An Introduction to Figures of Speech(修辞格)
Rhetorical Devices(修辞手法)
1. Simile(明喻)
Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things. It is usually introduced by “as” or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…as/as…so”, and “resemble” as the signs of comparison.
明喻就是打比方，指一事物像另一事物的修辞格。常用的比喻词有“as”or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…so /as…as”, and “resemble”等1). Mercy drops as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath.
—Shakespeare
2). The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.
3). Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air to water.
4). As a man whispers, so the breeze makes a low, hissing sound.
5) Learning resembles scaling the heights.
2. Metaphor(隐喻/暗喻)
Metaphor contains an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily or primarily used of one thing is applied to another. In other words, it calls one thing by the name of another or one thing is described in terms of another.
隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，它直接把一种事物比为另一种事物，不用比喻词，通常比较含蓄。
1). The imperialists and all reactionaries are paper tigers.
(All reactionaries and paper tigers are two entirely different things, but they are surprisingly alike in one respect: in appearance they both look strong and terrible, but in fact they are weak and can be easily crushed and defeated.)
2). The night had a thousand eyes.
(We think of the stars as if they were the eyes of a human being, and this produces a beautiful picture.)
3). There was a stormy discussion at our last meeting.
4). The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams
5). All the world’ a stage, and all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare)
6). Because of his wealth, he was a fountain of generosity to his
relatives and friends.
3. Personification(拟人)
Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person.
拟人是把物当作人来描写的一种修辞格。它变无灵为有灵，使表现对象栩栩如生、活灵活现。
1). the anger of the tempest.
2). the whisper of the leaves.
3). Look at the smiling moon. How bright she is!
4). The thirsty soil drank in the rain.
5). None preaches better than the ant, and she says nothing.
6). Liberty veiled her face, while the tyrant spoke.
4. Metonymy(借代/转喻/换喻)
Metonymy means a change of name. The thing spoken of and the thing meant may be wholly unlike, but the relation between them is such that the mention of one suggests the other.
转喻是指用一名称来指代与之密切相关的事物。
1). The kettle (=The water in the kettle) is boiling.
2). The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. (=her baby)
3). He succeeded to the crown in 1848.
. became the sovereign ruler)
4). The pen has more influence than the sword.
(=Those who use the pen have more influence than those who use the sword)
5). He reads Shakespeare. (= the works of Shakespeare)
6). Nowadays no one can claim to scholastic attainments, without
knowing Darwin and Einstein. (= the Theory of Evolution and the
Theory of Relativity)
7). After a day’s travelling we took a rest under the shade. (=the tree)
8). Many people love rosy cheeks.(= children)
5. Synecdoche(提喻/举喻)
Synecdoche is a figure of speech which consists chiefly in putting a part for the whole or the whole for the part, and which consists chiefly in putting the concrete for the abstract or the abstract for the concrete.
提喻是指以局部代替全体或以全体代替局部，以抽象代替具体或以具体代替抽象的一种修辞格。
1). The part for the whole
1). How to earn daily bread by my pen was the problem.
(= the necessaries of life) (B. Shaw)
2). The whole for the part
2). China (=The Chinese players) defeated Japan (=the Japanese players) in the men’s world table-tennis championships.
3). The concrete for the abstract
3). It was the circumstances that developed the poet (= poetic talent)
in him.
4). The abstract for the concrete.
4). He has done me many kindnesses. (= kind things)
Note: Metonymy and synecdoche are essentially the same in principle,
and therefore the distinction between these two figures is now regarded as of little practical value.
6. Hyperbole (夸张)
Hyperbole is a figure of speech which gently exaggerates the truth. In hyperbole, things are represented as greater or less, better or worse, than they really are.
夸张是指在事实的基础上进行夸大，用来抒发作者或说话人的强烈感情，表达自己的深刻感受。
1). I haven’t seen you for ages.
(while in fact it was only two weeks ago that you parted.)
