第三部分
UNIT 1 Composition of Petroleum
石油的组成
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formation s beneath the Earth’s surface.. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagent s used to make plastics and pharmaceutical s.
石油或原油是天然形成的、有毒的、可燃性的液体，是含有不同分子量的碳氢化合物以及其它有机化合物的复杂混合物。它是在地球表面下的地址层中发现的。石油大部分是通过石油钻探开采得到的。石油很容易按不同馏程进行炼制和分离成为大量的消费产品，从汽油、煤油到沥青以及用作制造塑料和药品的化学试剂。
In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes both crude oil and natural gas. Both crude oil and natural gas are predominantly a mixture of hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, the lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while the heavier ones from pentane and up are in the form of liquids or solids. However in the underground oil reservoir the proportion of gas and liquid varies depending on the subsurface conditions, and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture.
严格意义上说，石油仅仅包含原油，但是在惯用法上，它包含石油和天然气。石油和天然气主要是烃类混合物。在地球表面压力和温度条件下，轻质的碳氢化合物甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷以气体的形式出现，而重质的碳氢化合物如戊烷和重于戊烷的烃都是以液体的形式出现。然而，在地下油藏。气体或液体的比例变化取决于亚地表层条件和石油混合物的相图。
An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominately natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. Under surface conditions these will condense out of the gas and form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oil.
油井主要生产原油，伴有一些天然气溶解在其中。因为地表的压力低于低下的压力，一些气体将从溶液中溢出，或者以伴生气或溶解气被回收（或燃烧）。气井主要产生天然气。然而，由于地下温度和压力比地表面高一些，气体中或许含有较重的碳氢化合物，例如气态的戊烷、己烷和庚烷。在地表条件下，这些较重的碳氢化合物将会从气体中析出，形成天然气的凝聚物，经常简称为凝析油。凝析油外观上类似于汽油，组成上类似于一些挥发性的轻原油。
Exercise: 汉译英
任何石油产品中，都不希望硫的含量高，柴油也不例外。对于这些燃料油，人们声称硫加剧了磨损和沉积物的问题，但对其产生的后果的大小仍有争议。不过，不管对柴油要求的
低硫含量有无技术上的理由——对于减少空气污染这个道理是不辩自明的。生成模式已经确立，炼油厂必须接受这一规定。正因为如此，许多炼油厂通常安装有粗柴油加氢脱硫的工艺装置。
In any petroleum product, a high sulphur content is considered undesirable, and diesel fuels are no exception. For such fuels, sulphur is claimed to aggravate problems of wear and deposits, but the magnitude of the effect is still a matter of some controversy. However, whether or not there is technical justification other than that of abatement of air pollution – for the low sulphur levels demanded for diesel fuels, the pattern has been established and must be accepted by the refiner. For this reason, processing units for the hydrodesulphurization of gas oils are commonly installed in refineries.
UNIT 2 Petrochemicals
石化产品
Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by –products from the variety of processes that are during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are exclud ed from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.
石化产品通常指直接或间接从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是(性质相近的)烃类的混合物。
The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.
像“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其它途径生产，因而这一术语只用来识别原料的来源。
The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound type to basic chemical reactions, such as oxidation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polymerization, and alkylation. The low-molecular-weigh paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and deal with. A wide range of compounds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now processing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For example, the carious reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entitied and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical as conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material.
丛石油生产化学品是基于各种类型的化合物对各种基本化学反应响应迅速，如氧化反应、卤化反应、硝化反应、脱氢反应、加成反应、聚合反应和烷基化反应。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量的链烷烃和烯烃，以及轻质芳烃，因为这些
物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望达到，其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如石油重质馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明可以将这些物质当作化学单体，能够通过各种化学反应和物理反应将其转变成更有价值的产品。这些转化的总体效果是，所生产的物质能够相对容易的用作高品质芳焦，或者能够形成带有官能团的产品，用作非燃料原料。
Exercise: 汉译英
石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物力方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质也可能因含量低而在炼制过程中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。
The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude oil in one or two general ways. They may be present in the crude oil and as such, are separated through physical methods, such as distillation or solvent extraction. On the other hand, they may be converted to synthetic during the refining operations because of lower content. In fact, unsaturate d hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in crude oil, are nearby always manufactured as intermediate s during the various refining processes.
UNIT 3 Petroleum refining
石油炼制
Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products. Most petroleum products, including kerosines, fuel oils, lubrication oils, and waxes, are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components. Other products, for example, gasolines, aromatic solvents, and even some asphalts, are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products.
石油炼制就是将石油分离成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过各种后续处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和蜡，都是原油经过处理脱除不需要的成份而得到的石油馏分。其它石油产品，如汽油、芳烃溶剂、甚至包括某些沥青，则是完全或者部分合成而制成的。因为组成这些产品的物质成份无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过化工过程，改变原油选定产品的分子性质而获得的。换言之，它们是通过炼制得到的，或成为炼制产品。
Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market.
石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品不仅满足质量要求，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场需求。
In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. If the latter
cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation , the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes – a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the lubricating oil stocks and asphalt –to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.
实际上，炼油厂从根本上是一组生产装置，其数量根据产品的不同市场需求。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每种产品的销售量而进行。比如：从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定量的高沸点产品。如果这些高沸点产品不能作为重燃料油销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应灵活采取措施，并根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求；运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦炭成为副产品；或者运用减压蒸馏工艺将重油分离成润滑油基础油和沥青。
Exercise: 汉译英
此外，一套完整的炼油装置必须包括以下设备：所有必要的非工艺设施；充裕的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力来源和物料装卸设备；用于维持一天24小时，一周7天连续运转所需的车间和物资；废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调和设施。
In addition, a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil, intermediate, and finished products; a dependable source of electrical power, material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day, 7 day/week operation; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blend ing facilities.
UNIT 4 Catalytic Cracking
催化裂化
Catalytic Cracking is a process for the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon fraction mainly into high-quality gasoline and fuel oil components, which are lighter, less viscous and thus more valuable than the feedstock..
催化裂化主要是把重质轻馏分转化成优质汽油和燃料油组分的工艺，这些产品较轻，粘度较低，因而比其原料更有价值。
The conversion, or cracking, predominantly takes place in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst. This catalyst, which is available as pellets or as a powder, has the ability to enhance the rate of cracking reactions and selectively to promote certain types of reactions. This results in product and product properties that are characteristic of the catalytic cracking process, e.g. formation of relatively large quantities of olefins, iso-components, and aromatics. These components contribute significantly towards the high octane number of the gasoline.
这种转化或裂化主要是在气相并在有催化剂存在的条件下发生。这种制成颗粒状或粉末状的催化剂，具有提高裂化反应速度并有选择的促进某种类型反应的能力。其结果是生产具有催化裂化工艺特点的产品和产品性质，如较多数量的链烯烃、异构组分和芳烃。中旬组分对提高汽油的辛烷值具有很大的作用。
Although catalysts are now being developed that can tolerate some metals deposition and thereby facilitate processing of residual material containing moderate accounts of asphaltic material and metals, a catalytic cracker complex usually includes a vacuum distilling unit for feed preparation. It, furthermore, includes distillation columns for separation of the products, and
treaters for the final products.
尽管正在开发能够容忍某些金属沉积物的催化剂，以便加工含有沥青质和金属的渣油原料，催化裂化联合装置通常包括用于原料制备的减压蒸馏装置，它还包括用于产品分离的蒸馏塔和最终产品的处理装置。
Exercise: 汉译英
近几年来，世界能源状况已推动了更有效的转化过程的开发和应用，使炼油厂的原油加工手段能够升级，以生产出更多价值高的轻质馏分油和较少的燃料油。因此，相对于直馏产品而言，炼油厂的转化或者裂化产品的含量正在增加。因为这些转化产品的特点通常是除硫以外，烯烃、芳烃和氮的含量也较高。由于这个原因，加氢脱硫过程已经发展到了目前这种作为一种加氢精制过程的状况，通过采用合适的催化剂和操作条件，已经能够把这些不合要求的质量特性减少到可以接受的水平。
In recent years, the world energy situation has encouraged the development and application of more effective conversion processes, whereby the crudes processed by the refineries can be upgraded to give larger quantities of lighter, more valuable distillates and less fuel oil. As a consequence, the quantity of converted or cracked products within the refineries is increasing relative to straight-run products. Since these converted products are often characterized by high olefin, aromatics and nitrogen contents, in addition to sulphur. For this reason the hydrodesulphurization process has evolved to its current status as a hydrotreating process with, by application of suitable catalysts and operating severity, the capability of reducing these undesirable quality features to an acceptable level.
