常见英语修辞格（总结版）
英语常见的修辞格
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.
1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like，as，as if，as though等，例如：
1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.
他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a
comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.
隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs，shells and bulle ts……
德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
3) Analogy: (类比）Reasoning or explaining from parallel cases. A simile is an expressed analogy; a metaphor is an implied one. Itis also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogydraws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
1. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence.
(Sydney J. Harris, "What True Education Should Do," 1964) "Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo."
(Don Marquis)
2."Being obsessed with deficit reduction when the economy has suffered its largest
setback since the Depression is like being obsessed with water conservation when your house is on fire--an admirable
impulse, poorly timed."
(Daniel Gross, "A Birder's Guide to D.C." Newsweek, Nov. 16, 2009)
3."Harrison Ford is like one of those sports cars that advertise acceleration from 0 to 60 m.p.h. in three or four seconds. He can go from slightly broody inaction to ferocious reaction in approximately the same time span. And he handles the tight turns and corkscrew twists of a suspense story without losing his balance or leaving skid marks on the film. But maybe the best and most interesting thing about him is that he doesn't look particularly sleek, quick, or powerful; until something or somebody causes him to gun his engine, he projects the seemly aura of the family sedan."
(Richard Schickel, Time magazine review of Patriot Games)
4."If I had not agreed to review this book, I would have stopped after five pages. After 600, I felt as if I were inside a bass drum banged on by a clown."
(Richard Brookhiser, "Land Grab." The New York Times, Aug. 12, 2007)
5."One good analogy is worth three hours discussion."
(Dudley Field Malone)
6."MTV is to music as KFC is to chicken."
(Lewis Black)
7."Memory is to love what the saucer is to the cup."
(Elizabeth Bowen, The House in Paris, 1949)
Pronunciation: ah-NALL-ah-gee
4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
1、She may have tens of thousands of babies in one summer.（From“Watching Ants”）
一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for ajob again.
我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。
英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。
5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.
1、My blood froze.
我的血液都凝固了。
2、When I told our father about this，his heart burst.
当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。
3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’svoice on the phone.
从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. Contrast with hyperbole. It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
1."It's just a flesh wound."
(Black Knight, after having both of his arms cut off, in Monty Python and the Holy Grail)
2."The grave's a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace."
(Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress")
3."I am just going outside and may be some time."
(Captain Lawrence Oates, Antarctic explorer, before walking out into a blizzard to face certain death, 1912)
4."A soiled baby, with a neglected nose, cannot be conscientiously regarded as a thing of beauty."
(Mark Twain)
5."This [double helix] structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest."
(J. Watson and F. Crick)
6."I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain."
(Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In The Rye, by J. D. Salinger)
7."The new EU member states of Poland and Lithuania have been arguing this week for the summit to be called off, and criticizing the German preparations. For historical reasons, the east Europeans are highly sensitive to any sign of Germany cutting deals with Russia over their heads."
(The Guardian, May 17, 2007)
8."Well, that's cast rather a gloom over the evening, hasn't it?"
(Dinner guest, after a visit from the Grim Reaper, in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life)
9."The British are feeling the pinch in relation to recent terrorist bombings and threats to destroy nightclubs and airports, and therefore have raised their security level from 'Miffed' to 'Peeved.' Soon, though, security levels may be raised yet again to 'Irritated' or even 'A Bit Cross.' Brits have not been 'A Bit Cross'
since the Blitz in 1940 when tea supplies all but ran out."
(anonymous post on the Internet, July 2007)
7) Euphemism: (委婉）Substitution of an inoffensive term (such as "passed away") for one considered offensively explicit ("died"). It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".
1. He is out visiting the necessary.
他出去方便一下.
2. His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.
他与妻子关系不融洽.
3. Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.
4. Dr. House: I'm busy.
Thirteen: We need you to . . .
Dr. House: Actually, as you can see, I'm not busy. It's just a euphemism for "get the hell out of here."
("Dying Changes Everything," House, M.D.)
5. Dr. House: Who were you going to kill in Bolivia? My old housekeeper?
Dr. Terzi: We don't kill anyone.
Dr. House: I'm sorry--who were you going to marginalize?
("Whatever It Takes," House, M.D.)
6. Pre-owned for used or second-hand; enhanced interrogation for torture; wind for belch or fart; convenience fee for surcharge
Dan Foreman: Guys, I feel very terrible about what I'm about to say. But I'm afraid you're both being let go.