2). A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is
putting on its shoes. 真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就走了大半个世界。
3). Had Cleopatra’s nose been shorter, the whole face of the world
would have been different.
（Cleopatra “埃及艳后”，美妙绝伦。她权利欲极强，先为凯撒大帝的情妇，后与安东尼结婚，安东尼失败后，又欲勾引屋大维，没有成功，随以毒蛇噬咬自杀。此句夸张这个女人的容貌与世界面貌的关系。）
4). The first lines of a long gypsy poem sing: “When a woman loves
a man, her body has the odor of a thousand apple trees in blossom.
The long lashes of her eyes fan the fires of his heart to flame.”
(Konrad Bercovici: The Wisdom of the Illiterate)
12. Euphemism(委婉语)
Euphemism is the use of a more agreeable word or expression instead of an indelicate(不当的), harsh(刺耳的), or depressing one.
“委婉语”源自希腊语“顺耳的话”，即用间接的言词取代生硬语，亦即采用转弯抹角和暗示的说法代替直截了当的话，使说话温和一些，幽默一些，避免不悦耳、不愉快或禁忌语。
1). Your statement is incorrect.
. Your statement is false.)
2). He passed away at six that morning. . He died.)
3). His relation with his wife has not been very fortunate.
. He often quarrels with his wife.)
4). He had opened his eyes with the sun at dawn, scratched, done his
business like a dog at the roadside, washed at the public fountain.
（破晓，他随着太阳的升起睁开眼睛，瘙痒，像狗一样在路边大小便，
在喷泉旁边洗洗脸。）
(Gibort Highet: Diogenes and Alexander)
13. Onomatopoeia (拟声法)
Onomatopoeia is the use of words to imitate a sound appropriate to the sense.
1). The door banged after him.（把…砰得关上）
2). The rain pattered all night.（雨啪嗒啪嗒地下）
3). A sharp rattle was heard on the window, which made the children
jump.（格格声）
4). There were tinkling(叮当声)of small bells and jingling(叮叮当
当)of big bells as the sledge glided on the smooth ice in the stillness of night.
十、讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。
Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。
店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。
十一、通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。
书是“尝”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。
十二、头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.
7. Transferred Epithet(移就)
The transferred epithet is a qualifying adjective transferred from a person to a thing or from one thing to another.
把修饰词转换位置，不再修饰应该由它修饰的词，而修饰一个本不应该由它修饰的词。
1). He was engaged in a dishonest calling.(他在忙于欺诈行当)
(i. e. He was engaged in a calling, in which he was dishonest.)
2). The patient lay all night on his sleepless pillow.
(i. e. The sleepless patient lay all night on his pillow)
3). He closed his busy life at the age of sixty.
(i. e. He closed his life, during which he was busy.)
4).This is the cheapest market in this country.
(i. e. This is the market where the things are sold at the cheapest
prices.)
5). Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder.
. Hans shrugged his shoulder with showing contempt. )
6). She has expensive tastes in clothes.
(i. e. She has tastes in clothes, the prices of which are expensive.)
8. Antithesis（对照/对偶）
Antithesis is an opposition or contrast of words or ideas in the same sentence. It is emphasized by contrasting one thing with another, as health with sickness, war with peace, riches with poverty. In this figure, verbs should be contrasted with verbs, adjectives with adjectives, nouns with nouns, etc.
对照（对偶）是把意义相反或相对的语言单位（词语、从句或句子）排列在平行、对称的结构里，语义上形成互相对立或对照的一种修辞格。
1). Flattery brings friends; truth brings foes.
2). Knowledge makes humble; ignorance makes proud.
3). To read without reflection is like to eat without digestion.
4). False friends are worse than open enemies.
5). No bees, no honey; no work, no money.
6). Give me liberty, or give me death.
7). Speech is silver, silence is gold.
8). Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. （不是我不爱凯撒，而是我更爱罗马。）
9. Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)
Oxymoron is a figure of speech which combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect. It is formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms. An understanding of oxymoron can help us to enjoy more fully the implied complexity of descriptions and feelings.