UNIT 5 Co-catalysts 共催化剂
Due to rapid changes in fuels supply and demand, the US refining industry has experience d volatility in the relative pricing of its products. As a result, the drive to maximize either gasoline or diesel from the FCC has been constantly changing. How does a refiner respond to these variations to maximize the value of the products from the FCC unit?
由于燃料油市场供需关系的急剧变化，美国炼油工业产品的相对价格也经常变化。因此，从催化裂化装置中得到最大量的汽油或柴油的生产方案也经常变化。炼油商如何从炼化装置中得到最大的产品价值以应对市场变化呢？
Co-catalysts are a new product category providing the refiner with the flexibility to change the product slate of the FCC without changing the FCC catalyst. Changing between a maximum gasoline co-catalyst and a maximum LCO co-catalyst will allow the refiner to rapidly capture the most favorable economics at all times – maximizing FCC profitability.
在炼油商需要灵活改变催化裂化装置的产品方案而不改变催化裂化催化剂的情况下，共催化剂（应运而生）成为一种新的产品产品种类。在最大量生产汽油的共催化剂和最大量生产轻循环油的共催化剂之间变换，可以使炼油厂总能迅速地获得最大的经济效益——使催化裂化的效益最大化。
Co-catalysts are added to the base catalyst to rapidly change the core performance of the FCC. Due to their exceptional catalytic properties, co-catalysts drive this fundamental change in unit performance and displace at least the equivalent rate of the base catalyst. They can be added quickly to the unit making the unit performance respond to rapidly changing product values – in the shortest time – optimizing profitability far more quickly than can achieved by reformulating the FCC catalyst.
将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中能快速的改变催化裂化装置的主要性能。由于其优良的
催化性能，共催化剂能够促使装置的性能发生根本变化，并可替代至少同等量的基础催化剂。它们可以快速加入催化装置中，使得装置性能快速的发生相应变化，在最短的时间内重塑产品分布和产品价值——远比通过调整催化裂化催化剂的配方快得多地实现利润的优化。Exercise: 汉译英
共催化剂与助剂和催化剂具有相似之处，但是作为独立和新系列的产品而与众不同。催化剂能够提供催化裂化装置核心的催化效果。助剂加入到基础催化剂中能促进其它工艺过程或产品的效果，如最大化生产丙烯、汽油脱硫、促进一氧化碳燃烧、减少氮氧化物和硫氧化物等。将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中，比常规助剂的添加速率更快，以改变催化裂化的核心效果。
Co-catalysts have similarities with both additives and catalysts, but stand alone as a separate and new category of products. Catalysts provide the core catalytic performance of the FCC unit. Additives are added to the base catalyst to promote other process or product effects such as propylene maximization, sulphur reduction of gasoline, CO combustion ptomotion, NOx and Sox reduction, etc. Co-catalysts are added to base catalyst –at greater addition rates than typically used for additives – change the FCC core performance.
UNIT 6 Distillation 蒸馏
The most widely used separation process in the chemical industry is distillation. This unit is also referred to as fractionation or fractional distillation. Separation of constituents is based upon differences in volatility.
在化学工业中实用的最广泛的分离过程是蒸馏。这种单元操作也被称为分馏或组分蒸馏。组分分离是基于各组分挥发性的差别。
In distillation, a vapour phase contacts a phase, and mass is transferred both from the liquid to the vapour and from the vapour to the liquid. The liquid and vapour generally contain the same components but the different relative quantities. The liquid is at its bubble point, and the vapour in equilibrium is at its dew point. Mass is transferred simultaneously from the liquid by vaporization and from the vapour by condensation.
在蒸馏过程中，气相与液相相接触，从液相到气相和从气相到液相都会发生传质过程。通常气相和液相中含有相同的组分，但是相对数量不同。液相处于沸点，而气相在平衡时则处于露点。传质同时发生在液相气化和气相冷凝过程中。
The net effect is an increase in concentration of the more volatile component in the vapour and of the less volatile component in the liquid. Vaporization and condensation involve the latent heats of vaporization of the components, and heat effects must therefore be considered in distillation calculations.
实际效果是气相中更易挥发的组分浓度增加，而液相中不易挥发的组分浓度增加。气化和冷凝涉及组分的气化潜热，因此在蒸馏计算时必须考虑热效应。
In an ideal solution, the volatility can related directly to the pure-component vapor pressure of each component. In nonideal solutions, no simple relationship exists. Distillation is widely used to separate liquid mixtures into more or less pure components.
在理想溶液中，挥发度与每个纯组分的蒸汽压直接关联。在非理想溶液中，这种简单关系不存在。蒸馏广泛应用于将液相混合物分离为近似纯组分。
Exercise: 汉译英
蒸馏操作的应用多种多样。用于炼钢、火箭及医疗的纯氧就是通过液化空气蒸馏得到的。原油最初在大型蒸馏塔中分离出许多馏分，这些馏分进一步处理得到最终产品，并且蒸馏
经常应用于最终产品生产过程的中间环节。
Application of distillation are tremendously diverse. Pure oxygen, for use in steel-making, in rockets, and for medical application, is produced by the distillation of air that has been liquefied. Crude oil is initially separated into a number of fractions in large distillation column s. These fractions are further processed into finished products, and distillation is frequently used in the intermediate steps in the manufacture of the final products.
UNIT 7 Adsorption 吸附
Adsorption involves the transfer of a constituent of a fluid to the surface of a solid phase. To complete the separation, the adsorbed constituent must then be removed from the solid. The fluid phase may be either a gas or liquid. If several constituent are adsorbed to varying extents, it is often possible to separate them into relatively pure components.
吸附过程涉及流体组分转移到固体表面的过程。为了完成分离过程，被吸附的组分随后必须从固体上脱除。流体相态可以是气相或液相。如果有几种组分吸附的程度不同，通常可将它们分离成相对较纯的组分。
Many solid adsorbents are used. Strictly speaking, the term adsorbent is usually applied to a solid that holds the solute to its surface by physical forces. An example would be the adsorption of vapors by charcoal. The lighter fractions of natural gas are separated industrially using a moving bed of adsorbent. Most other industrial processes use fixed bed and batch or cyclical processes rather than multistage equipment because of the different of moving the solid.
许多固体吸附剂得到应用。严格说来，吸附剂一词通常适用于通过物理作用将溶质附着在其表面的固体。一个例子就是使用煤焦来吸附有机蒸气。工业上使用移动床吸附剂将天然气中的较轻组分分离出来。由于移动床吸附剂固体较困难，其它大部分的工业过程使用固定床和间歇或循环工艺而不是多级设备。
Molecular sieves are special synthetic adsorbents that can be used to separate mixtures by differences in molecular size, polarity, or carbon-bond saturation. For example, water molecular are relatively small and highly polar, so they are preferentially adsorbed by molecular-sieve adsorbents. Thus, these adsorbents are useful in drying gases and liquids. Molecular sieves are being used to separate normal paraffins from hydrocarbon streams in an oil refinery for use in the manufacture of biodegradable detergents.
分子筛是特殊合成的吸附剂，它利用分子尺寸、极性和碳键饱和程度的不同来分离混合物。例如，水分子通常较小并具有高极性，所以它们更适合于使用分子筛吸附剂来吸附。因此，这些吸附剂很适用于干燥气体或液体。在生物降解洗涤剂的生产过程中，就利用分子筛将正构烷烃从炼厂的烃类物流中分离出来。
Exercise: 汉译英
许多分离工艺涉及到塑料薄膜的传质过程。显然这些操作具有有限的应用范围，但是他们有希望解决特殊的分离问题。
A number of separation processed involve the transfer of mass through a thin plastic membrane. Although these operation have relatively limited application, they show promise for special separation problems.
与吸附操作紧密相关的是通过不同方式保留固体中的溶质的分离过程。一种方法是离子交换，通过与固体离子交换树脂进行化学反应从而保留溶质。
Closely relate d to adsorption are separation processes that retain solutes in solids by various means. One such process is ion exchange, where the solute is retained by a chemical reaction with
the solid ion-exchange resin.
