修辞格(figures of speech)大体分为三类：
音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices )；
词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)
句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)
Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音.
Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）
皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。
With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。
Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运
用它可以使语言更加形象生动。
在英美文学终，拟声词的应用非常广泛：
如：摹仿金属声的有：clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack, etc.
摹仿水等液体声的有：splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splish-splosh, drip-drop, etc.摹仿各种动物叫声有：neigh, baa, moo, miao, screech, hiss, cook-a-doodle-do, etc.摹仿人的各种声音有：giggle, chuckle, shriek, snort, sneeze, snigger, smack, whisper, grunt, grumble, mumble, sputter, murmur, chatter, gurgle, whoop, etc.
note: (词义的转变)英语拟声词往往不仅仅指声音，并兼指产生声音的动作，（即转义后可做动词或名词）：
如：flap本指扁平物体拍打时发出的“啪嗒”声，但转义后也可做动词“拍打”（动词to flap,名词a flap）
又如：bang本指“砰砰”的敲物声，转义后，可指敲物的动作＂敲打＂（v. to bang, n. a bang）
（二）词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)
词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma etc.
Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻
体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语simile的比喻词一般是like, as（……as）等,汉语明喻的比喻词通常是好象、仿佛等。例如：
As brave as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛。
As timid as a rabbit胆小如鼠
Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、暗喻特点，如：
Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验为智慧之母。
He has a heart of stone.他的心像石头一样硬。
My brother studies hard. He is the head of his class.我弟弟学习很用功，他在班上
是头一号。
The fruit of his efforts. 他辛勤劳动的成果。
He lives in that match-box of a house.他住的房子火柴盒那么点大。
Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些源远流长的谚语、格言等。例如：
（1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。）
（2）The project is an economic albatross from the start.
这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾难中。)
Metonymy大体上相当于汉语的借代，如Crown（王冠）可以替代king, the white house 可以替代美国总统或政府，the bottle代替wine or alcohol. Ect.
The baby was brought up on the bottle.
这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy──用奶瓶代奶）
The pen is mightier than the sword.
笔杆子比刀枪厉害。
I don’t ride a wheel, but I am a good oar.
我不会开车，我会开船。
personification与汉语拟人完全相同，就是赋予物以人的言语属性。
如：宗教不得不干预政治。
It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion. Hyperbole与汉语的夸张完全相同,都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如：
His words made my blood freeze.听了他的话，我的血都快凝固了。
The woman shed a flood of tears.那女人泪流满面。
It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool. (夸小)
parody（仿拟）,
paradox（隽语）
transferred epithet（移就）
irony可以译成汉语的反语。例如：
everybody says it, and what everybody says, must be true.
大家都这样说，大家都说的肯定是真的。（实际上不是真的）
Pun与汉语双关一样，谐音双关（homophonic puns）和语义双关（homographic puns）。例如：
What does that lawyer do after he dies?--Lie still.那个律师死后干什么？──躺着仍说鬼话。(注：lie躺，撒谎；still安静地，仍然)
Allegory （讽喻）以形象的形式说明一些抽象的要领或深刻的道理,谚语是最常见的例子。例如:
①Fish begins to stink at the head.上梁不正下梁歪。
②You can not eat your cake and have it.两者不可兼得。
③Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口。
Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见，但在
汉语中很少见。如：
sweet sorrow忧喜参半(不是甜蜜的悲伤)；proud humility不卑不亢(不是骄傲的谦卑)。When the news of the failure came, al his friends said that it was a victorious defeat. she read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.
Zeugma（轭式搭配法）是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。例如：
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门，也打开了自己的心扉。
Sweet summer swear (Hotel California)
Clothes that fit the man and the times.
Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。
回避忌讳(linguistic taboo)
英语中的die
go to sleep长眠
to be dead老了
to expire逝世
to rest in peace 安息
to go west归西天
to go to one’s last home回老家
to pay the debt of nature了结尘缘
to be called to God去见上帝
to end one’s day寿终，谢世
to breathe one’s last咽气，断气
to be no more没了，不在了
to close one’s eyes闭眼，合眼
to lay down one’s life献身，捐躯
to depart from one’s life离开人世，撒手人寰
to go to heaven升天，仙逝，进天堂
to pass away去世，永别，与世长辞
软化语气：尽量减少对方的反感，以利于对方认同与接受。如：
由于大家都知道的原因，两国人民之间的来往中断了二十多年。现在，经过中美双方的共同努力，友好往来的大门终于打开了。（周恩来：《在欢迎尼克松总统宴会上的祝酒词》）
as it is known to all, the friendship relation between our two nations has suspended for more than 20 years, and now this door has been opened again with our common efforts.