Lou: Let go? What does that mean?
Dan Foreman: It means you're being fired, Louie.
(In Good Company, 2004)
7."Euphemisms are not, as many young people think, useless verbiage for that which can and should be said bluntly; they are like secret agents on a delicate mission, they must airily pass by a stinking mess with barely so much as a nod of the head. Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne."
(Quentin Crisp, Manners from Heaven, 1984)
8. Mr. Prince: We'll see you when you get back from image enhancement camp.
Martin Prince: Spare me your euphemisms! It's fat camp, for Daddy's chubby little secret!
("Kamp Krusty," The Simpsons, 1992)
9. Paul Kersey: You've got a prime figure. You really have, you know.
Joanna Kersey: That's a euphemism for fat.
(Death Wish, 1974)
8) Metonymy (转喻）A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty"). Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, such as describing someone's clothing to characterize the individual. It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).
借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Several years later，word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them……
几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news，information”（消息、信息）
2、Al spoke with his eyes，“yes”。
艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
3."Many standard items of vocabulary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields."
(Connie Eble, "Metonymy." The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)
4."Detroit is still hard at work on an SUV that runs on rain forest trees and panda blood."
(Conan O'Brien)
5."Metonymy is common in cigarette advertising in countries where legislation prohibits depictions of the cigarettes themselves or of people using them."
(Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. Routledge, 2007)
6."I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches. They didn't do me any good. All they did was to make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again."
(Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep)
7.The White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday night.
"Whitehall prepares for a hung parliament."
(The Guardian, January 1, 2009)
8.The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings.
9."The B.L.T. left without paying."
(waitress referring to a customer)
10."Metaphor creates the relation between its objects, while metonymy presupposes that relation."
(Hugh Bredin, "Metonymy." Poetics Today, 1984)
Pronunciation: me-TON-uh-me
I.以容器代替内容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集
VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1. There are about 100 hands working in his factory.
他的厂里约有100名工人.
2. He is the Newton of this century.
他是本世纪的牛顿.
3. The fox goes very well with your cap.
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
10) Antonomasia (换喻）Substitution of a title, epithet, or descriptive phrase for a proper name (or of a personal name for a common name) to designate a member of a group or class. It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise
man.Daniel for a wise and fair judge.Judas for a traitor.
1. The character of James "Sawyer" Ford in the ABC TVtelevision program Lost regularly uses antonomasia to annoy his companions.
His nicknames for Hurley have included "Lardo," "Kong," "Pork Pie," "Stay Puff," "Pillsbury," "Jabba," "Deep Dish," "Hoss," and "Jethro."
2. Calling a lover "Casanova," an office worker "Dilbert," Elvis Presley "the King," Bill Clinton "the Comeback Kid," or Horace Rumpole's wife "She Who Must Be Obeyed"
3."What we have here? A bunch of fig-eaters wearing towels on their heads, trying to find reverse in a Soviet tank. This is not a worthy adversary."
(Walter Sobchak in The Big Lebowski, 1998)
4."When I eventually met Mr. Right I had no idea that his first name was Always."
(Rita Rudner)
5."If the waiter has a mortal enemy, it is the Primper. I hate the Primper. HATE THE PRIMPER! If there's a horrifying sound a waiter never wants to hear, it's the THUMP of a purse on the counter. Then the digging sound of the Primper's claws trying to find makeup, hairbrushes, and perfume."
(Laurie Notaro, The Idiot Girls' Action-Adventure Club)
6. Jerry: The guy who runs the place is a little temperamental, especially about the ordering procedure. He's secretly referred to as the Soup Nazi.
Elaine: Why? What happens if you don't order right?
Jerry: He yells and you don't get your soup.
(Seinfeld)
7."I told you we could count on Mr. Old-Time Rock and Roll!"
(Murray referring to Arthur in Velvet Goldmine)
8."I'm a myth. I'm Beowulf. I'm Grendel."
(Karl Rove)
11) Pun: (双关语）A play on words, either on different senses of the same word or on the similar sense or sound of different words. It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)
1. She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3. If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
4."When it rains, it pours."
(advertising slogan for Morton Salt)
5."When it pours, it reigns."
(slogan of Michelin tires)
6."What food these morsels be!"
(slogan of Heinz pickles, 1938)
7."American Home has an edifice complex."