UNIT 8 Petroleum Gas 石油气
During a distillation of a crude oil, considerable volumes of gas(methane, ethane, propane, butanes) may be released, and in the various reforming and cracking processes in a refinery, further quantities of gas are generated as a result of breakdown of heavier fractions. Such gas has a higher calorific value than fuel oil and can therefore be used with advantage as a fuel for refinery process units. However, there are often other demands on refinery gas since the lighter paraffins are readily converted to ―synthesis gas‖(carbon monoxide and hydrogen) which is a starting-point for the manufacture of many chemical products including methanol and ammonia and their derivatives. Ethylene and propylene, if produced, are also valuable raw materials for petroleum chemical production.
原油蒸馏时会释放出数量相当可观的石油气（甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷）。而且，在炼油厂的各种重整和裂化过程中，由于重整馏分分解的缘故，也会产生大量石油气。这种石油气比燃料油具有更高的热值，因此它能有效地用作炼油装置的燃料。不过，由于轻质烷容易转化成“合成气”（一氧化碳和氢气），而这种“合成气”又是制取甲醇和氨及其衍生物的原料，所以炼油厂出来的合成气经常有其它用途。如果有乙烯和丙烯产出，它们也是石油化工生产中的宝贵原料。
Butane is an essential constituent in imparting desirable volatility and antiknock characteristics to a motor spirit, and it is a also a valuable product, per se, as ―bottled‖ gas. Butanes and butanes can be maintained in the liquid state at ambient temperature under quite moderate pressures, and can therefore be marketed in steel containers which can safely be used in the home. Such liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) provides a convenient source of high calorific value fuel for heating and cooking in locations where electricity and town or natural gas are not available, as for example in remote country districts, and also in caravans and small boats.
为使汽车具备所要求的挥发性能和抗爆性能，丁烷是不可缺少的组成部分。而且，丁烷本身也是一种有价值的产品，它可用作“瓶装”气。在中等压力及常温下，丁烷和丁烯均可保持液体状态，因此，它们可以储存在钢制容器中销售，家庭使用十分安全。在没有电、煤气或天然气供应的地方，比如偏僻的乡村、野外的活动房和小船上，这种液化石油气均可作为取暖、做饭提供便利的高热值燃料。
Exercise: 汉译英
丙烷也可用作液化石油气，而且因其沸点较低，故在高寒地区特别实用。不过，丙烷液化气的主要销路还是在工业用途上，特别是借助氧，丙烷火焰用于金属切割。C3、C4碳氢化合物在炼油厂里也可以用在生产车用汽油组分的某种装置的进料。例如，丙烯和丁烯可用作催化聚合装置的原料，而异丁烷可在烷基化装置里与一系列的烃烯反应。
Propane may also be used as LPG, and its lower boiling-point makes it suitable for this purpose in cold climate. However，the main outlet for propane LPG is for industrial purposes, particularly for metal-cutting, using oxy-propane torches. The C3 and C4 hydrocarbons also find uses in the refinery itself as feed-stocks for certain processes manufacturing motor gasoline components. Propylene and the butanes, for example, maybe be fed to a catalytic polymerization unit, and isobutene may be reacted in an alkylation unit with a wide range of olefin s.
UNIT 9 Benzene Reduction in Reformate
降低重油中的苯含量
The source s of benzene in the gasoline pool vary for each refinery, the predominant source for most is reformate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that benzene in reformate contributes about 50 to 75% of the benzene in the US gasoline pool. Therefore, the most cost effective strategy for reducing benzene in gasolines is to treat the reformate stream.
每个炼油厂汽油中苯的来源都是同的，对于大多数炼油厂来说苯主要来自于重整油。美国环境保护署估计，来自于重整油中的苯占整个美国汽油池中苯总量的50%～75%。因此，降低汽油中苯含量最有效的措施是处理重整油物流。
Benzene reduction in reformate can be achieved by either the removal of benzene precursors before they are converted to benzene in the reformer, or by post-removal of benzene in the reformate product by chemical conversion of benzene or by removal with fractionation. Each refinery will determine the technology that best meets in specific needs.
降低重整油中的苯含量可以通过两种方法实现：一种是在重整装置中苯的前身物之前将其脱除；另一种是通过苯的化学转化或是分馏脱除的方法对重整产物中的苯进行处理。每个炼油厂都会决定采用一种最好的技术来满足其特定的需求。
Removal of reformer feed benzene precursor was one of the options many refiners adopted to achieve the current 1 vo1% benzene requirement. The precursors can be sent through an isomerization unit if there is available capacity or sent directly into a gasoline pool if octane requirement and sulfur balance allow. However. This approach results in a significant loss of opportunity for increasing octane and hydrogen production in the reformer. Many refiners do not have spare hydrogen production capacity due to the implementation of clean fuel projects in the last few years. Removal of reformer feed benzene precursors would not be able to meet the need for refiners for the new benzene regulations in most cases.
脱除重整进料中的苯前身物体是许多炼厂采用的方法之一，可以实现目前苯体积含量1%的要求。如果异构化单元容量允许，这些母体可以通过异构化单元被输送到汽油中；或者在辛烷值和硫含量平衡许可的前提下，被直接输送到汽油池中。然而，这种方法会导致重整装置中提高辛烷值及产氢的机会大大减少。在最近几年中，由于清洁能源项目的实施，大多数炼厂多余产氢的能力。大多数情形下脱除重整进料中苯前身物将不能满足炼厂对于最新的苯含量规格的要求。
Exercise: 汉译英
重整油后脱除苯有两种选择：分馏或转化。分馏就是分离出富含苯的重整物流，进行苯抽提或者作为一种商品在石化市场销售。除非炼厂已具有该工艺处理的设备或能力，否则很难证实这种小规模的苯抽提是有投资价值的。
There are two types of reformer post removal option for benzene: fractionation or conversion. The fractionation option separates the benzene rich reformate stream either for benzene extraction or for sale as a commodity on the petrochemical market. Unless the refinery has existing facilities or capacity for such a process, it is very difficult to justify the investment for benzene extraction on a small scale.
苯饱和方法已经被很多炼厂工业化，而且被认为是技术熟练的。然而，这种方法伴随着严
重的辛烷值下降和高氢气消耗。
Benzene saturation has been commercially practiced by a number of refineries and is considered a proven technology. However, this approach comes with a significant octane penalt y and high hydrogen consumption.
UNIT 10 Petroleum-based Fuels 石油类燃料
The combustible fuels in common use are predominantly from fossilized resources containing carbon and hydrogen which react with oxygen(usually in the form of air) to form major products of carbon oxide, carbon monoxide and water. Pure carbon or hydrogen are themselves combustible but common fuels are likely to be some compounds of the two generally and are then designated as hydrocarbons, CxHy, where x and y commonly cover a range from one to about twenty. Of these, coal provides the most extensive resource but, as well as being more difficult to extract and transport than liquid or gaseous types, is not suited to modern engine combustion and is used mainly for the production of steam for electrical power production.
目前广泛使用的燃料主要来自于包涵碳和氢的化石资源，它们与氧发生反应（通常是以空气的形式），主要生产产物是二氧化碳、一氧化碳和水。纯净的碳和氢自身可燃烧，但常用的燃料通常是由它们构成的某些混合物，成为碳氢化合物，记为CxHy，x和y的取值范围通常从1到大约20.在这些混合物中，煤提供了最广泛的燃料资源，但它比液态和气态燃料更难开采，更难运输，从而不适用于现代内燃机的使用，它主要用于电站产生水蒸气来发电。Petroleum-based fuels are by far the most common internal combustion engine fuels and are a blend of many hydrocarbons distilled and reformed in the refining process to give the appropriate properties.
石油类燃料是目前为止最常用的内燃机燃料，它是许多碳氢化合物的混合体，并通过炼制加工过程如蒸馏和重整使其具有适当的性质。
Gasoline is a blend of colourless, volatile liquid petroleum fractions which boil between about 30℃and 200℃a typical relative density being about 0.73. For overall average properties, gasolines are sometimes considered to be the single compound, iso-octane C8H18, but this is substantially different, particularly in volatility. Actual components range from C4 to C9(sometimes to C12) and cover many types of hydrocarbons depending on the crude oil source and the refining process. The fuel is refined to give appropriate octane numbers, volatility, etc., but the composition of final product may still vary considerably from one source to another. Net heating values(lower) are about 44MJ/kg.