通感(synaesthesia):五官感觉的相通,即身体的某个器官受刺激时,身体的另一个器官所
感觉到的感觉.例如:
She has a sweet voice(甜美的声音).(sweet是一种味觉,声音属于听觉感应的范围)
层进(climax):一层层地推进与加强最终达到高潮或顶点的修辞方式.例如:
①Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.(Bacon)有些书只须浅尝即可,有些书却要囫囵吞下,只有少数的书才值得咀
嚼和消化.
②Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡、早起使人健康、富有、智慧.
对照(contrast):揭出互相对立的现象,使它们相映相衬,以达到加强文势的效果.它包括一体两面的对照和两体对照.
(1)一体两面的对照:就是把相反的观念同时叙述在一个事物上,由此形成矛盾,并在矛盾上透出事物的特殊本质.因此,这种修辞手段也叫矛盾修辞格,例如:
①My friend said, what black and white and read all over?
②Many scientists have both these qualities, that is, they are both care ful and careless.
(2)两体对照:就是互相对立的两个事物并列出来,使它们彼此映衬,这样,黑者愈黑,白者愈白,能使人获得极鲜明,极深刻的印象.例如:
①Harm set, harm get.害人反害己.
②Careful and careless are as different as fire and water.
低调陈述(understatement):就是轻描淡写地来陈述一种想法.低调陈述最基本的表现方法有下列三种:
(1)正话反说:就是用no, not, none, never以及否定词缀等否定词与否定表达法来表述肯定的内容,这种表达方式在修辞学中有一个专门术语叫曲言法(litotes).例如:
①There is no doubt about it.
②The sort of medicine is not useless.
(2)回避正面直说或不作正面的回答:就是其中所表达的含意让听话人自己去琢磨,在这样用时,以"情态动词+不定式(不定式完成式)"为多.例如:
Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么来得这么晚? 这样说,比Why are you so late today?要委婉得多,其中的含义是:You should come here earlier. (实际上来迟了)？Syllepsis（异叙）此修辞格的特点是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）同时与两个词或者更多相搭配，巧用一词多义的特点。如：He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina,and clubs too.
I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didn’t have a clue what he meant. 试译：他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候，我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中，我一次次发脾气，一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成，老爸总是劝我“放松点，慢慢打，比赛结束得太快了。”我一点儿也不明白他的意思。再如：By day’s end,I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches,and I had lost mine pounds,my hearing,feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything heavier than the evening paper,一天快结束的时候，我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞，为此，我失去了9磅体重，失去了听力，失去了双手的感觉，还失去了举起比一张晚报更重的东西的臂力。
（三）句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostrophe等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶\反对、倒装基本相同。例如：
(1)I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night.
我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。（repetition）
(2)The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not?人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵，又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上，
何尝不是如此？(
rhetorical question)
(3)Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。(antithesis反对)
(4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.
气球腾空而起，飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe)
（5）chiasmus（回文）
（6）anticlimax（突降）
（7）U.S. stocks decline; global markets churn（平行结构parallelism）（8）catchword repetition（联珠）
（9）anticlimax（突降）
（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）
本文根据《大学英语》中出现的最常见的几种修辞格加以分析，希望有助于大家在学习英语的过程中能够恰当地选择修辞手段来丰富自己的表达。 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsint oshis wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。)在《品尝家》一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。 ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。)《礼物》一文中，老太太喜迎八十大寿，大女儿不来庆祝，只寄来一张支票。作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟，形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭，极度伤心的心情。 暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。 ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲 一、教师或教学团队信息 教师姓名职称办公室电话电子信箱徐桦副教授 本教师教授过的本科课程有：综合英语、英语泛读、英语视听说、英语写作、商务英语写作、英语语言风格、英语修辞学、英语词汇学等。所教授的英语写作获得2014年度学院“精彩课堂”奖；所教授的英语写作、英语词汇学、英语修辞学等课程获得学生评教高分。 本教师主要研究方向为英语课程论和英语写作教学。参加编写过多种英语词典、英语专业课本、和英语教辅书籍，其中参与编写的《英语语言学与教学丛书·写作教程系列》获2008年度上海师范大学教学成果三等奖。撰写和发表重要专业论文十余篇。担任2006-2008年度上海师范大学精品课程建设项目“中级英语写作”项目以及2009-2011年度上海市教委重点课程“英语写作基础”系列课程项目负责人。 二、课程基本信息 课程名称（中文）：英语修辞学 课程名称（英文）：English Rhetoric 课程类别：□通识必修课□通识选修课□专业必修课专业方向课 □专业拓展课□实践性环节 课程性质*：学术知识性方法技能性□研究探索性□实践体验性 课程代码： 周学时：2总学时：32 *2 学分: 4 先修课程：英语写作，英语语法 授课对象：英语（师范）专业本科三年级（5+6学期） 三、课程简介 本课程作为一门选修课程，向具备英语写作基础的学生介绍现代英语修辞学的研究内容、方法和主要修辞手段的运用；教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修