(slogan of American Home magazine)
8."Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight"
(Dylan Thomas, "Do not go gentle into that good night")
9."Look deep into our ryes."
(slogan of Wigler's Bakery)
10."Hanging is too good for a man who makes puns; he should be drawn and quoted."
(Fred Allen)
11. A vulture boards a plane, carrying two dead possums. The
attendant looks at him and says, "I'm sorry, sir, only one carrion allowed per passenger."
12."Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana."
(Groucho Marx)
13."Punning is an art of harmonious jingling upon words, which, passing in at the ears, excites a titillary motion in those parts; and this, being conveyed by the animal spirits into the muscles of the face, raises the cockles of the heart."
(Jonathan Swift)
14."A pun is not bound by the laws which limit nicer wit. It is
a pistol let off at the ear; not a feather to tickle the intellect."
(Charles Lamb)
15."All obscene puns have the same underlying construction in that they consist of two elements. The first element sets the stage for the pun by offering seemingly harmless material, such as the title of a book, The Tiger's Revenge. But the second element either is obscene in itself or renders the first element obscene as in the name of the author of The Tiger's Revenge—ClaudeBawls."
(Peter Farb, Word Play, 1974)
16."To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms."
(Walter Redfern, Puns, 1974)
12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）A kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs. It has two connotations.
In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He
addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed
behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
1."I live in shame and the suburbs."
(Uncle Fester in Addams Family Values, 1993)
2."When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes."
(E.B. White, "Dog Training")
3."We consumers like names that reflect what the economy does. We know, for example, that International Business Machines makes business machines; and Ford Motors makes Fords; and Sara Lee makes us fat."
(Dave Barry, "Dave's World," April 8, 2001)
4."Piano, n. A parlor utensil for subduing the impenitent visitor. It is operated by depressing the keys of the machine and the spirits of the audience."
(Ambrose Bierce, A Devil's Dictionary)
5."I finally told Ross, late in the summer, that I was losing weight, my grip, and possibly my mind."
(James Thurber, The Years with Ross, 1959)
6."She tracks sand in as well as ideas, and I have to sweep up after her two or three times a day."
(E.B. White, "On a Florida Key")
7."The ice trays show deep claw marks, where people have tried to pry them free, using can openers and knives and
screwdrivers and petulance."
(E.B. White, "On a Florida Key")
8.BryantGumbel's well-publicized memo ticked off the T oday Show's troubles--and other personalities on the top-rated show.
9."You took my hand and breath away."
(Tyler Hilton, "You, My Love")
10."You held your breath and the door for me."
(Alanis Morrissette, "Head Over Feet")
11."PEACE. Live in it or rest in it."
(bumper sticker)
12."She blew my nose and then she blew my mind."
(Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, "Honky T onk Woman")
13. The secret to becoming a writer is to persist--to keep on writing regardless if you're paid any heed or money.
13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）A kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs. It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
1.Who sees with equal eye, as God of all,
A hero perish, or a sparrow fall,
Atoms or systems into ruin hurled,
And now a bubble burst, and now a world."
(Alexander Pope, Essay on Man)
2."Kill all the poys [boys] and luggage!"
(Fluellen in William Shakespeare's Henry V)
3."You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you
see fit."
(Star Trek: The Next Generation)
4."He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men."
(Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried)
5."But Ted Lavender, who was scared, carried 34 rounds when he was shot and killed outside Than Khe, and he went down under an exceptional burden, more than 20 pounds of ammunition, plus the flak jacket and helmet and rations and water and toilet paper and tranquilizers and all the rest, plus an unweighed fear."
(Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried)
6."The theme of the Egg Hunt is 'learning is delightful and delicious'--as, by the way, am I."
(Allison Janney as C.J. Cregg in The West Wing)
7."You held your breath and the door for me."
(Alanis Morissette, "Head over Feet")
14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
Three kinds of irony have been recognized since antiquity: (1) Socratic irony. a mask of innocence and ignorance adopted to win an argument. . . . (2) Dramatic or tragic irony, a double vision of what is happening in a play or real-life situation. . . . (3) Linguistic irony, a duality of meaning, now the classic form of irony. Building on the idea of dramatic irony, the Romansconcluded that language often carries a double message, a second often mocking or sardonic meaning running contrary to the first. . . .