汽油是一种无色易挥发的液态石油类混合燃料，其沸点在30℃到200℃之间，典型的相对密度在0.73.就整体性质而言，有时可将汽油看成单一的化合物—异辛烷C8H18，但又有许多不同实处，尤其是挥发性不同，汽油的实际组分从C4到C9（有时达到C12），汽油中含有的碳氢化合物种类取决于原油来源和炼制过程。燃料经过精炼，使其获得适当的辛烷值和挥发度等，但最终产品的组成可能仍旧随原料的不同而由相当大的差别，其净热值（低热值）大约为44MJ/kg。
Exercise: 汉译英
石油资源市场是极为有限的，但石油燃料最适合于内燃机，因为它们具有高能量密度，易于运送。与之相比，气体燃料更易于运送。但它们的能量密度却低得多。然而，气体燃料的贮存量更多一些。值得一提的是，某种矿产的消耗率至少应与它的总贮量受到同等的重视。大多数预测指出，按照目前的燃料消化率，石油将在21世纪中叶前被消耗尽，气体燃料应可持续到21世纪的大部分时间。而煤是一种长期的资源，其贮藏量能用几百年。显然，这
些预测并非不可变，因为它们依赖的许多因素有可能发生变化。
Petroleum are extremely limited resources, but they are the most suitable fuels for internal combustion engines because of their high energy density and easy delivery. To compare with it, gaseous fuels are even easier for delivery but considerably inferior on the aspect of energy density. However, their reverses are much more than those of petroleum resources. It should be noted that, for a certain mineral product, the rate of its consumption should be viewed at least as important as its total reserves. Most predictions indicate that, at current usage rates, petroleum resources will be depleted before the middle of the twenty-first century, and gaseous fuels should last through much of that century. However, coal is a long-term resource with potential supplies for several huandred years. Obviously, all these predictions are somewhat speculative as depend on many factors which have the potential to change.
UNIT 11 Lubrication 润滑油
Lubrication depends upon many factors besides the nature of the lubricant, the shape and roughness of rubbing surfaces and the materials from which they are made are important. Whether or not there is a rolling as well as rubbing motion, and the relative speeds of moving parts, also need to be considered.
除了润滑油的天然特性，润滑取决于很多因素，摩擦表面的形状的粗糙程度及其所使用的制作材料也很重要。是否存在一个滚动或是摩擦运动，以及移动部件的相对速度也应该予以考虑。
The nature of the environment in which lubricant is required is critically important in many applications. In many modern machines, lubricant is often required at extremely high or extremely low temperatures, or in the presence of high humidity or artificial atmospheres or nuclear radiation. When lubricant are used for metalcutting and similar operations, where there is inevitably some contact between human beings and the lubricant, the possibility of hazard to health is an important consideration.
润滑油所需的环境特性在许多应用方面是至关重要的。在许多现代机械中，经常在极端高温的环境下，或是在高湿度或合成气的氛围里，或是在核辐射的情况下需要使用润滑油。当润滑油用于进行金属切割和类似的操作时，人们不可避免地和润滑油之间存在一些接触，对于健康危害的可能性是重点需要考虑的。
The main object of lubrications is to reduce friction and wear in moving parts of machine. This reduces friction heat and the consequent waste of energy, and it also avoids premature failure of the machine through excessive wear or seize. Although there are some engineering plastics and resins that do not require the use of a lubricant, their use is limited to relatively light duties.
润滑的主要目的是减少机械的移动部件的摩擦和磨损。这将减少摩擦热和由此带来的能源浪费，同时避免机械由于过度磨损或咬死而过早毁损。尽管有些工程塑料和树脂不需要润滑油，但是它们的应用领域局限于相对轻型的机械。
Most of the moving parts of machinery are metallic and a lubricant is necessary. Lubrication can be achieved with gases and solids as well as with liquids, and there are special circumstances where either gas or solids lubrication is preferred. However, such cases are rare and addition here will be confined to lubrication oils and greases.
大多数机械的移动部件都是金属的，润滑油是非常重要的。润滑性能可以通过气体、固体以及液体实现，存在更倾向于气体或者固体润滑的特殊情况。然而，这些情况是非常少见的，
此处添加局限于润滑油和油脂。
Exercise: 汉译英
在一些应用领域中，润滑油充当了固体污染物的载体。这些污染物或者通过油滤器除掉，或者悬浮在润滑油中，直到重新更换润滑油。这一操作过程对于活塞发动机尤为重要，因为在活塞发动机中，润滑油会受到燃烧产物的污染。
In some applications, lubrications act as a carrier for solid contaminants, which can either be removed by oil filters, or be kept in suspension until the oil is changed. This is a particularly important function in piston engine lubrication, in which oil is contaminated by combustion products.
UNIT 12 Asphalt 沥青
Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums. It is most commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase(though there is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding is structure). One writer states that although a ―considerable amount of work has done on the composition of asphalt, it is exceedingly difficult to separate individual hydrocarbon in pure form‖, and ‖it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecular of asphalt, because the of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large‖. The primary use of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder for the aggregate particles.
沥青是一种粘稠的、黑色的、高粘度的液体或半固体，存在于大多数的原油中。沥青通常被当作为一种胶体，以沥青质作为分散相和软沥青作为连续相（尽管化学家们对于它的结构还存在一些分歧）。有作者声称：尽管对沥青的组成进行了大量的工作，但是将单体烃从沥青中分离出来还相当困难，而且分离和辨别沥青中所有不同的分子几乎不可能，因为具有不同化学结构的分子数量相当的大。沥青最初是用于公路建设方面，被用作凝结颗粒的胶体或粘接剂。
Asphalt can sometimes be confuse with tar, which is a similar black thermo-plastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the realy- and mid-20th century when town gas was produced,, tar was a readily available product and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the world tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of tar in these applications.
沥青有时候容易和焦油混淆，焦油是一种类似黑色热塑料的物质，它是由煤炭的破坏性干馏得到的。在20世纪早期和中期，当生产城市煤气的时候，焦油是一种相当容易得到的产品，并且广泛地应用于道路砂石颗粒的粘接剂。添加焦油到碎石路，产生了“焦油碎石混合路”这个词，这个词现在常用于特制道路制作材料。然而，自从20世纪70年代以后，当天然气替代城市煤气后，沥青在上述领域的应用完全超过了焦油。
Asphalt can be separated from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel) by the process of fractional distillation, usually under vacuum conditions. A better separation can be achieved by further processing of the heavier fractions of the crude oil in a de-asphalting unit, which uses either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to dissolve by ‖blowing‖the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This makes the product harder and more viscous.
通常在减压条件下，通过蒸馏过程可以将沥青与原油中的其它组分（例如石脑油、汽油和
柴油）分离开来。在沥青装置中，通过对原油中的重组分进行深加工可以实现更好的分离。在该装置内，在超临界相中使用丙烷和丁烷溶解较轻的分子，然后将其分离出来。沥青还能进行深加工，通过“吹炼”产品，也就是与氧气反应，使得产品更硬并且更粘稠。Exercise: 汉译英
不同油田石油混合物中轻烃比例变化极大，变化的范围在轻油中重量百分比高达97%，而在重油或沥青中少到50%。
The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture is highly variable between different oil fields and ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oil and bitumens.
沥青典型被储存和运输的温度在150℃左右。有时候在运输前混入柴油和煤油以保持其流动性，交货后，这些轻物质从混合物中被分离出来，这种混合物通常被称作沥青原料。Asphalt is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 degrees Celsius. Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called asphalt feedstock.
UNIT 13 Polyethylene 聚乙烯
When ethylene is heated under pressure, with oxygen as a catalyst, it is converted to polymeric form known as polythene. The product is a mixture of high-molecular-weight alkanes ( if the one double bond at the end the chain is ignored) and may be classified as a polyalkane. Under one set of experimental conditions the value of n may vary from 50 to 700 with average for the mixture being about 500. Since the repeating unit of the polymer (-CH2CH2-) has a value of 28, the average molecular weight for it is about 14000. At this point we should make a special note of the fact that most polymers are not pure compounds but are complex mixtures of compounds.
乙烯用氧作催化剂在压力下加热时，转变成一种称为聚乙烯的聚合物形式。该聚合物是高分子量链烷烃的混合物并可归类为聚烷烃（如将链末端的一个双键忽略不计的话）。在一组实验条件下，聚合度n值从50到700,混合物的n平均值为500.由于聚合物的重复单元（—CH2CH2—）分子量是28,因此它的平均分子量约为14000.此时，我们应特别注意这一事实，即大多数聚合物不是纯的化合物，而是化合物的复杂混合物。
The polythene of industry is a thermoplastic solid, i.e., it will soften and flow when heated. Most thermoplastic at about 115℃, like other polymers, it may be deposited as a thin film or sheet. The film-forming property of thermoplastic polymer is important and, because of it, many useful products are possible: raincoats, tablecloths, shower curtain, paints, etc. It may be moulded into a variety of solid articles such as the flexible, non-breakable bottles used for drug store products and other materials. Perhaps its most important use has been in electrical insulation where the non-conducting property of the alkane hydrocarbon is employed in a useful way.
