决方案,它是随着外包趋势、软件应用服务和相关业务的发展而逐渐形成的。ASP具有三大特点:首先,ASP向用户提供的服务应用系统本身的所有权属ASP,用户租用服务之后对应用系统拥有使用权;并且,应用系统被集中放置在ASP的IDC(Internet数据服务中心)中,具有充足的带宽、电力和空间保证以及具有专业质量的系统维护服务;ASP定期向用户收取服务费。应用服务提供商将以全新的方式推动应用服务产业的巨大发展。ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) 异步传输模式 这是为满足宽带综合业务数据通信,在分组交换技术的基础上迅速发展起来的通信新技术。可以实现语音、数据、图像、视频等信号的高速传输。 AI (Artificial Intelligent) 人工智能 是计算机科学的一门研究领域。它试图赋予计算机以人类智慧的某些特点,用计算机来模拟人的推理、记忆、学习、创造等智能特征,主要方法是依靠有关知识进行逻辑推理,特别是利用经验性知识对不完全确定的事实进行的精确性推理。 AD 网上广告 指一则按规定象素尺寸或字节数设定的标语或图像,通常是以动画表现的。 Baseband 基带 在该方式中,电压脉冲直接加到电缆,并且使用电缆的整个信号频率范围。基带与宽带传输相比较,宽带传输中,来自多条信道的无线信号调制到不同的“载波”频率上,带宽被划分为不同信道,每信道上的频率范围一定。LocalTalk及以太网都是基带网络,一次仅传输一个信号,电缆上信号电平的改变表示数字值0或者1。使用电缆的整个带宽建立起两个系统间的通信对话,然后两个系统轮流传送。在此期间,共享电缆的其它系统不能传送。基带传输系统中的直流信号往往由于电阻、电容等因素而衰减。另外马达、荧光灯等电子设备产生的外部电磁干扰也会加快信号的衰减。传输率越高,信号就越容易被衰减。为此,以太网等建网标准规定了网络电缆类型、电缆屏蔽、电缆距离、传输率以及在大部分环境中提供相对无差错服务的有关细节。 BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子公告板 这是因特网提供的一种信息服务,为用户提供一个公用环境,以使寄存函件,读取通告,参与讨论和交流信息。Bluetooth 蓝牙(一种无线通信的标准) 蓝牙技术涉及一系列软硬件技术、方法和理论,包括:无线通信与网络技术,软件工程、软件可靠性理论,协议的正确性验证、形式化描述和一致性与互联测试技术,嵌入式实时操作系统(Embedded RTOS),跨平台开发和用户界面图形化技术,软/硬件接口技术(如RS232,UART,USB等),高集成、低功耗芯片技术等。蓝牙的目标是要提供一种通用的无线接口标准,用微波取代传统网络中错综复杂的电缆,在蓝牙设备间实现方便快捷、灵活安全、低成本低功耗的数据和话音通信。因此,其载频选用在全球都可用的2.45GHz ISM(工业、科学、医学)频带。 CA (Certificate Authority)认证中心 是在线交易的监督者和担保人,主要进行电子证书管理、电子贸易伙伴关系建立和确认、密钥管理、为支付系统中的各参与方提供身份认证等。CA类似于现实生活中公证人的角色,具有权威性,是一个普遍可信的第三方。

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f1016483.html,,niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f1016483.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f1016483.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力,调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中,简化空间框架作为分析模型,根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型,动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法,应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外,结合物理和数值模型,对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查,本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法,但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力,没有门槽,好流型,和操作方便等优点,使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门,通过门叶和主大梁,所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂,手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中,除了极特殊的破坏情况下,弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外,明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸,位于中国的江苏省,包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时,门被破坏了,而其他弧形闸门则关闭,受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的,很明显,一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

本科毕业设计方案外文翻译范本

I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届) 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]

基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要:本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念,并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复,而且并不总是符合最佳实践,所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式,代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供:<1)从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈;<2)一个架构,基本环境及他们的相关技术,这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法,其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词:J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台,以实现他们的用户界面,科学分析,分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此,WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平,使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下,开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因,开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架,该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架,本文提出了新的架构,基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法,其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求,也

机械制造技术加工工艺夹具外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

附录A 机械制造技术是研究产品设计、生产、加工制造、销售使用、维修服务乃至回收再生的整个过程的工程学科,是以提高质量、效益、竞争力为目标,包含物质流、信息流和能量流的完整的系统工程。随着社会的发展,人们对产品的要求也发生了很大变化,要求品种要多样、更新要快捷、质量要高档、使用要方便、价格要合理、外形要美观、自动化程度要高、售后服务要好、要满足人们越来越高的要求,就必须采用先进的机械制造技术。 1 先进制造技术的特点 1.1面向21世纪的技术 先进制造技术是制造技术的最新发展阶段,是由传统的制造技术发展起来的,既保持了过去制造技术中的有效要素,又要不断吸收各种高新技术成果,并渗透到产品生产的所有领域及其全部过程。先进制造技术与现代高新技术相结合而产生了一个完整的技术群,它是具有明确范畴的新的技术领域,是面向21世纪的技术。 1.2 是面向工业应用的技术 先进制造技术并不限于制造过程本身,它涉及到产品从市场调研、产品开发及工艺设计、生产准备、加工制造、售后服务等产品寿命周期的所有内容,并将它们结合成一个有机的整体。先进制造技术的应用特别注意产生最好的实际效果,其目标是为了提高企业竞争和促进国家经济和综合实力的增长。目的是要提高制造业的综合经济效益和社会效益。 1.3驾驭生产过程的系统工程 先进制造技术特别强调计算机技术、信息技术、传感技术、自动化技术、新材料技术和现代系统管理技术在产品设计、制造和生产组织管理、销售及售后服务等方面的应用。它要不断吸收各种高新技术成果与传统制造技术相结合,使制造技术成为能驾驭生产过程的物质流、能量流和信息流的系统工程。 1.4 面向全球竞争的技术 20世纪 80年代以来,市场的全球化有了进一步的发展,发达国家通过金融、经济、科技手段争夺市场,倾销产品,输出资本。随着全球市场的形成,使得市场竞争变得越来越激烈,先进制造技术正是为适应这种激烈的市场竞争而出