In modern times, two further conceptions have been added: (1) Structural irony, a quality that is built into texts, in which the
observations of a naive narrator point up deeper implications of a situation. . . . (2) Romantic irony, in which writers conspire with readers to share the double vision of what is happening in the plot of a novel, film, etc.
(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press, 1992)
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.
例如:
1.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
2."Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲
折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. A subtle or indirect observation about a person or thing, usually of a critical or disparaging nature; an insinuation.
1."The veiled threat also has a stereotype: the Mafia wiseguy offering protection with the soft sell, 'Nice store you got there. Would be a real shame if something happened to it.' Traffic cops sometimes face not-so-innocent questions like, 'Gee, Officer, is there some way I could pay the fine right here?'"
(Steven Pinker, "Words Don't Mean What They Mean." Time, Sep. 6, 2007)
2."Some seem to believe that we should negotiate with the terrorists and radicals, as if some ingenious argument will persuade them they have been wrong all along. We have heard this foolish delusion before."
(President George W. Bush, speech to the members of the Knesset in Jerusalem, May 15, 2008)
3."Bush was speaking of appeasement against those who would negotiate with terrorists. The White House spokeswoman, with a straight face, claimed the reference was not to Sen. Barack Obama."
(John Mashek, "Bush, Obama, and the Hitler Card." U.S. News, May 16, 2008)
16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
Irony & Sarcasm
Irony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: Sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, bitter, cutting, caustic, or acerb manner; it is the instrument of indignation, a weapon of offense, whereas irony is one of the vehicles of wit.
(Eric Partridge and Janet Whitcut, Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English, W.W. Norton & Company, 1997)
17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.
For example more haste, less speed.
1."The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot."
(Henry David Thoreau, Walden)
2."If you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in frankness."
(Alexander Smith)
3."A dog growls when it's angry, and wags its tale when it's pleased. Now I growl when I'm pleased and wag my tale when I'm angry."
(The Cheshire Cat in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
4."War is peace."
"Freedom is slavery."
"Ignorance is strength."
(George Orwell, 1984)
5."There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that concern for one's own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn't have to; but if he didn't want to he was sane and had to."
(Joseph Heller, Catch-22)
6."Paradox of Success: the more successful a policy is in warding off some unwanted condition the less necessary it will be thought to maintain it. If a threat is successfully suppressed, people naturally wonder why we should any longer bother with it."
(James Piereson, "On the Paradox of Success." Real Clear Politics, Sep. 11, 2006)
7."Someday you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again."
(C.S. Lewis to his godchild, Lucy Barfield, to whom he dedicated The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe)
18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
1. No light, but rather darkness visible.
2. The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
"O brawling love! O loving hate! . . .
O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love feel I, that feel no love in this."
(William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)
3."A yawn may be defined as a silent yell."
(G.K. Chesterton)
4."O miserable abundance, O beggarly riches!"
(John Donne, Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions)
5."That building is a little bit big and pretty ugly."
(James Thurber)
6."'I want to move with all deliberate haste,' said President-elect Barack Obama at his first, brief press conference after his
election, 'but I emphasize "deliberate" as well as "haste."' "It’s not easy to be bot h deliberate and hasty at the same time unless you are consciously embracing an oxymoron--from the Greek word meaning 'pointedly foolish'--and it is a jarring juxtaposition of contradictory words like 'cruel kindness' and 'thunderous silence.'"
(William Safire, "Frugalista." The New York Times, Nov. 21, 2008)
7."The phrase 'domestic cat' is an oxymoron."
(George Will)
8."A log palace is an architectural as well as a verbal oxymoron; so is a short skyscraper, or an urban villa."
(J. F. O'Gorman and Dennis E. McGrath, ABC of Architecture. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1998)
19) Antithesis: (对照）The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses. It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.
例如:
1.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2.You are staying; I am going.
3.Give me liberty, or give me death.
4."Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing."
(Goethe)
5."Hillary has soldiered on, damned if she does, damned if she doesn't, like most powerful women, expected to be tough as nails and warm as toast at the same time."
(Anna Quindlen, "Say Goodbye to the Virago," Newsweek, June 16, 2003)
英语修辞格 英语修辞格是运用特定的修辞手法和技巧来增强表达效果和语言的艺术感的一种文学表达方式。常见的英语修辞格有以下几种： 1. 比喻（Metaphor）：通过将一个词语或短语用于其本来意义以外的其他事物上，来达到描绘或表达的目的。例如，“他是 我的阳光”（He is my sunshine）。 2. 拟人（Personification）：赋予非生物或抽象事物以人的特 征和行为，以增加形象感。例如，“大海呼唤着我”（The ocean calls out to me）。 3. 比较（Simile）：通过使用"like"或"as"等介词来进行比较。 例如，“他像一颗流星，闪耀着美丽的光芒”。 4. 反复（Repetition）：通过反复使用相同的词语或短语，来 强调和重申某个观点或思想。例如，“我要尽力、尽力、再尽力”。 5. 双关（Pun）：利用一个单词或短语在不同语境中的多义性，制造出幽默或双重意义。例如，“时间都去哪儿了？它去吃饭了。” 6. 排比（Parallelism）：通过使用相同的结构、格式或语法， 来组织句子和表达思想，形成节奏感和增加强度。例如，“今 天我学会了爬行，学会了站立，学会了行走”。
7. 夸张（Hyperbole）：通过夸大事物的特征和情况，来制造 出夸张、强烈的效果。例如，“我等了一万年才见到你”。 8. 反问（Rhetorical Question）：利用问句的形式来表达观点 或意见，不要求回答，但更多是用来强调说话者的说法。例如，“难道我们不都是人吗？” 这些修辞格可以增加语言的表达力、形象感、感染力和艺术感，使文学作品或演讲更具有吸引力和影响力。
英语修辞手法总结 Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
英语中的修辞手法 1.明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。 例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face. ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。) ●Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。） I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2.暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。 ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风，把赞扬比作温暖的阳光， ●will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。） ●Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。) ●Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。） ●German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 ●The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉 写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与
修辞格(figures of speech)大体分为三类： 音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices )； 词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices) 句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices) （一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices) Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音. Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration） 皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。 Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。 With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。 在英美文学终，拟声词的应用非常广泛： 如：摹仿金属声的有：clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack, etc. 摹仿水等液体声的有：splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splish-splosh, drip-drop, etc. 摹仿各种动物叫声有：neigh, baa, moo, miao, screech, hiss, cook-a-doodle-do, etc. 摹仿人的各种声音有：giggle, chuckle, shriek, snort, sneeze, snigger, smack, whisper, grunt, grumble, mumble, sputter, murmur, chatter, gurgle, whoop, etc. note: (词义的转变)英语拟声词往往不仅仅指声音，并兼指产生声音的动作，（即转义后可做动词或名词）： 如：flap本指扁平物体拍打时发出的“啪嗒”声，但转义后也可做动词“拍打”（动词to flap,名词a flap） 又如：bang本指“砰砰”的敲物声，转义后，可指敲物的动作＂敲打＂（v. to bang, n. a bang） （二）词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices) 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma etc. Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语simile的比喻词一般是like, as（……as）等,汉语明喻的比喻词通常是好象、仿佛等。例如： As brave as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛。 As timid as a rabbit胆小如鼠 Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、暗喻特点，如： Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验为智慧之母。 He has a heart of stone.他的心像石头一样硬。 My brother studies hard. He is the head of his class.我弟弟学习很用功，他在班上是头一号。The fruit of his efforts. 他辛勤劳动的成果。 He lives in that match-box of a house.他住的房子火柴盒那么点大。 Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键
常用英语修辞格 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象 进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。) ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。) 暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它 直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby -sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？) ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。) 转喻(Metonymy) 是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。例如： ●My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻，以人名借代作品。 ●Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者，我能打的第一张牌是，太阳和月亮的相似性。) 文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据”，更加生动形象，浅显易懂，也使语言新鲜活泼，富有表现力。 拟人 (Personification) 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。例如： ●... four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(……四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落，它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作，作者给自然的花草赋予了生命，使它人格化。 ●But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好。)house本来是没有感情的，作者通过拟人的手法，表现房子里人的冷漠无情。 夸张(Hyperbole) 夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，
常见英语修辞格（总结版） 英语常见的修辞格 Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like，as，as if，as though等，例如： 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a
英语中的修辞格 (一)使用语音手段的修辞格.主要有: 1.头韵(alliteration):在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音.例如: ①Time and tide wait for no man. ②Suddenly the sky turned gray, The day, Which had been bitter and chill, Grew soft and still. 2.拟声(onomatopoeia):以相似的声音描摹非语言的声音.例如: ①She brou ght me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt-sunlight, the rustling(沙沙声、瑟瑟声) of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking(咯吱声、叽嘎声) of a door, the voice of a loved one. ②You see, life is made up sobs(哭泣声),sniffles(抽鼻子声) and smiles-but mainly of sniffles. (二)使用词汇手段的修辞格.主要有: 1.明喻(simile):用另一种事物比喻所要说明的事物,通常用like或as连用.例如: ①It(The hair) fell about her, rippling and shining like a brown waterfall. ②It(The lion) is as big as a very large dog. 2.隐喻(metaphor):不用like或as隐藏的比喻.例如: ①He sa id, "A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life." ②Hope is the poor man's bread. 3.提喻(synecdoche):以部分代替整体,单个代替类别,具体代表抽象,或反 过来,以全体代替部分,类别代替单个,抽象代替具体.例如: ①Once Lu Xun spoke to the youth about the study of foreign language.