工业聚乙烯是一个热塑性固体，即它受热时会变软并流动。大多数热塑性聚合物的软化温度相对较低。聚乙烯约为115℃时呈塑性，同其它计划为一样，聚乙烯可被薄膜或薄板。热塑性聚合物成膜的性质是重要的，由于这一性质，可以用它制成许多有用的制品，如雨衣、台布、浴帘和涂料等；还可把聚乙烯模塑成许多固体制品，如药店盛装药品及其它物品用的柔软而不易碎的各种瓶子。也许，聚乙烯的最重要的用途是用于电的绝缘体，此种用途是有效地利用了链烷烃的不导电的性质。
Exercise: 汉译英
热塑性聚合物通常既硬又脆，因此，为了使用，在聚合物加工成型前，把称为增塑剂的各
种软化剂同聚合物掺合起来。增塑剂常常是结构比例简单并能溶于聚合物的纯有机物。性质优良的增塑剂能无限的留在塑料内，性质低劣的增塑剂则会慢慢地挥发，剩下原来硬而脆的聚合物。
Thermoplastic polymers are usually hard and brittle, so for practical purpose, various soften agents known as plasticizers are blended with the polymer before it is fabricated. Plasticizers are often pure organic compounds which are relatively simple in structure and soluble in the polymer. Plasticizers with good quality will remain in the plastic indefinitely, while the poor ones will slowly volatilize and leave behind the original hard, brittle polymer.
UNIT 14 Steam Cracking 蒸汽裂解
Ethylene is produced commercially by the steam cracking of a wide range of hydrocarbon feedstock. In Europe and Asia, ethylene is obtained mainly from cracking naphtha, gasoil and condensates with the coproduction of propylene C4 olefins and aromatics (pyrolysis gasoline). The cracking of ethane and propane, primarily carried out in the US, Canada and the Middle East, has the advantage that it only produces ethylene and propylene, making the cheaper to construct and less complicated to operate.
工业上通过蒸汽裂解很宽范围的碳氢化合物原料来生产乙烯。在欧洲和亚洲主要通过裂解石脑油，轻质柴油和凝析油来获得乙烯，同时联产丙烯，C4烯烃和芳烃（裂解汽油）。乙烷和丙烷裂解制造烯烃技术主要在美国、加拿大和中东应用，裂解产品只有乙烯和丙烯，且装置造价低，操作相对简单。
No major advances are seen in steam cracking technology in the near term with efforts being directed at improving plant performance through process optimization , computer control and furnace design. However, ceramic-based furnaces could be developed in the future offering much higher conversion rates and efficiency achiever by very high temperature cracking with no coke formation.
近期，蒸汽裂解技术没有重大进展，所做的努力主要是通过工艺条件优化，计算机控制和裂解炉设计来改善装置的性能。但是。以陶瓷为基础的裂解炉可能在将来有所发展，它能在裂解反应温度非常高的条件下达到更高的转化率和效率，而反应器不发生结焦。
An advances catalyst olefins (ACO) process that produces ethylene, propylene and other olefins from naphtha at a lower temperature of 700℃has been developed by a Korean company. The process is claimed to reduced energy needs by 20%, initial investment costs by 30% as reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Plans are to install the ACO process in an existing olefins plant in Korea.
一家韩国公司开发了一种用石脑油为原料在700℃的较低温度下生产乙烯、丙烯和其它烯烃的先进催化烯烃（ACO）生产工艺，据称该工艺能降低20%能耗，降低30%初期投资，以及减少二氧化碳排放，并计划在韩国一家现有烯烃厂内建设一套ACO工艺装置。Exercise: 汉译英
提高烯烃产出的烯烃裂解和相互转化工艺已经被开发出来。特别是这些工艺能把C4至C8的烯烃和轻裂解汽油转化成乙烯和丙烯。能够增强裂解过程控制或允许乙烷脱氢的更新的催化工艺正在开发过程中。
使用碳数较低的醇作为原料生产乙烯的工艺是可行的。一些公司已经开发出了MTO（用甲醇生产烯烃）技术，此工艺能把甲醇转化成乙烯和丙烯。在中国，油煤液化生产的甲醇作为原料，使用此技术生产乙烯备受关注。
Olefin cracking and interconversion processes have being developed to boost light olefins
output. Typically, they can convert C4-C8 olefins and light pyrolysis gasoline into ethylene and propylene. Newer catalytic processes are under development that provide enhanced control of the cracking process or permit catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane. Processes are available that use lower alcohol s as feedstocks to produce ethylene. Some companies have developed a MTO ( methanol-to-olefins) technology that converts methanol to ethylene and propylene. There is considerable interest in using this technology in China with methanol produced via the liquefaction of coal.
UNIT 15 Ethylene Plant 乙烯装置
One of the most common building blocks of petrochemical industry is ethylene with millions of tons produced every year throughout the world. Ethylene is used to made such common chemicals such as polyethylene, polystyrene, and alpha-olefins. A typical ethylene plant also makes a number of other important building-block chemicals such as propylene, butadiene and an aromatics-rich pyrolysis gasoline.
石化行业最普通的基本原料之一就是乙烯，全世界每年都会生产数百万吨的乙烯。乙烯用于生产聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯和α-烯烃等常用化学品。典型的乙烯装置还会生产许多其它重要的基本化学原料，例如丙烯、丁二烯和富含芳烃的裂解汽油。
The typical ethylene plant is divided into two sections: the cracking furnances and the fractionation train. The furnances can go by a number of names: ―naphtha cracking furnaces‖, ‖pyrolysis furnaces‖, ‖naphtha pyrolysis furnaces‖, ―naphtha steam cracker‖, etc.
典型的乙烯装置可以分为两个基本部分：裂解炉部分和分馏部分。炉子的名称不一，有“石脑油裂解炉‖、“热裂解炉”、“石脑油热解炉”、“石脑油蒸汽裂解炉”等。
As the name implies, the cracking furnace in an ethylene plant takes the feedstock and cracks the molecules at high temperatures. Typically 12-15 furnaces are used in a single ethylene plant. Most feed stream in plants outside of the United States. In the U.S., the feed stream is predominantly a mixture of ethane and propane ( E/P mix ).
顾名思义，乙烯装置中的裂解炉就是接收进料并在高温的情况下将分子裂化。单套乙烯装置通常有12~15台裂解炉。除了美国，大多数乙烯装置进料为石脑油类物料；而在美国，进料物流主要为乙烷和丙烷的混合物（E/P混合物）。
The feed is mixed with steam and cracked at 850℃in the furnace coils. The furnace effluent gas is cooled in transfer line exchangers (TLEs ) where the heat removed from the cracked gas is used to generate high-pressure steam.
乙烯装置进料与蒸汽混合在850℃下在炉管中裂化。裂解气在管式换热器中冷却，从裂解气取出的热量用于产生高压蒸汽。
After the transfer line exchanges, the sample is cooled even more with oil-quenching and water-quenching systems. The cooled furnace effluent is compressed in an optimum pressure for separating into the various chemical components in the fractionation section where product recovery occurs. The stream is also run through a caustic wash system to remove H2S and CO2 between compression stages.
经过急冷管式换热后，还要利用急冷油系统和急冷水系统使物流进一步进一步冷却。冷却的裂解炉流出物被压缩至最适宜的压力，在分馏单元分离成各种化学组分，并在此进行产品回收。在压缩机的某两段之间，该物流还要通过碱洗系统脱除H2S和CO2。
Exercise: 汉译英
裂解炉的先进控制，对乙烯装置的整体效率至关重要。进料物流的过度裂解，可能会因为
炉管内表面上形成的结焦过多而导致裂解炉提前停车。但是，进料的裂解深度不够将直接造成总产量的减少。在线色谱仪能够提供装置控制系统所需的数据，以寻求裂解深度的最佳均衡点。
Advanced control of the cracking furnace is critical to the ethylene plant’s entire efficiency. ―Over-cracking‖of the feed stream can lead to premature furnace shutdowns due to excessive coke formation on the inner surface of the coil. Yet, ―undercracking‖ of the is a direct reduction in overall production. Process gas chromatographs provide the data the plant’s control system needs to find the right balance for cracking severity.