文献翻译-机械加工中心

附录1 中文名称:机械加工中心英文名称:machining center 其他名称:自动换刀数控机床 定义:能自动更换工具,对一次装夹的工件进行多工序加工的数控机床。机械加工中心,简称cnc,是由机械设备与数控系统组成的使用于加工复杂形状工件的高效率自动化机床。加工中心又叫电脑锣。加工中心备有刀库,具有自动换刀功能,是对工件一次装夹后进行多工序加工的数控机床。加工中心是高度机电一体化的产品,工件装夹后,数控系统能控制机床按不同工序自动选择、更换刀具、自动对刀、自动改变主轴转速、进给量等,可连续完成钻、镗、铣、铰、攻丝等多种工序,因而大大减少了工件装夹时间、测量和机床调整等辅助工序时间,对加工形状比较复杂,精度要求较高,品种更换频繁的零件具有良好的经济效果。按控制轴数可分为:(1)三轴加工中心 (2)四轴加工中心 (3)五轴加工中心。 项目二机械加工中心设备技术分类加工中心的品种、规格较多,这里仅从结构上对其作一分类。 一、立式加工中心指主轴轴线为垂直状态设置的加工中心。其结构形式多为固定立柱式,工作台为长方形,无分度回转功能,适合加工盘、套、板类零件。一般具有三个直线运动坐标,并可在工作台上安装一个水平轴的数控回转台,用以加工螺旋线零件。立式加工中心装夹工件方便,便于操作,易于观察加工情况,但加工时切屑不易排除,且受立柱高度和换刀装置的限制,不能加工太高的零件。立式加工中心的结构简单,占地面积小,价格相对较低,应用广泛。 二、卧式加工中心指主轴轴线为水平状态设置的加工中心。通常都带有可进行分度回转运动的工作台。卧式加工中心一般都具有三个至五个运动坐标,常见的是三个直线运动坐标加一个回转运动坐标,它能够使工件在一次装夹后完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余四个面的加工,最适合加工箱体类零件。卧式加工中心调试程序及试切时不便观察,加工时不便监视,零件装夹和测量不方便,但加工时排屑容易,对加工有利。与立式加工中心相比,卧式加工中心的结构复杂,占地面积大,价格也较高。

通信工程外文翻译---一点多址扩频通信系统的应用

【附录】 英文文献 The Application of one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System Liu Jiangang, Nanyang City, HenanProvince Electric Power Industry Bureau 【ABSTRACT】Spread Spectrum Digital Microwave communication as a communication, because their excellent performance have been widely used. The article in Nanyang City Power Industry Bureau one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System as an example.briefed the spread spectrum communications, the basic concept and characteristics of the power system communication applications .KEYWORDS:one point multiple access; Spread-spectrum communication; Attenuation Nanyang City in the outskirts of Central cloth 35 to 11 kv substation farm terminals, their operation management rights belong to the Council East, Rural Power Company west (the eastern suburb of agricultural management companies -- four, the western suburbs of Rural Power Company Management 7), Scheduling of the various stations of the means of communication to the original M-150 radio and telephone posts. 2002 With the transformation of rural network, the remote station equipment into operation and communication channels to put a higher demand .As PUC Dispatch Communication Building to the east and west of farmers -- the difference between a company linked to fiber, Therefore, if 11 substations and the establishment of a transfer Link Building links Point may be the data and voice were sent to two rural power companies dispatch room, Rural Network scheduling for the implementation of automation to create the necessary conditions. Given the status and power grid substation level, nature, taking into account the carrier and optical-fiber communications to conduct multiple forwarding, increasing the instability factor, considering the cost and conditions of the urban construction, Finally decided to adopt wireless spread-spectrum technology to establish that 11

毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.

理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业:热能与动力工程 姓名:赵海潮 学号:09L0504133 外文出处:Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前,利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果,我们在符合日本工业标准(JIS D 1616)的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性,结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下(从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速,从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内),计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析,差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求,研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型,相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90%的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言,消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件:(1)能够衰减高频噪声,这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围,尤其是低频率范围,因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。(2)最小背压,背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内,因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言,这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器,利用实验的方法,根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能,利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来,在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有:传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法(也叫四端网络法)。该方

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档