辞特色、组织安排及表达手段。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律，辨别英汉修辞技巧的异同，能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物，提高欣赏水平和语言修养，并恰当地使用修辞手段，提高语言交际效果。 本课程对于高年级的英语语言文学专业的学生是不可或缺的学习领域及环节，它集理论性和实践性为一身，具备较高的实用价值，对于提升学生的专业水平具有重要帮助。 四、课程目标 英语修辞学的教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修辞特色、组织安排及表达手段；通过修辞中的美学和非美学两套标准，系统传授英语修辞学的相关理论及实践技巧。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律，辨别英汉文化及修辞技巧的异同，能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物，提高欣赏水平和语言修养，并恰当地使用修辞手段，提高笔头及口头的语言表达效果。总之，本课程旨在培养学生针对不同目的、场景、对象，使用相应风格的英语交际能力，以及一定的研究英语语言有效表达的学术素养。 五、教学内容与进度安排*（满足对应课程标准的第2条） 本课程内容分三个大方面，第一方面为现代修辞学的研究对象、内容和方法，英语修辞活动的层次；第二方面为不同句法的修辞特色，短篇组织安排，文章写作和修改；第三方面为一些专题研究内容以及常用修辞格。
矿业工程专业词汇英语翻译abandoned workings 废巷道 abandonment 废弃 abelite 阿贝立特炸药 abichite 砷铜矿 ability 能力 ability to flow 怜性 ablation 水蚀 ablution 洗净 abnormality 反常 abrasion 磨损 abrasion resistance 抗磨蚀能力 abrasive 磨料 abruption 断层 abscissa 横座标 absite 钍钛铀矿 absolute error 绝对误差 absolute humidity 绝对温度 absorbability 吸收性 absorbent 吸收剂 absorber 吸收器吸收剂;减震器 absorbing ability 吸收性 absorption 吸收 absorption factor 吸收系数
absorption meter 液体溶气计absorptivity 吸收性 absortion constant 吸收常数abstraction of pillars 回采煤柱abundance 丰富 abundant 富有的 abutment 拱座 abutment area 支承压力带abutment pressure 支承压力accelerated motion 加速运动accelerating agent 速凝剂acceptance test 验收试验acceptor charge 被动装药accessory equipment 补助设备accessory minerals 副矿物accidental explosion 意外爆炸acclivity 上倾 accompanying bed 伴生层accoustic signal 音响信号accretion 表土 accumulation 蓄积 accumulator 蓄电池 accumulator capacity 蓄电池容量accumulator lamp 蓄电池灯
Simile 1.They are like the musketeers of Dumas … their thoughts and feelings. 2.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion…ends of the earth. 3.…like clouds of flies. 4.Everything is done… like inverted capital Ls… 5.And really it was like watching a …armed men,flowing peacefully up the r oad,while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite directi on,glittering like scraps of paper. 6.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. 7.Same age,… but dumb as an ox. 8.Peter lay … coat huddled like a great hairy… 9.It was like digging a tunnel. 10.I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. 11.Grandmother Macleod, her delicately featured face as rigid as a cameo… 12.… the fragrant globes hanging like miniature scarlet lanterns on the thin hairy stems. 13.At night the lake was like black glass… 14.The jukebox was booming like tuneful thunder… metaphor 1.The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simpl y not a concern. 2.…did not delve intoeach other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and f eeling. 3.It was on such … suddenly the alchemy of conversation … was a focus. 4.The glow of the conversation burst into flames. 5.We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. 6.The conversation was on wings. 7.As we listen… to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. 8.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries…of common sense. 9.Even with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips and slides in conversation. 10.When E.M.Forster writes of -the sinister corridor of our age,we sit up at t he vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image. 11.They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years,…are gone. 12.Down the centre…a little river of urine. 13.…in the past,… by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. 14.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. 15.And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. 16.… we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a
常见英文修辞手法（Figures of Speech） 英文的修辞手法种类繁多，功能多样，但总体说来，采用修辞手法，目的是为了使表达生动、形象，有感染力，给人以美感，即实现许渊冲先生所指的的语言的三美：“音美、形美和意美”。 1. figures of comparison: simile, metaphor. (resemblance of two identities) Simile: a figure involves an expressed comparison, always introduced by “like”, “as”or “as if”. e.g.: a. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama) b. Maggie?s hand is as limp as a fish. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama) Metaphor: the substitution of one thing for another because of the resemblance between them. It is an implied comparison without “as” or “like”. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be used metaphorically. e.g.: a. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar) b. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters? market lie elsewhere in the maze of the vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar) c. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. (The Trial that Rocked the World) d. H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him…(The Trial that Rocked the World) 2. Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility. 1）TO inanimate objects（把无生命的物体拟人化）e.g.: a. The thirsty soil drank in the rain. b. The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills and brings out surprises of beauty. 2) to inanimate living organisms (把有生物拟人化) e.g. a. He (the Fox) muttered as he retreated: “Well! What does it matter! The Grapes are sour!”…. ( Aesop’s Fables) b. Stray birds of summer come to my window to sing and fly away. And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, flutter and fall there with a sigh. (Tagore: Stray Birds) 3) To inanimate concepts or ideas (把抽象概念拟人化) e.g.: a. Wrong cannot afford defeat but Right can. (谬误经不起失败，但真理却不怕失败) (Tagore: Stray Birds)
英语修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的 自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力 气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；
[学科] 中医①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinese physician ①中医学的简称。 ②本学科专业职业队伍。 中药Chinese materia medica 在中医理论指导下应用的药物。包括中药材、中药饮片和中成药等。 中医学traditional Chinese medicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。 中药学Chinese materia medica 中药学科的统称。研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮片、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应用等知识的学科。 中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 本草：Materia medica 中药：Chinese materia medica，Chinese medicinals(包括植物药、动物药、矿物药等） 中草药：Chinese Herbal Medicine,Chinese medicinal herbs 中药学：Chinese pharmaceutics 药材：Medicinal substance(material) 中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine 中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 中医诊断学diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine 方剂学 prescriptions of Chinese materia medica， Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae/ prescriptions 中医内科学internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine [阴阳]The Theory of Yin and Yang 阴阳对立：Opposition of yin and yang 阴阳制约：Restriction of /between yin and yang 阴阳互根：Interdependence of yin and yang 阴阳消长：Waxing and waning of yin and yang 阴阳转化：Inter-transformation of yin and yang [五行学说]The Theory of Five Elements 五行：water，fire，wood，metal，soil 生：promote, generate, engender 克：act, restrict, restrain 乘：overact, over-restrict, over-restrain, subjugate, overwhelm 侮：counteract, counter-restrict, counter-restrain, rebel [整体观念] concept of organic wholeness 辩证法dialectics 生长化收藏sprouting, growth，transformation，ripening，storage 内外环境统一性the unity between the internal and external environments 机体自身整体性the integrity of the body itself 古代唯物论和辩证法classic Chinese materialism and dialectics 矛盾统一the contradictory unity 互相联系、相互影响related to each other and influence each other
常用修辞手法： 1. 比喻 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 2. 换喻(metonymy) 用一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。如the White House 代美国政府或总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol。 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 提喻(synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人(personification) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 5. 委婉(euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如： 用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替fat people 6. 双关(pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器) 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。 “Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer. “Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？ Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语(irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。 8. 头韵(alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a peacock
一、词语修辞格 （1）simile 明喻 ①...a memory that seemed phonographic ②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?” ③Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. ⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. ⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her. （2）metaphor 暗喻 ①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,… ②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A ④the last this intermezzo came to an end… ⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse… ⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me … ⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... ⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart ⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... ?When railroads began drying up the demand... ?...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... ?Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