UNIT 16 Plastics 塑料
Plastics are polymers, molecules formed of many identical units bound to each other like pearls in a necklace. For a polymer to be electrically conductive it must ―imitate‖ a metal – the electrons in the bonds must be freely mobile and not bound fast to the atoms. One conduction for this is that the polymer consist of alternate single and double bonds, termed conjugated double bonds. Polyacetylene is the simplest possible conjugated polymer. It is obtained by polymerization of acetylene.
塑料是聚合物，由许多相同单元相互键合而形成的分子组成，类似项链上的珍珠。一个聚合物要导电，就必须像金属那样，成键电子必须能够自由流动，而不是与成键原子紧密结合。一种情况是这种聚合物由单双键交替构成，即所谓的共轭双键。聚乙炔可能是最简单的共轭聚合物，它是由乙炔聚合物所得。
At the beginning of 1970s researchers were studying the polymerization of acetylene. In his reaction vessel polyacetylene appeared in the form of an unremarkable black powder. On one occasion a visiting researcher accidentally added one thousand times more catalyst than usual. Imagine the researcher’s surprise when a beautiful silvery film formed on the surface of the liquid in the vessel. The obvious question was :‖ If the plastics film shined like a metal, can it conduct electricity, too?
20世纪70年代初，人们一直从事乙炔聚合研究，所用的反应器内聚乙炔呈现为普通的黑色粉末。有一次，一位访问学者在乙炔乙炔聚合过程中偶然加了上千倍的催化剂，结果在反应器内的液面上形成一层漂亮的银膜，可以想象研究者当时的惊讶程度。显而易见的问题是：“假如塑料膜如同金属膜一样光亮，它能导电吗？
Although the polyacetylene film shone like silver, it was not an electrical conductor. Could it perhaps be modified in some way? In the mid-1970s three researchers began co-operating to investigate this and results were quick to come. When they caused the films to react with iodine vapour, the conductivity increased by as much as ten million times. This surprising discovery has radically altered our view of plastics as a material.
尽管聚乙炔膜像白银一样光亮，但是它并不是电导体。这种情况能够以某种方式改变吗？在70年代中期，三个人开始合作研究这一问题并很快得出结果，当他们将所得的聚乙炔膜与碘蒸汽反应时，其导电性呈千万倍的增加，这一惊人的发现彻底改变了我们对塑料的传统认识。
Exercise: 汉译英
将塑料易于成型且重量轻的特性与金属已导电的特性相结合，这一令人振奋的想法激发了集中的开发研究。由于导电性范围很宽，从不良半导体到金属级别的导电性都有其商业应用，如电池、电容器、抗静电材料及防腐材料等。
The exciting idea of combining the mouldability and low weight of plastics with the
conductivity of metals has prompted intensive development. Since the conductivity can be varied over a very broad area, the commercial applications cover from poor semi-conductors to metallic-level conductivity, such as batteries, condensers, anti-static materials and anticorrosion substances, etc..
塑料的优点是很容易制作大型及柔性的表面，而且价格低廉。太阳能电池塑料可以大面积的展开，在不就得将来，它将为我们提供无环境污染的电能。
The advantage of plastic is that large, flexible surfaces can be made relatively easily and cheaply. Solar cell plastic could spread out over large areas and give us environmental friendly electricity in the not too distant future.
UNIT 17 Synthetic Rubber 合成橡胶
Synthetic rubber is a type of artificially-made material which acts as an elastomer. An elastomer is a mechanical ( or material ) property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation. Synthetic rubber serves as a substitute for natural rubber in many cases, especially when improved material property are needed.
合成橡胶是一种人造的材料，它起着弹性体的作用。弹性体是具有特定机械（或物质）特性的一种材料：与大多数材料相比，它在压力下能承受更多的弹性变形，并且不会发生永久的变形，并能恢复到原先的大小。在许多情形下，合成橡胶都可以作为天然橡胶的替代品，特别是需要改经材料特性的时候。
The principle synthetic rubber elastomer has applications in carpet and gloves, and coagulated latex is used for the production of tires and mechanical goods. It is of critical importance to know the absolute molar mass and its distribution, as well as to gain insight into the conformation of synthetic rubber-which is indicative of the product’s end-use performance.
合成橡胶的弹性体主要应用于地毯和手套生产，而凝固乳胶则用于生产轮胎和机械制品。了解合成橡胶的绝对摩尔质量的分布，同时深入观察它的结构是至关重要的，而合成橡胶的结构预示着产品的最终使用性能。
Natural rubber coming from latex is mostly polymerized isoprene with a small percentage of impurities in it. This will limit the range of properties available to it. Also, there are limitations on the proportions of cis and trans double bonds resulting from methods of polymerizing natural latex. This also limits the range of properties available to natural rubber, although addition of and vulcanization are used to improve the properties.
源自于乳胶的天然橡胶主要是由异戊二烯组成，同时含有少量的杂质。这一点限制了天然橡胶能达到的性能范围。同时，天然乳胶的聚合方法也会导致顺式和反式双键的比例有所局限，尽管添加硫和硫化可以改善天然橡胶的特性，但是这一点依然限制了天然橡胶能达到的性能范围。
Exercise: 汉译英
生产的单体可以是纯净的单体，通过设计可以控制杂志或添加剂的加入量，使单体获得选择的性能。春单体的聚合能更好的得到控制，从而获得预期的顺-反双键的比例。
The monomer s can be produced pure. It gains optional properties by the design of controlling the addition of impuriti es or additive s. Polymerization of pure , monomers can be better controlled by giving a desired proportion of cis and trans double bonds.
UNIT 18 Synthetic Fibers 合成纤维
The composition and origin of each fiber give it quite definite and specific properties, both physical and chemical, some of which are particularly pronounced and are very valuable for the particular textile application. Because of the different requirements that textile fibers have to meet, various properties are mutually exclusive, for example, high strength and great elasticity. The use of one type of fiber for a particular application is therefore always a compromise between the good, i.e. desirable properties of this fiber and its less desirable properties.
每周纤维的组成和来源都会赋予它十分确定和具体的物力和化学特性，其中一些特性在特定的纺织品应用方面尤其明显和有价值。由于纺织纤维必须满足应用领域的不同要求，而不同的特性之间相互排斥，例如，高强度和良好的弹性。因此，一种纤维在一个特定应用领域的使用总是在不同属性之间进行平衡，也就是，在这种纤维所需要的特性和不需要的特性之间求得平衡。
The tensile strength is determined by the force required to break the fiber. For textile raw materials, it is quote as the breaking length in kilometers, meaning that the weight of fiber would be sufficient to break the fiber. The extension of the fiber by tension make it break. The elongation is quoted as a percentage of the initial length. The water absorption of fiber is quoted as a percentage after immersing the fiber in water and then centrifuging it.
拉伸强度是由能够使纤维断裂的力量来确定的。对于纺织品原材料，使用千米断裂长度来衡量，也就是指这一长度的纤维的重量足以使纤维断裂。纤维通过张力进行拉伸直到断裂。拉伸率通过对比原始长度的百分比来衡量。纤维的吸水率通过将纤维浸泡水对比离心甩干后质量的百分比来衡量。
Before the development of synthetic fibers, the only textile fibers available to man were wool and cotton and to a small extent silk, and man had to be content with the properties of these fibers. The multiplicity of synthetic fiber makes it possible to obtain a greater variation in properties of synthetic fibers are established during their manufacture and are thus adjusted to satisfy the requirements for particular end uses.
在合成纤维发明以前，人类唯一可用的纺织纤维是羊毛和棉花以及一小部分的丝绸，人类不得不满足于这些纤维的特性。合成纤维的多样性使得它具有不同的使用性能。这些合成纤维的不同性能在制造环节中形成，这样可以通过调整制备工艺就能满足最终用户的不同要求。
Exercise: 汉译英
很显然，天然纤维无法像合成纤维一样满足极端的要求，合成纤维特别适合于极端的要求，这一点已经得到证实，一些例子将有助于加强这一观点。
It is clear that no natural fiber can satisfy the extreme requirements just as synthetic fibers have done, which proved themselves particular suitable. Some examples will help to emphasize this point.
汽车和飞机轮船能够满足在启动、刹车和着陆时的苛刻要求，归功于其中含有的纤维帘布，这种帘布是由高强度粘胶纤维布和聚酰胺纤维制成的。
Automobile and airplane tires have been able to meet the severe requirements of starting, braking and landing, thanks to the textile ply they contained which are made of high strength rayon and polyamide.