矛盾修饰法把两个意思完全相反的词或词组搭配在一起来形容一项事物，去揭示事物的矛盾性，造成一种出人意外、引人入胜的效果。这种修辞方法，语言简练，富有哲理。
1). Painful pleasure.（悲喜交加）
2). A victorious defeat.（胜利的失败）
3). A thunderous silence.（此时无声胜有声）
4). I despise(=look down upon) its very vastness and power. It has
the poorest millionaires, the littlest great man, the
haughtiest(=aggrogant) beggars, the plainest（=not beautiful,
pretty）beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest(=very
sad) pleasures of any town I ever saw.
——O. Henry
我最蔑视权贵，这里我曾见过最贫穷的百万富翁，最渺小的伟人，最高
傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大楼，最无趣的乐事。
——欧·亨利
5). Beautiful tyrant, fiend angelical,
Dove feather’s raven, wolfish-ravening lamb,
Despised substance of divinest show,
Just opposite to what thou justly seems,
A damned saint, an honorable villain!
美丽的暴君，天使般的恶魔！
长着鸽子羽毛的渡鸦，嗜杀成性的羔羊！
神圣仪表下面的卑鄙本质！
正是你的外貌的对立面，
该遭诅咒的圣徒，体面的恶棍！
——威廉·莎士比亚
10. Climax (渐强法/层进法/递进法)
Climax is a series of words, phrases, clauses or sentences arranged in order with increasing strength or importance. The climax is, if skillfully used, will promote force.
渐强法（层进法、递进法）修辞法是把一系列短语或句子用升级的手法按语势的强度顺序排列，所表达的内容由浅入深，由小到大，由轻到重，由少到多，由弱到强，使语势层层递增，渐进到最高强度。
1). I came, I saw, I conquered.
2). One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
3). The audience smiled, chuckled, and finally howled (哄笑).
4). We could not find pigeons here, there, everywhere.
5). But in a large sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate,
we cannot hallow this ground.
6). To educate yourself, you must read, study, observe, reflect,
reason, and think. (M. F. Burlingame)
7). Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing
an exact man. ——Francis Bacon
8). Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some
few to be chewed and digested.
——Francis Bacon
11. Anticlimax =Bathos(渐降法/突降法/顿降法)
Anticlimax is the reverse of Climax: . the least important thought is put at the close. It is often used in humorous writings. This figure is also called Bathos
渐降法是与层进法相反，作者所描写的事物意义重大、深刻，本应推向高潮，
但突然却转入微不足道、平淡的琐事，或荒诞的事物。即由大到小、从强到弱、从重到轻、从高到低降下来，与读者或听众的预期不同或相反，使人哑然失笑，使严肃的内容变得诙谐。
1). O dear! O dear! What shall I do?
I have lost my beau and lipstick too.
哦，天啊！哦，天啊！我该怎没办啊?
我失去了我的情人，还失去了我的口红。
2). He lost his empire, his family and his fountain-pen.（自来水笔）
3).The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel
potatoes.（战士的职责是包围祖国和剥土豆）
4). Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and
happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the
world for its——oysters.
14. Parallelism(平行结构)
Parallelism is a figure which consists of a continued comparison of two or more similar objects, showing the points of resemblance and of difference. It is an extended antithesis.
英语parallelism(平行结构)源于希腊语parallelismos, 意思是alongside one another(并排)，它是英语中最常见的修辞格之一，广泛应用于诗歌、散文、喜剧、小说及讲演中。它是把结构相同或相似、意义相关或并重、语气一致的语言分别平行并列在一起的一种修辞方法，能使读者感到它具有语义丰富、音韵铿锵、句式匀称等特点。
1). With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray
together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom
together, knowing that we will be free one day.
(Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream)
2). There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the
territory of the other; neither of us seeks domination over the
other; neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the
world.