一．词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻 它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ①―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird . ―C an I have these old quilts?‖ ②Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③My skin is like an uncooked（未煮过的）barley pancake. ④The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish （粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）. （2）metaphor 暗喻 暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats ) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。 ①It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,… ②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart ④The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤Her voice was a whiplash（鞭绳）. ⑥We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air,
十四行诗是一首抒情诗，包括一个单节14抑扬格五音线连接的复杂的押韵。用英文写的十四行诗中的诗韵有两种主要模式。意大利彼特拉克的十四行诗（14世纪意大利诗人彼特拉克的名字命名的）包括一个倍频程（8线），押韵abbaabba和一个sestet的（6线），押韵cdecde 或cdccdc。倍频程的sestet的转变往往与“转向”的说法或心情的诗。 莎士比亚的十四行诗（其最大的医生的名字命名的）包括三个绝句和最后的对联，押韵ababcdcdefefgg。“转向”最后的对联，有时可能会达到一个警句。有一个显着的变体，斯宾塞斯宾塞十四行诗，其中每首四行诗联系起来，未来持续韵：ABAB BCBC CDCD EE。有三个著名的十四行诗在伊丽莎白时代- 斯宾塞的Amoretti，莎士比亚的十四行诗和悉尼的星者和Stella序列。 颂：一些长度，复杂的抒情诗，以崇高的有尊严的生活，本来是唱的主题。颂诗是写一个特殊的场合，，兑现一个人或一个赛季或纪念事件。 头韵，头韵或初步韵是指相同的声音，通常声母的字或重读音节中任何相邻的序列的重复。 英雄对联（英雄双韵体）是一个押韵的对抑扬格五音线。它是由乔叟作为一个主要的英文诗叙事和其他种类的非戏剧诗歌的形式，它占主导地位的18世纪英语诗歌在19世纪初的重要性下降之前，特别是在教皇的诗歌。 斯宾塞节是9行节押韵的ABAB BCBC C，斯宾塞发明的。第一八是抑扬格五音线，最后一行是一个抑扬六步格线。 意识流：威廉·詹姆斯（William James）的看法，想法和感情在清醒的头脑来形容不间断的流，这是一个短语，它已被用来描述现代小说的叙事方法。它始终以内心独白的形式。詹姆斯·乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是英国作家的青睐和采用这种技术。 是一种常用的抑扬格五音韵律线，在传统的诗歌和诗剧。这个术语描述特定的节奏，在该行建立。这种节奏的测量音节的小团体，这些小团体的音节被称为“脚”。“抑扬”，描述了脚的类型，即（英语，非重读音节重读音节）。“五音”字表明，这些“脚行有五个。” 无韵诗（无韵诗）是在无韵抑扬格五音步诗。它是在一些英国最伟大的诗歌，其中包括威廉·莎士比亚和弥尔顿的诗歌形式。 象征主义：象征主义的写作技巧使用符号。这是一个文学运动在19世纪，并极大地影响了许多英语作家，尤其是诗人，20世纪后半期出现在法国。它使诗人压缩成一个图像，甚至一个字一个非常复杂的思想或一套想法。这是一个最强大的，诗人创作中采用的设备 唯美（唯美主义）文学运动在19世纪，那些相信“为艺术而艺术”的功利学说的反对，一切都必须在道德上或实用的。沃尔特·佩特和王尔德的唯美主义运动的关键数字。 具有讽刺意味的（反讽）之间的差异是什么，是什么意思的表达。 戏剧性的独白（戏剧独白）的一首诗，在一个充满诗意的扬声器地址的阅读器或内部监听器
1. 明喻simile Simile refers to a direct comparison between two or more things, normally introduced by like or as. He has been as drunk as a fiddler’s bitch. 1. 他醉得像小提琴手的母狗。 2. 他曾喝得酊名大醉/烂醉如泥。 If We haven’t got any money, we can’t buy a television.It’s as plain as the nose on your face. 1. 如果我们没有钱，就不能买电视机。这就像脸上的鼻子一样清楚明了。 2. 没有钱我们就不能买电视机。这就像秃子头上的虱子——明摆着的事。 Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster. 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他嘴巴紧得像牦蛎. 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。 I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. 2. 隐喻metaphor Metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more things achieved by identifying one with the other. That lady tries to make sheep’s eyes at her new boss. 1. 那位女士想向新老板投去绵羊之眼。 2. 那位女士想向新老板献媚。 Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers. The dye-market, the pottery-market, and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. It is a vast ,somber cavern of a room ,some thirty feet high and sixty feet square , and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick roof are only dimly visible. Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land ,guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many a British whipping
26种常见修辞格名称的释义及举例 英语修辞格的运用（二）名称定义 Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.以下是26种常见修辞格名称的释义及举例： 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly(simile)在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下来。 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, The world is a stage.世界就像一个大舞台。 Life is an isthmus between two eternities．(Metaphor)生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. Analogy:a comparison between one thing and another, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification 比拟说明，类比 4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal