第一部分通用英语
Part One
English for General Purposes
UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福
Text
Read the text. Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.
In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.
Step 1: Peace and quiet
Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are
unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.
Step 2: Relationships
This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.
Step 3: Share
If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.
1. What's the happiness formula according to the passage?
2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic
noise pollution?
3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?
4. Where does the unhappiness come from?
5. What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?
Exercises
A. Translate the following sentences into English.
1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。
2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成
难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。
3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会
损害身心健康。
4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无
法解决的恶性心理困境。
5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。
B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.
There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what
Duchenne" or genuine smiles. What is less well psychologists call “
understood is why happiness is contagious.
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our
life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.
Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace.
So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.
【课文参考译文】
过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
第一步：平和宁静
乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究
调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长
期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。
每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环
境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能
会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
第二步：人际关系
这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。
父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛
苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关
系，或者学着继续前行。
第三步：分享
2020年职称英语考试真题及答案(综合类C级) US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. (46) 2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. (47) 3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4 (49) The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. (50)
1.The V alue of Time时间的价值 1."Time" says the proverb "is money". This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either produce some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time. 1.employ v. 使用，采用，雇佣，使忙于 employer n. 雇主，老板 employee n. 雇员，从业人员 employment n. 使用，职业，雇佣 Employment rate 就业率，雇用率 2.Either …or… 要么…要么…; 二者择一的 Neither… nor… 两者都不 Both… and… 两者都 3.fetch 取来，接来，到达 4.add to增添，添加，加强 5.so as to 以便，以致 6.enable sb to do sth 使得某人做某事 7.There is no doubt that…毫无疑问 8.think nothing of… 把… 视为平常 think a lot of… 看重；对… 高度评价 9.convertible adj. 可改变的，可交换的 convert v. … into… 使转变，转换，使…改变信仰 10.be equivalent to… 11.be tantamount to…相当于…; 无异于的 If you say one thing is tantamount to another, more serious thing, you are emphasizing how bad, unacceptable, or unfortunate the first thing is by comparing it to the second thing. 例句：What Bracey is saying is tantamount to heresy. 布里斯正在说的无异于异端邪说。 12.Think twice再三考虑，重新考虑 think twice about doing sth. 三思而后再决定做某事 13.Give one’s consent（n.）to sth…同意，赞成 例句：At approximately 11:30 p.m., pollard finally gave his consent to the search. 大约晚上11：30的时候，波拉得终于对搜查予以同意。
中石油与中石化的营销策略比较研究 经济管理系石油营销 贾贺博
进入现代社会文明，石油已经成为现在及其重要的资源,在现在，90%的的运输能量是依靠石油获得的。石油运输方便，能量密度高，因此是最重要的运输驱动能源。此外它是许多工业化学产品的原料，因此它是目前世界上最重要的商品之一.许多军事冲突（如海湾战争,伊拉克战争,三次石油危机等）中占据石油来源是一个重要因素，可见石油的重要性 我国的成品油行业起步较晚,随着大庆,胜利,新疆克拉玛依等油田的发现,我国的石油行业才逐渐的起步,而石油作为重要的国家战略资源,一直处于国家和政府的重重保护之下,到1993年，我国才逐渐放宽了石油行业的限制，开放了成品油的批发，零售业务。1998年国企开始逐渐改革，在政府主导下我国的石油石化系统开始进行重组，成立了中国石油；中国石化；中国海洋石油这三大集团公司，开始允许民营企业加入成品油的经营业务。 随着我国加入WTO后，全球经济一体化的快速发展，我国先后对外开放了成品油的批发，零售市场，在面对国外强烈的竞争市场，如美孚等一系列国外老牌石油企业的冲击.我国国内最大的两家石油企业———中石油,中石化现如今的营销策略又是如何呢？ 1. 中石油和中石化的销售模式 A .中石油 中石油的企业的销售模式一般都是统销。统销指的是中石油下属各大生产企业按照销售大区对市场的需求计划，统一安排产品生产，并对所生产产品按计划配置给各销售单位，销售单位在各自区域内实施销售。这种方式强调了计划的严肃性，同时强化了整体协调。 统销是企业发展的内在要求，是企业恶劣的竞争环境为统销提高了良好的契机, B. 中石化 中石化的企业则有所不同,一般为自销。自销是指下属各生产企业根据各自对巿场情况的研究判断，自主安排生产，并对产品自主销售。 自销有利于满足成品油消费者的多方面的需求和需要,并对消费者提供良好的服务,节约了销售费用,对企业和消费者都很有利,更灵活的掌握市场. 两者都有其明显的优缺点，中石油的“统购统销”的计划配置,对于成品油市场缺乏了解,需求计划并不完善,对市场缺乏变通。 而中石化的自销模式,在全国巨大的成品油市场上,在销售工作上需要花费大量的人力，物力，财力，成本上大大增加,很可能满足不了广大的成品油市场需求 2.中石油和中石化的产品营销策略
试卷一 I. Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 1. It is possible to predict how much energy and water a building will consume, how much _______ will be needed. A. matter B. things C. material D. substance 2. They found that the positive thinkers sold 37 percent more insurance than did the_______ thinkers. A. negative B. positive C. active D. passive 3. In labs around the world, bad bugs are undergoing the ultimate rehabilitation, being _______ from life-threatening viruses and bacteria into lifesaving therapeutic agents. A. translated B. transported C. transformed D. transmitted 4. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the _______rainfall of this area. A. numerous B. abundant C. plenty D. substantive 5. We know that many animals _______ the deep seas at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch. A. live on B. live in C. live through D. live up to 6. Speakers and writers of the Germanic languages _______for a great deal of the world's output in everything from economics to literature to military to science and technology. A. account B. allow C. apply D. arrange 7. _______of the great state of Illinois, let me express my deepest gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. A. On account B. In honor C. In place D. On behalf 8. The companies that are finding ways to hang on to their older workers _______ from an intangible commodity: wisdom. A. obtain B. earn C. develop D. benefit 9. I raced to_______ Jill. A. keep on B. keep up with C. come up with D. come up to 10. Managers need to monitor inflation trends so they can make good _______. A. decisive B. decisions C. decide D. decided 11. Fluency can be _______ defined as "being able to communicate ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying." A. simple B. simply C. similar D. simplify 12. The number of vehicles has been steadily increasing. _______, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide that exceed legally established limits. A. Continuously B. Consequently C. Constantly D. Consistently 13. A(An) _______ is better than the text and may make the point clear. A. interpretation B. representation C. illustration D. draw 14. Some of the world's best mountain _______ is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps. A. scene B. scenery C. scarce D. scare 15. After a through research, the police __ most of the missing jewels. A. retreated B. refreshed C. recovered D. reminded 16. A gold-rated building is estimated to have reduced its environmental impact by 50% compared with a(an) __ conventional building. A. equivalent B. alike C. uniform D. likely 17. When pessimists __ in their first attempt, they usually say, "I can't do this." A. feel B. fail C. defeat D. lost 18. Six years __ before she got another note from Teddy. A. went into B. went around C. went by D. went on 19. The company owns a large number of _______ stores. A. export B. bargain C. retail D. trade 20. The cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information _______ on CD-ROMs and the Internet. A. preferable B. ready C. available D. considerable II. Grammatical Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 21. Put things back _______ you found them.
2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气
翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能
目录 1.绪论 (2) 1.1论文选题背景 (2) 1.2 论文选题的目的与意义 (3) 1.3论文研究内容与框架 (3) 2．相关理论概述 (4) 2.1选取研究方法的原因 (4) 2.2盈利能力 (4) 2.2.1盈利能力的概述 (4) 2.2.2影响企业盈利能力的因素 (5) 2.3营运能力 (7) 2.3.1营运能力的概述 (7) 2.3.2营运能力分析的内容 (7) 2.3.3企业营运能力分析的目的 (8) 3．石油行业与企业介绍 (9) 3.1石油行业概述及现状 (9) 3.2中石油简介 (10) 3.2.1中石化简介 (10) 4.盈利能力与营运能力的分析 (11) 4.1盈利能力分析 (11) 4.1.1销售毛利率 (11) 4.1.2销售净利率 (11) 4.1.3总资产报酬率（ROA） (12) 4.1.4每股收益 (12) 4.1.5关于盈利能力的总结 (13) 4.2营运能力的分析 (13) 4.2.1总资产周转率 (13) 4.2.2流动资产周转率 (14) 4.2.3固定资产周转率 (14)
4.2.4存货周转率 (15) 4.2.5应收账款周转率 (15) 4.2.6关于营运能力的总结 (16) 5.结论与建议 (16) 5.1结论 (16) 5.2建议 (17) 谢辞 (18) 参考文献 (19)
中石油与中石化盈利能力和营运能力的对比分析 摘要：石油的发展吸引着全球人的目光，是因为它是当今世界经济发展的主要能源。由于中石油和中石化是两家大型的我国石油行业重要且具有代表性的企业。两家企业能否平稳且高效的运行不但关系到企业自身，更对我国整体经济的发展起到至关重要的作用。所以本文选取这两家企业作为目标企业，对它们进行了简单的介绍。 再对中石油与中石化进行财务报表的分析。利用这两个公司最近三年即2014-2016年的财务报表，用财务分析方法的盈利能力和营运能力进行详细的财务指标分析和总结分析。借此机会来了解上述两个企业的财务现状及企业经营成效。 最后经过各经济指标的分析，总结得出（１）中国石油和中国石化两家企业在比较其他国內石油和石化企业来说不论是财务的数据还是财务相关的指标各方面都表现出了相对更高于国内行业的平均水平（２）中国石油在盈利能力方面要强于中国石化。但在面对压力和挑战时，中石化表现出更强的适应性。根据前几章内容的介绍和两项财务能力的分析，对这两家企业如何应付竞争和可持续发展的问题提供了几条建议。关键词：财务报表，中石油，中石化，石油市场，财务分析 A comparative analysis of profitability and operating capacity of PetroChina and Sinopec Abstract：The development of oil attracts the attention of the whole world because it is the main energy source for economic development. This paper chooses China Petroleum and Sinopec as two state-owned listed companies and has made a brief introduction to them because the two companies are not only related to the steady development of the whole economy, The development of the national economy has important significance. And then based on the two companies nearly three years of financial statements, PetroChina, Sinopec's financial statements of the profitability and operational capacity of a detailed analysis. To understand its financial situation and the results of the operation of the company. Finally, after the analysis of economic indicators, summed up (1) PetroChina and Sinopec two companies compared with other domestic petrochemical enterprises in the financial data and related indicators of the performance is relatively better than the domestic industry average (2) China Oil profitability is higher than Sinopec. Finally, based on the previous financial analysis, the two companies to provide recommendations for sustainable development. Key words：financial statements；PetroChina,；Sinopec；Oil market,；financial analysis
中石化加油IC卡与中石油加油卡区别 IC中国石化加油IC卡：客户持有效证件到广东石油分公司指定发卡网点申请即可办理，充值即可加油。 中国石化加油IC卡：可分为单用户卡和多用户卡，对于车辆较多的单位可申请多用户卡，客户可根据实际情况为附卡分配金额。 牡丹中油卡：客户需到工商银行申请办理，按照申请人的收入、工作单位等情况核定给予办理，最快办理时间为7－15个工作日。 只可以为个人办理，单位用户不可办理牡丹中油卡。 牡丹中油卡：可分为借贷卡和信用卡两种，借贷卡不可透支，信用卡按照申请人信誉情况给予核定透支额度。 中国石化：全省系统内共有自营在营加油IC卡加油站1299座，销售网点462座。 中国石油：广东省内可使用牡丹中油卡的加油站只有250座左右（牡丹中油卡目前只适用于中国石油独资加油站，在其与BP合资的加油站不能使用）。 ——中国石化加油IC卡：卡机联动的方式，即客户持卡加油时，必须先将加油卡插入加油机才能进行消费，不能在POS机上刷卡，因此持卡客户不能在便利店刷卡购物消费，也不能提取现金或做加油站其他消费。 ——牡丹中油卡：客户加油时为先加油后刷卡，具体刷卡金额为加油站收银员输入为准，可在便利店购物后一起刷卡。 ——中国石化加油IC卡：可设置限油品、限油站、限交易金额等相关限制信息，加强加油IC卡的资金安全和使用管理。 牡丹中油卡：只可设置密码，不可设置其他限制信息。 ——中国石化加油IC卡：月末可到销售网点打印所有加油清单，清单内容包括加油时间、加油品种、加油数量、加油地点、加油卡余额等。 牡丹中油卡：目前未公布是否可以打印对账单。 ——中国石化加油IC卡：客户可选择开具普通发票或增值税发票，普通发票在充值时即可开具，增值税发票则按照实际加油量开具。方便单位客户进行结算。 中国石化加油IC卡：实行加油积分奖励优惠制度，通过加油累计积回馈客户，使用加油IC卡每加一升油可积一分，客户可根据积分情况兑换精美礼品。 牡丹中油卡：由于目前中国石油新推出牡丹中油卡，且可持卡加油的加油站数量很少，宣传重点在于加油可享受1％的优惠。
英语分级测试 第一篇How to be Happy 如何获得幸福 (2) 第二篇City Design 城市设计 (4) 第三篇Population 人口 (6) 第四篇Earthquake 地震 (7) 第五篇The Aftermath of BP Fulf Oil Spill----英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 (9) 第六篇Green Computers“绿色’’电脑 (11) 第七篇Cell Phones手机 (12) 第八篇Touch Tech触屏技术 (13) 第九篇Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 (15) 第十篇Carbon Emissions碳排放 (16) 第十一篇Marine Pollution海洋污染 (17) 第十二篇China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 (18) 第十三篇Market Economy市场经济 (19) 第十四篇CPI消费者物价指数 (20) 第十五篇The Internet互联网 (21) 十六篇Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用iPad延续梦想 (22) 十七篇3G Technology技术 (23) 十八篇Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 (24) 十九篇GlobaIWarming全球变暖 (25) 二十篇Alternate Energies替代能源 (26) 二十一篇Biofuels生物燃料 (27) 二十二篇Coal Chemicallndustry煤化学工业 (28) 二十三篇Resource Curse资源诅咒 (30) 二十四篇Company Management公司管理 (31) 二十五篇Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool人才库 (32) 二十六篇Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 (33) 二十七篇Chinese Oil Market中国石油市场 (34) 二十八篇0il Trade石油贸易 (35) 二十九篇How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 (36) 三十篇Project Management项目管理 (37)
花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off the conversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理
中石油、中石化、中海油、中国中化、中国化工的区别 中石油、中石化、中海油、中国中化、中国化工的区别 在央企名单中，涉及石油化工的共有中石油、中石化、中海油、中国中化、中国化工、中国化学工程6家企业，相近，由于名称大家经常会混淆，笔者简要总结如下： 1、中石油（2009年中国企业500强第2位，营业收入12730亿元） 中国石油天然气集团公司（简称《中国石油集团》，英文缩写：CNPC）是根据国务院机构改革方案，于1998年7月在原中国石油天然气总公司的基础上组建的特大型石油石化企业集团，系国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司，是实行上下游、内外贸、产销一体化、按照现代企业制度运作，跨地区、跨行业、跨国经营的综合性石油公司。 作为中国境内最大的原油、天然气生产、供应商和最大的炼油化工产品生产、供应商，中国石油集团业务涉及石油天然气勘探开发、炼油化工、管道运输、油气炼化产品销售、石油工程技术服务、石油机械加工制造、石油贸易等各个领域，在中国石油、天然气生产、加工和市场中占据主导地位。 2、中石化（2009年中国企业500强第1位，营业收入14624亿元） 中国石油化工集团公司(简称中国石化集团公司，英文缩写Sinopec Group)是1998年7月国家在原中国石油化工总公司基础上重组成立的特大型石油石化企业集团，是国家独资设立的国有公司、国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司。 中国石化集团公司主营业务范围包括：实业投资及投资管理；石油、天然气的勘探、开采、储运（含管道运输）、销售和综合利用；石油炼制；汽油、煤油、柴油的批发；石油化工及其他化工产品的生产、销售、储存、运输；石油石化工程的勘探设计、施工、建筑安装；石油石化设备检修维修；机电设备制造；技术及信息、替代能源产品的研究、开发、应用、咨询服务；自营和代理各类商品和技术的进出口（国家限定公司经营或禁止进出口的商品和技术除外）。
UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福 In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient. 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。 Step 1: Peace and quiet Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. 第一步：平和宁静乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。 Step 2: Relationships This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. 第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。 Step 3: Share If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others. 第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。 1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage?(The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).) 2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?(Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.) 3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?(If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.) 1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset. 2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing. 4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression. 5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of w hat psychologists call “Duchenne" or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious. 幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。 According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. 全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。 Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace. 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。 So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious. 那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。