UNIT 19 Environmentally Friendly products
环境友好产品
Every stage of a product’s life cycle has an environmental impact with extraction of raw materials, continuing through processing, manufacturing, and transportation, and concluding with consumption and disposal or recovery. Technology and chemical science are challenged at every stage. Redesigning products and processes to minimize environmental impact requires a new philosophy of production and a different level of understanding of chemical transformations.
一种产品在其使用周期的每个阶段都会对环境产生影响，起始于原材料选取、经过接下来的加工、制造、运输，终止于消费和处理或回收。在每个阶段都对工艺学和化学提出了挑战。重新设计和加工过程来最大程度的减少对环境的影响，需要一种新的生产理念和在不同水平层面上对化学转化的理解。
Environmentally friendly products require novel materials that are reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable; properties of the materials are determined by the chemical composition and structure. To minimize waste and polluting by-products, new kinds of chemical process schemes will have to be developed. Improved chemical separation techniques are needed to enhanced efficiency and to remove residual pollutants, which in turn will require new chemical treatment methods in order to render them harmless.
环境友好的产品要采用可重复利用的、可回收的或可生物降解的新材料。而原材料的特性是由其化学组成和结构决定的。为了尽可能的减少废弃物和副产品的生成，需要开发新型的化学工艺路线，并改进化学分离技术，高效分离出残余污染物，而这些残余污染物也需要新的化学处理方法使其变得无毒无害。
Knowledge of chemical transformations can also help in the discovery of previously unknown environmental problems. The threat to the ozone layer posed by CFCs was correctly anticipated through fundamental studies of atmospheric chemistry, eventually leading to international agreements for phasing out the production of these otherwise useful chemical in favor of equally functional but environmentally more compatible alternatives.
化学转化过程的知识同样有助于发现先前未知的环境问题。氯氟化碳（CFC）对臭氧层的威胁就是通过对大气化学基础研究所得出的正确预见，最终国际上一致赞同逐步淘汰这些原本有用的化学品，取而代之以具有同等功效但是与环境更和谐的产品。
Exercise: 汉译英
哪些不容易转化为无害物质的放射性元素和重金属污染物，则需要将他们固定在惰性材料中以便安全地存放。最后一点，对环境污染尚无意识的早期遗留下来的污染物，需要进一步用化学和生物技术进行修理。
Pollutants such as radioactive elements and toxic heavy metals that cannot be readily converted into harmless materials will need to immobilized in inert materials so that they can safely stored. Finally, the leftover pollution of an earlier, less environmentally aware era demands improved chemical and biological remediation techniques.
UNIT 20 Heat Transfer 热传递
Heat, as a form of energy, can not be created or destroyed. Heat can be transferred from one substance to another. Heat always tends to pass from warmer objects to cooler ones. When a warm substance comes in contact with a cold substance, the molecular of the warm substance collide with the molecules of the way to transfer heat.
作为能量的一种形式，热不能被创造，也不能被毁灭。热能够从一种物质转移到另一物质上。热总是趋向于从热的物体传递到冷的物体。当一个热的物体与一个冷的物体接触的时候，热物体的分子与冷物体的分子相互碰撞，并将自身的部分能量传递给冷物体的分子，但这只
是热传递的一种方式。
In a chemical plant, for example, in a refinery, transfer of heat is very important. The successful operation of most processes is dependent on correct application of insulate the system to hold the heat in; where the material is cold, we may insulate to heat, is in use in almost all chemical plants. 对于一个化工装置，比如，一个炼厂，热传递是非常重要的。大多数工艺过程的成功运行都取决于正确的应用热传递原理。当我们处理热物料的时候，我们可能会对系统进行绝热处理，以保存热量；当物料为冷物料时，我们也可能会对系统进行绝热处理，以防止热量进入。用来充分利用工艺热量的高效换设备，几乎在所有的化工厂都有所应用。
Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another within a liquid or gas by mixing one part of liquid or gas with the other. It could be defined as the process by which gases and liquids move about, due to changes in temperature and pressure. A gas or liquid expands when heated. It becomes lighter and moves upward as gravity pulls the heavier, less heated gas or liquid downward.
对流是通过一部分液体或气体与另一部分进行混合，从而使热量在液体或气体内某个部位传递到另一个部位。对流可以定义为由于温度和压力的变化而引起的气体或液体移动的过程。当受热时，气体或液体会膨胀，并开始变轻且向上移动；同时重力将使较重和受热较少气体或者液体向下流动。
Three methods of heat transfer of heat are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat that occurs by direct contact between two objects at different temperatures, or the transfer from one part of an object to another part of the same object, without movement or mixture of particles.
热传递的三种方法是热传导、对流和辐射。传导是两个不同温度的物体直接接触，或者同一物体的一部分与另一部分之间发生的热传递，并没有发生颗粒的移动或混合。Exercise: 汉译英
蒸汽散热器是对流加热的一个很好的例子。空气与散热器解除后受热上升因为它比房间内其余的空气更轻，冷空气就取代了他的位置。
辐射是通过热波或通过电磁波将热量从一个加热的屋体传递到一个冷物体。与收音机信号类似，辐射可以通过空间进行能量传递。
A steam radiator is a good example of heating by convection. Air in contact with the radiator warms and rises because it is lighter than the other air in the room. It is displaced by cooler air. Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. Similar to radio signals, radiation can transfer energy through empty space.
第一部分
一、阅读理解：
(一)How to be Happy如何获得幸福
In the past two weeks
过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞里格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
第一步：平和安静
Jonathon Haidit in his excellent
乔纳森.海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪音会引发我们面对
2020年职称英语考试真题及答案(综合类C级) US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. (46) 2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. (47) 3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4 (49) The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. (50)
试卷一 I. Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 1. It is possible to predict how much energy and water a building will consume, how much _______ will be needed. A. matter B. things C. material D. substance 2. They found that the positive thinkers sold 37 percent more insurance than did the_______ thinkers. A. negative B. positive C. active D. passive 3. In labs around the world, bad bugs are undergoing the ultimate rehabilitation, being _______ from life-threatening viruses and bacteria into lifesaving therapeutic agents. A. translated B. transported C. transformed D. transmitted 4. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the _______rainfall of this area. A. numerous B. abundant C. plenty D. substantive 5. We know that many animals _______ the deep seas at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch. A. live on B. live in C. live through D. live up to 6. Speakers and writers of the Germanic languages _______for a great deal of the world's output in everything from economics to literature to military to science and technology. A. account B. allow C. apply D. arrange 7. _______of the great state of Illinois, let me express my deepest gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. A. On account B. In honor C. In place D. On behalf 8. The companies that are finding ways to hang on to their older workers _______ from an intangible commodity: wisdom. A. obtain B. earn C. develop D. benefit 9. I raced to_______ Jill. A. keep on B. keep up with C. come up with D. come up to 10. Managers need to monitor inflation trends so they can make good _______. A. decisive B. decisions C. decide D. decided 11. Fluency can be _______ defined as "being able to communicate ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying." A. simple B. simply C. similar D. simplify 12. The number of vehicles has been steadily increasing. _______, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide that exceed legally established limits. A. Continuously B. Consequently C. Constantly D. Consistently 13. A(An) _______ is better than the text and may make the point clear. A. interpretation B. representation C. illustration D. draw 14. Some of the world's best mountain _______ is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps. A. scene B. scenery C. scarce D. scare 15. After a through research, the police __ most of the missing jewels. A. retreated B. refreshed C. recovered D. reminded 16. A gold-rated building is estimated to have reduced its environmental impact by 50% compared with a(an) __ conventional building. A. equivalent B. alike C. uniform D. likely 17. When pessimists __ in their first attempt, they usually say, "I can't do this." A. feel B. fail C. defeat D. lost 18. Six years __ before she got another note from Teddy. A. went into B. went around C. went by D. went on 19. The company owns a large number of _______ stores. A. export B. bargain C. retail D. trade 20. The cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information _______ on CD-ROMs and the Internet. A. preferable B. ready C. available D. considerable II. Grammatical Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 21. Put things back _______ you found them.