(Winston Churchill: Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the Pun(双关) Pun is a play upon words that are similar in sound but different in sense. It is seldom used except for jest. (笑话、俏皮话=joke)英语Pun(双关)源自拉丁语paronomazein，意为“以不同的名称称呼”，它是使用同音异义词或同形异义词进行的一种幽默表达方式，该词在句子里有双重或更多的含义，可作不同的解释，以造成一种滑稽、幽默的效果。莎士比亚、狄更斯、马克·吐温、萧伯纳等都是运用双关语的行家。
1). He laid down his arms.
(放下手臂 Eat our corn, you’ll smile from ear to ear.
(from year to year=year after year; ……保你笑得合不拢嘴)
3). Seven days without water makes one weak. (week)
4). An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of
his country.
16. Paradox (隽语/僻论)
（似非而是的隽语，或自相矛盾的话
Note: proposition见解、观点
succinct
Juliet: My only love sprung from my only hate.
Too early seen unknown and known too late!
Prodigious birth of love it is to me,
That I must love a loathed enemy.
——Shakespeare
Note: Prodigious(enormous/colossal)
Loathe(hate)
Colossal(extremely large)
我所钟情所至的是我唯一的世仇，
早已相见不曾相知，而今相知已太迟！
涌泉的爱浪喷自胸膛，
爱之所以是不共戴天的世敌。
——莎士比亚
1). More haste, less speed. (越急越慢)
2). The child is father to the man. (儿童乃成年人之父)
3). Those who have eyes apparently see little.
4). He who praises everybody praise nobody.
5). Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing
and kissing.
17. Zeugma (轭式搭配)
Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected.
(Syntactically: 在句法上)
Zeugma(轭式搭配)源自希腊文zengunai(用一副轭套上两个牲口)，轭式搭配的形式一般是用一个中心词（通常是形容词、动词或介词）来搭配或修饰两个或更多名词，其中这个中心词只能与一个形成自然搭配（合乎逻辑），而与另一个本来不能搭配（牵强搭配），不过巧妙地借助于前面那个正常的搭配，运用到后者的身上。结果不但不显得牵强，反而具有更强的表现力。正如其名，好像用轭把几头牲口硬套在一起拉车似的。看似硬套，却又能协调行进；看似强扭，却又能产生强大的合力。
1). He killed the boy and the luggage.
(He killed the boys and destroyed the luggage.)
2). Your young rooster( a young officer with the plumed hat) has lost
his fine hat and a great deal of his vanity.
( Rooster:雄鸡/自负者; plumed: 有羽毛的)
3). We ate a bun and a glass of milk.
4). She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
5). Ten minutes later, the coffee and Commander Dana of Naval
Intelligence arrived simultaneously.
6). I used to organize my father’s tools, my mother’s kitchen
utensils, my sister’s boyfriends.
过去我常为父亲摆好工具，为母亲摆好厨房用品，甚至安排姐姐与男朋
友约会。
18. Alliteration(头韵)
Alliteration is the use of succession of words with the same initial letter or sound. The repetition of sound usually occurs at the beginning of the words, but sometimes at the middle or end of them. It is a mere device for impressing the memory or pleasing the ear.
头韵指连续重复靠近字词的起头辅音，不一定是重复字词的首字母。头韵既简洁明快，又富于表现力，还具有音乐性，是有效的传达意思的语言手段，经常用在诗歌、文章标题、影片名或广告中。
1). Dumb dogs are dangerous.
2). Peter Piper picked a peck of picked pepper.
笛师彼得从泡菜里捡了一小块辣椒。
3). Life is the lust of a lamp for the light.
That is dark till the dawn of the day when we die.
生命是盏灯，追求着光明，
这光明实际是黑暗，直到我们死亡那天的黎明。
(Lust: passionate)
4). Next to health, heart, home, happiness for mobile Americans depends
upon the automobile.
对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、舒适和温暖的家庭，还取决于汽车。
19. Irony(反语)
Irony is a figure of speech in which the words of the speaker or writer seem to mean one thing, but in reality mean just the contrary. If your friend has done something foolish and you make fun of him by saying “He is very clever.”Then you are being ironical. Irony is a disguised satire, so this figure is also called Sarcasm.
所谓反语，就是说反话，是一种富有幽默感或精妙的挖苦人的表达方法，其所用的词语要表达的意义正与这些词语的通常意义相反。在一定的语言环境中，运用反语更能引起注意，加深印象，产生特殊的效果。
Oscar Wilde’s story “The Devoted Friend”is full of irony, and the story begins in an ironical tone:
1). Little Hans had very many friends, but the most devoted friend was
big Hugh, the Miller. Indeed, the rich Miller was so devoted to Little Hans that when he passed his garden he always picked a large bouquet of flowers or filled his pockets with plums and cherries
if it was the fruit season.
2). “Could you wait a few days for the money? I haven’t any small
change about me.”
“Oh, you haven’t? Well, of course, I know that gentlemen like
you carry large notes. ”
(Mark Twain: One Million Pound Bank-Note)
“我过几天再付钱行吗？我身边没有零钱。”
“啊，没带零钱? 嗯，当然啰，像您这样的绅士是只带大票子的。”
20. Inversion(倒装)
倒装是指改变正常的主语、谓语、宾语序或状语的位。常见的倒装是为了着重描写，把需要强调的句子成分移前，也有为了承接上文，把下句中与上句有关联的事物移到句首。
1). From out of the forest rushed a tiger.
2). Came frightful days of snow and rain. He did not know when he
made camp, when he broke camp. He travelled in the night as much
as in the day.
——Jack London
21. Repetition(重复)
Repetition is the use of the same word, phrase, speech sound etc. in a poem, speech etc. Its purpose is for the speaker to make a deeper impression on the audience.
重复是演讲者为了加强语气、强化语势、抒发强烈感情、强调所要表达的观点等，在诗歌或演讲中连续或间隔重复使用同一单词、短语或句子的修辞方法。
Yesterday the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hongkong.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Islands.
And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Islands.
——F. D. Roosevelt
22. Litotes (曲言法/间接肯定法)
曲言法是以反面之否定代替肯定之修辞格。
Litotes is a figure of speech which consists in making a statement by the use of negative before some other words, to indicate a strong affirmative in the opposite, as:
1). It is no easy. (= very difficult)
2). My French is not so bad. (= very good)
3). He is no mean opponent in the coming debate.
(That is to say, “He is a worthy opponent.”)
4). Not without effort he made this discovery.
5). Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.
(English proverb)
6). I never go past that house but I think of my miserable life in
the old society.
英语修辞手法
一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：
1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.
他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...
德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
三、提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。例如：
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
……他说这是世界上最美的语言。
这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the . team.
很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。
这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。
四、拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)
一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.
我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。
英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。
五、夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
1、My blood froze.
我的血液都凝固了。
2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst.
当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。
3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’svoice on the phone.
从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。
六、叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2、... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。
七、借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
八、双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.
“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
九、拟声（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.
她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。
英语修辞格 英语修辞格是运用特定的修辞手法和技巧来增强表达效果和语言的艺术感的一种文学表达方式。常见的英语修辞格有以下几种： 1. 比喻（Metaphor）：通过将一个词语或短语用于其本来意义以外的其他事物上，来达到描绘或表达的目的。例如，“他是 我的阳光”（He is my sunshine）。 2. 拟人（Personification）：赋予非生物或抽象事物以人的特 征和行为，以增加形象感。例如，“大海呼唤着我”（The ocean calls out to me）。 3. 比较（Simile）：通过使用"like"或"as"等介词来进行比较。 例如，“他像一颗流星，闪耀着美丽的光芒”。 4. 反复（Repetition）：通过反复使用相同的词语或短语，来 强调和重申某个观点或思想。例如，“我要尽力、尽力、再尽力”。 5. 双关（Pun）：利用一个单词或短语在不同语境中的多义性，制造出幽默或双重意义。例如，“时间都去哪儿了？它去吃饭了。” 6. 排比（Parallelism）：通过使用相同的结构、格式或语法， 来组织句子和表达思想，形成节奏感和增加强度。例如，“今 天我学会了爬行，学会了站立，学会了行走”。
7. 夸张（Hyperbole）：通过夸大事物的特征和情况，来制造 出夸张、强烈的效果。例如，“我等了一万年才见到你”。 8. 反问（Rhetorical Question）：利用问句的形式来表达观点 或意见，不要求回答，但更多是用来强调说话者的说法。例如，“难道我们不都是人吗？” 这些修辞格可以增加语言的表达力、形象感、感染力和艺术感，使文学作品或演讲更具有吸引力和影响力。
一、词语修辞格 （1）simile 明喻 ①...a memory that seemed phonographic ②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?” ③Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. ⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. ⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her. （2）metaphor 暗喻 ①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,… ②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A ④the last this intermezzo came to an end… ⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse… ⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me … ⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... ⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart ⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... ⑪When railroads began drying up the demand... ⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... ⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame... ⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...
英语中的修辞手法 1.明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。 例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face. ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。) ●Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。） I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2.暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。 ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风，把赞扬比作温暖的阳光， ●will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。） ●Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。) ●Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。） ●German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 ●The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h. 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance. 4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".
常用英语修辞格 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象 进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。) ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。) 暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它 直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby -sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？) ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。) 转喻(Metonymy) 是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。例如： ●My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻，以人名借代作品。 ●Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者，我能打的第一张牌是，太阳和月亮的相似性。) 文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据”，更加生动形象，浅显易懂，也使语言新鲜活泼，富有表现力。 拟人 (Personification) 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。例如： ●... four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(……四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落，它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作，作者给自然的花草赋予了生命，使它人格化。 ●But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好。)house本来是没有感情的，作者通过拟人的手法，表现房子里人的冷漠无情。 夸张(Hyperbole) 夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，
1. Simile 1. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. -----John Ruskin He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen for him to crow. -----George Eliot Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress：those who are without want to get in，and those within want to go get out．----P．M．Quitard 婚姻像是一个被包围的堡垒：外边的想要进去，里边的人想要出来。 Love goes towards love， as school boys from their books； but love from love， towards school with heavy looks． -----William Shakespeare 赴情人的约会，像学童抛开书一样； 和情人分别，像学童板着脸上学堂。 2. As the lion is king of beasts，so is the eagle king of birds． 鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。 As cold waters to a thirsty soul，so is good news from a far country． ----Holy Bible 有好消息自远方来，犹如以凉水供口渴者喝。 Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature，so Marx discovered the law of development of human history· ----Friedrich Engels 正如达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律。 3. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez． Ernest Hemingway：—For Whom the Bell Tolls 这匹马真雄骏，看起来仿佛是从一幅维拉斯奎茨的油画里跑出来的一样。 The first time I read an excellent book，it is to me as if I had gained a new friend． 我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说好像交了一位新朋友。 4. what型 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body． -----Sir Richard Steel 阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。 What sculpture is to a block of marble，education is to the soul． 教育之于心灵，犹雕刻之于大理石。 5. than 型 A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears． -----William M．Thackeray 愚人之不能自知其愚，犹如其不能自见其耳。 He had no more idea of money than a cow． -----John Galsworthy 他对金钱像牛对于金钱一样，一无所知。 2. Metaphor Happiness is a perfume that you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yourself. ---Ralph W. Emerson He that cannot forgive others breaks the bridge over which he himself must pass for every man has need
常见英语修辞格（总结版） 英语常见的修辞格 Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like，as，as if，as though等，例如： 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a
英语中的修辞格 (一)使用语音手段的修辞格.主要有: 1.头韵(alliteration):在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音.例如: ①Time and tide wait for no man. ②Suddenly the sky turned gray, The day, Which had been bitter and chill, Grew soft and still. 2.拟声(onomatopoeia):以相似的声音描摹非语言的声音.例如: ①She brou ght me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt-sunlight, the rustling(沙沙声、瑟瑟声) of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking(咯吱声、叽嘎声) of a door, the voice of a loved one. ②You see, life is made up sobs(哭泣声),sniffles(抽鼻子声) and smiles-but mainly of sniffles. (二)使用词汇手段的修辞格.主要有: 1.明喻(simile):用另一种事物比喻所要说明的事物,通常用like或as连用.例如: ①It(The hair) fell about her, rippling and shining like a brown waterfall. ②It(The lion) is as big as a very large dog. 2.隐喻(metaphor):不用like或as隐藏的比喻.例如: ①He sa id, "A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life." ②Hope is the poor man's bread. 3.提喻(synecdoche):以部分代替整体,单个代替类别,具体代表抽象,或反 过来,以全体代替部分,类别代替单个,抽象代替具体.例如: ①Once Lu Xun spoke to the youth about the study of foreign language.
英语13种修辞手法 比喻（Metaphor）：通过比较两个不同的事物来进行形象化的描述。 例句：Her laughter was music to my ears.（她的笑声如音乐般动听。） 拟人（Personification）：将非人物赋予人类特征和行为。 例句：The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.（花儿在轻风中跳舞。） 暗示（Allusion）：通过引用其他文学作品、历史事件或文化象征来传达特定的含义。 例句：He was a real Romeo with the ladies.（他对女士们来说就像真正的罗密欧。） 反问（Rhetorical Question）：用问句表达观点或意义，而不需要回答。 例句：Isn't it ironic that the firefighter's house burned down?（消防员的房子烧毁了，这不是讽刺吗？） 平行结构（Parallelism）：重复使用相同的语法结构，增强语言的韵律和效果。 例句：He came, he saw, he conquered.（他来了，他看到了，他征服了。） 排比（Anaphora）：在连续的句子或短语中重复相同的词或短语，以增强语义和节奏。 例句：I came, I saw, I conquered.（我来了，我看到了，我征服了。） 夸张（Hyperbole）：夸大事物的程度或规模，以强调其重要性或产生效果。 例句：I've told you a million times not to do that!（我已经告诉你一百万次不要那样做了！） 比较（Simile）：通过使用"like"或"as"等词来比较两个事物，以形象地表达相似之处。 例句：She sings like an angel.（她唱歌如天使一般。） 反复（Repetition）：重复使用词语、短语或句子，以增强表达的力度和记忆性。 例句：Never give up, never surrender.（永不放弃，永不投降。） 指称（Metonymy）：用一个相关的词来代替所要表达的事物。 例句：The pen is mightier than the sword.（笔比剑更有力。） 排比对比（Antithesis）：通过对比两个相反或对立的概念，突出它们的差异和对立性。 例句：It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.（那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代。） 倒装（Inversion）：改变正常的语序，以强调句子中的某个部分。 例句：Into the room came a beautiful woman.（一个美丽的女人走进了房间。） 头韵（Alliteration）：重复相邻的词或辅音开头的单词，以增强语言的节奏和韵律。 例句：Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.（彼得派普摘了一斗腌制的辣椒。）
英语修辞手法 Rhetorical Devices 1. 比喻 (metaphor) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻: 明喻 (simile): A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared. 明喻:一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较. 用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。 O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻 (metaphor): 缩写 met.， metaph. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如: He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 “A sea of troubles”“忧愁之海”