一、职称英语阅读理解文章（理工类）译文(参加理工A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) (3) 第一篇福特放弃电动汽车 (3) Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles (3) 第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 (4) World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict (5) 第三篇公民科学家 (5) Citizen Scientists (6) 第四篇汽车技术 (6) Motoring Technology (7) 第五篇深夜喝咖啡 (7) Late-night Drinking (8) 第六篇编制灯光 (8) Weaving with Light (9) 第七篇用糖为手机发电 (9) Sugar Power for Cell Phones (10) 第八篇引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 (10) Eiffel Is an Eyeful (11) 第九篇埃及饱受饥饿折磨 (11) Egypt felled by famine (12) 第十篇年轻雌猩猩学习优于她们的弟兄 (12) Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers (13) 第十一篇申请个人域名的网上费用 (14) The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself (14) 第十二篇纳佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击 (15) Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass (15) 第十三篇隐形环 (15) Invisibility Ring (16) 第十四篇日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车 (17) Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers (17) 第十五篇肋生双翅机器人学飞行 (18) Winged Robot Learns to Fly (18) 第十六篇日本人的地心旅行 (19) Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth (19) 第十七篇地球防晒霜 (20) A Sunshade for the Planet (20) 第十八篇石油匮乏 (21) Thirst for Oil (21) 第十九篇延长人类寿命 (22) Prolonging Human Life (22) 第二十篇深海探索器 (23) Explorer of the Extreme Deep (23) 第二十一篇植物，沼气的又一来源 (24) Plant Gas (24) 第二十二篇雪花 (25)
英语分级测试 第一篇How to be Happy 如何获得幸福 (2) 第二篇City Design 城市设计 (4) 第三篇Population 人口 (6) 第四篇Earthquake 地震 (7) 第五篇The Aftermath of BP Fulf Oil Spill----英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 (9) 第六篇Green Computers“绿色’’电脑 (11) 第七篇Cell Phones手机 (12) 第八篇Touch Tech触屏技术 (13) 第九篇Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 (15) 第十篇Carbon Emissions碳排放 (16) 第十一篇Marine Pollution海洋污染 (17) 第十二篇China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 (18) 第十三篇Market Economy市场经济 (19) 第十四篇CPI消费者物价指数 (20) 第十五篇The Internet互联网 (21) 十六篇Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用iPad延续梦想 (22) 十七篇3G Technology技术 (23) 十八篇Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 (24) 十九篇GlobaIWarming全球变暖 (25) 二十篇Alternate Energies替代能源 (26) 二十一篇Biofuels生物燃料 (27) 二十二篇Coal Chemicallndustry煤化学工业 (28) 二十三篇Resource Curse资源诅咒 (30) 二十四篇Company Management公司管理 (31) 二十五篇Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool人才库 (32) 二十六篇Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 (33) 二十七篇Chinese Oil Market中国石油市场 (34) 二十八篇0il Trade石油贸易 (35) 二十九篇How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 (36) 三十篇Project Management项目管理 (37)
2012年度全国职称英语等级考试 理工类（A级）全真模拟试题二 第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项 1. He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behavior. A. workable B. convincing C. practical D. reliable 2. Smoking is banned in the building. A. listed B. forbidden C. handled D. investigated 3. I want a job with good prospects for promotion. A. advancement B. replacement C. retirement D. advertisement 4. The report was compiled from a survey of 5000 households. A. printed B. attached C. written D. sent 5. The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication. A. great B. clear C. quick D. regular 6. Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle. A. faithful B. royal C. genuine D. sincere 7. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. A. immediate B. enormous C. equal D. moderate 8. He demolished my argument in minutes. A. disapproved B. disputed C. accepted D. supported 9. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. A. evidence B. danger C. case D. picture 10. Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil. A. failure B. doubt C. confusion D. relief 11. It was an article in the local newspaper which finally spurred him into action .
2012年职称英语考试理工类C 级真题试卷及参考答案
第一部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、The storm caused severe damage. A．physical B．accidental C．serious D．environmental 【答案】：C 2、Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early A．selected B．operated C．developed D．discovered 【答案】：D 3、The story was published with the sole purpose of selling newsp apers A．real B．main C．only D．practical 【答案】：C
4、A large crowd assembled outside the American embassy A．gathered B．watched C．shouted D．walked 【答案】：A 5、He kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Au stralia A．gradual B．regular C．direst D．occasional 【答案】：B 6、On the table was a vase filled with artificial flowers A．wild B．fresh C．lovely D．false 【答案】：D 7、We had trouble finding a pure water supply A．typical B．complete
UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福 In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient. 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。 Step 1: Peace and quiet Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. 第一步：平和宁静乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。 Step 2: Relationships This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. 第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。 Step 3: Share If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others. 第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。 1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage?(The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).) 2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?(Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.) 3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?(If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.) 1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset. 2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing. 4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression. 5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of w hat psychologists call “Duchenne" or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious. 幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。 According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. 全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。 Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace. 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。 So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious. 那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
2012年职称英语考试样题及答案
附录一： 2011年全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试 各专业类别及各等级样题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项 (第1～15题，每题l分，共1 5分) 下面共有l5个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择l个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。 l There are a limited number of books on this subject in the library. A large B total C small D similar 2 How do you account for your absence from the class last Thursday? A explain B examine C choose D expand 3 They had a far better yield than any other farm miles around this year. A goods B soil C climate D harvest 4 The town is famous for its magnificent church
towers. A ancient B old C modern D splendid 5 Have you got a spare pen? A a short B an extra C a thin D a long 6 What were the consequences of the decision she had made? A reasons B results C causes D bases 7 They didn't realize how serious the problem was. A know B forget C doubt D remember 8 We shall keep the money in a secure place. A clean B secret C distant D safe 9 The great changes of the city astonished every visitor to that city. A attacked B surprised C attracted D interested 10 The city has decided to do away with all the old buildings in its centre. A get rid of B set up
高化公司2009年初级任职资格外语考试试卷 英语 （120分钟内完成） 单位：姓名： 一、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分） 短文1（15分） A breakthrouth in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan. The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community’s solar energy program,Mr.Joachim Gretz,told journalists that at present levels of research spending,it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three per cent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums,devoted by the EEC to this work it was impossible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade. Mr.Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EEC’s need,this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year.And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be
2017年职称英语考试真题及解析 1．Many fine cooks insist on ingredients of the highest quality． A)demand B)rely on C)prepare for D)create 1．A insist on：坚持。与demand(要求；强求)意思比较接近。The Labour Party has demanded an explanation from the government．工党已要求政府作出解释。rely on：依靠。We have to rely on him for the tickets．我们不得不靠他搞票。prepare for：为……做准备。I have been preparing for the final exam．我一直在准备期末考试。create：产生；创建。His work created enormous interest in England．他的作品在英格兰引起很大关注。 2．Since the Great Depression，the United States government has protected farmers from damaging drops in grain prices. A)slight B)surprising C)sudden D)harmful 2．D damaging：有损害的。与harmful(有害的)意思相近。The rays of the sun，in excess，can be very harmful．过量的阳光可能会非常有害。slight：少量的。He has a slight German accent．他有一点德国口音。surprising：令人吃惊的。It was surprising that the little girl could answer this question．小女孩能回答这个问题，令人吃惊。sudden：突然的。There was a sudden drop in the temperature last night．昨夜气温突然下降。 3．Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages. A)crudely B)rarely C)originally D)symbolically 3．B seldom：很少；不常。与rarely(难得；不常)意思相近。I rarely get up early on Sundays．星期天我很少早起。crudely：粗糙地；粗野地。Everyone was dressed in crudely sewn shorts and shirts．人人都穿着缝制得很粗糙的短裤和衬衫。originally：原来；创造性地。I stayed longer than I had originally planned．我逗留的时问比原来计划的要长。symbolically：象征性地：The park was decorated symbolically.公园只是象征性地装点了一下 4 Nerve signals may travel through nerve or muscle fibers at speeds as high as two hundred miles per hour. A)velocities B)impulses C)ratios D)atrocities 4．A speed：速度。与velocity(速度；快速)的意思相近。Scientists spent years studying the velocity of light．科学家们花了许多年研究光速。impulse：冲动。0n impulse，I went into the shop and bought this expensive watch．在一时冲动下，我走进商店，买下了这块昂贵的手表。ratio：比，比率。The ratio of pupils to teachers is 30 to 1．学生与教师之间的比例是30比1。atrocity：暴行。They were guilty of the most barbarous and inhuman atrocities．他们犯有最野蛮、最不人道的暴行。 5．The poet William Carlos Williams was a New Jersey physician． A)doctor B)professor C)physicist D)resident 5．A physician：内科大夫。doctor：大夫。professor：教授。physicist：物理学家。resident：居民。