An Introduction to Figures of Speech(修辞格) Rhetorical Devices(修辞手法) 1. Simile(明喻) Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things. It is usually introduced by “as” or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…as/as…so”, and “resemble”as the signs of comparison. 明喻就是打比方，指一事物像另一事物的修辞格。常用的比喻词有“as”or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…so /as…as”, and “resemble”等 1). Mercy drops as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. —Shakespeare 2). The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. 3). Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air to water. 4). As a man whispers, so the breeze makes a low, hissing sound. 5) Learning resembles scaling the heights. 2. Metaphor(隐喻/暗喻) Metaphor contains an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily or primarily used of one thing is applied to another. In other words, it calls one thing by the name of another or one thing is described in terms of another. 隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，它直接把一种事物比为另一种事物，不用比喻词，通常比较含蓄。 1). The imperialists and all reactionaries are paper tigers. (All reactionaries and paper tigers are two entirely different things, but they are surprisingly alike in one respect: in appearance they both look strong and terrible, but in fact they are weak and can be easily crushed and defeated.) 2). The night had a thousand eyes. (We think of the stars as if they were the eyes of a human being, and this produces a beautiful picture.) 3). There was a stormy discussion at our last meeting. 4). The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams 5). All the world’ a stage, and all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare) 6). Because of his wealth, he was a fountain of generosity to his relatives and friends. 3. Personification(拟人) Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. 拟人是把物当作人来描写的一种修辞格。它变无灵为有灵，使表现对象栩栩如生、活灵活现。 1). the anger of the tempest. 2). the whisper of the leaves. 3). Look at the smiling moon. How bright she is!
Ⅴ. Figures of Speech (修辞格；修辞手段；比喻): a figure of speech is a word or expression used with a figurative rather than a literal meaning；a word or expression that gives variety or force, using words out of their literal meaning; a word or expression used in a different way from the normal one, to give you a picture in your mind 1. Simile: a comparison between two things, using the words like or as (as...as, as if/though included), as in He jumped as if he had been stung. (他像被蜇 了似的跳了起来。) or Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. (童年 就像一场疾逝的梦。) 2. Metaphor: the use of words to indicate sth. different from the literal meaning, as in ‘I’ll make him eat his words’ or ‘He has a heart of stone’ or The world is a stage. 3. Personification: instance of regarding or representing sth. as a person, as in referring to the sun and the moon by using ‘he’ and ‘she’, My heart was singing我的心在歌唱。This time fate was smiling to him这一次命运朝他微笑了。The flowers nodded to her while she passed当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。The wind whistled through the trees风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作 响。 4. Metonymy (转喻；换喻): (change of name) the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated, as in suit for business executive,the turf for horse racing, the crown for the monarch, No. 10 Downing Street for the British government or the Prime Minister, the bottle for alcohol, the bar for
英语写作常用修辞格 英语写作常用修辞格 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as 等. 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
常见的修辞格 Simile （明喻） Simile is a figure of speech involving a comparison between two or more things whic h are essentially different but have at least one property or characteristic in common. Words like as, as...as, as if, as though,( just) as... so, and like are the commonly us ed expressions to make the comparison. In writing the writer may compare something abstract to something concrete, someth ing remote to something proximal, something unfamiliar to something familiar, and so forth. e.g. That man can’t be trusted. He’s as slippery as an eel. The old man’s hair is as white as snow. Metaphor（暗喻/隐喻） Metaphor involves a comparison between two or more unlike things which share at le ast one property or characteristic, but the comparison is not explicitly stated. Instead, it is implied or condensed. e.g. There were a few lordly poplars（白杨树）before the house. He often prefaced his remarks by “I can’t help thinking…” ★the leg of a table Personification (拟人) Personification is a figure of speech that gives human attribute or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. It can make the description more vivid and more impressive. e.g. This time fate is smiling to him. Dusk came stealthily. Metonymy (换喻) Metonymy involves the change of name. In other words, this figure of speech involve s the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. The substituted nam e may be an attribute of the other thing or be closely related with it. e.g. When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen. His purse would not allow him that luxury. Synecdoche（提喻） Synecdoche, in contrast to metonymy, is a substitution of the part for the whole and the whole for the part.