英语中有19种修辞手法，它们分别是：Simile明喻、Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻、Metonymy 借喻，转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比，平行、Euphemism 委婉，婉辞法、Allegory 讽喻，比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody 仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照，对比，对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron 反意法，逆喻、Climax 渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax 渐降法。下面和大家分享一下这19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句，快来学习吧！ 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。 例如： 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。 2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 3.Metonymy 借喻，转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 I。以容器代替内容，例如： 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称，例如： Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III。以作者代替作品，例如：
An Introduction to Figures of Speech(修辞格) Rhetorical Devices(修辞手法) 1. Simile(明喻) Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things. It is usually introduced by “as” or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…as/as…so”, and “resemble” as the signs of comparison. 明喻就是打比方，指一事物像另一事物的修辞格。常用的比喻词有“as”or “like”, and sometimes also by “as…so /as…as”, and “resemble”等 1). Mercy drops as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. —Shakespeare 2). The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. 3). Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air to water. 4). As a man whispers, so the breeze makes a low, hissing sound. 5) Learning resembles scaling the heights. 2. Metaphor(隐喻/暗喻) Metaphor contains an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily or primarily used of one thing is applied to another. In other words, it calls one thing by the name of another or one thing is described in terms of another. 隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，它直接把一种事物比为另一种事物，不用
Figure of Speech【整理自PPT】 1. Simile 明喻 是比喻的一种，是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现，且常带有比喻词，如： Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to My love is like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns) 2. Metaphor 暗喻 - 对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。 明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises . 暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises. 3. Personification 拟人 本质上是一种暗喻，其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东西一些人的特征。 The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently. The sun kissed the green fields。 The thirsty desert drank up the water. ) 4. Metonymy 借代/换喻 是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物。例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息news，用硬币penny来表示钱 money. Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States. This computer will cost you a pretty penny. 5.Antonomasia 换称 是借代的一种，所不同的是英语换称中所用的专有名词通常源于西方宗教、历史以及文学作品中的专有名词或者形象。如： ' Solomon 所罗门------a wise man 聪明人，出自圣经 Judas 犹大------ a traitor 叛徒，出自圣经 Helen 海伦----------红颜祸水，美女海伦为斯巴达王的王后，因她被帕里斯拐去而引起特洛伊战争。 Venus 维纳斯--------Beauty 美的化身，出自古希腊神话。 Reform is a Pandora’s box; opening up the system can lead to a loss of economic and political control.
20种常见英文修辞手法 在写作时，含有修辞手法的句子和一句朴实无华的句子给批卷人的印象是截然不同的。今天小编为大家介绍20中常见的英文修辞手法，任你挑选，喜欢哪种用哪种~ Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比，这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。 标志词常用：like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as 等。 例如： 1. I wandered lonely as a stray dog. 我像一只流浪狗一样孤独地四处漂泊。 2. Einstein likes to put a cloak on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 爱因斯坦喜欢披着斗篷，就好像刚刚从童话故事中走出来。 metaphor 隐喻，暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。 例如： 1. Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 希望是顿美好的早餐，但却是一顿糟糕的晚餐。
2. Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 一些书需要被“浅尝辄止”地阅读，另一些需要被“狼吞虎咽”般地阅读;很少一部分需要被“细嚼慢咽”地阅读。 metonymy 借喻，转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 1. 以容器代替内容，例如： 1)The kettle boils. 水开了。 2)The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 2. 以资料、工具代替事物的名称，例如： Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 3. 以作者代替作品，例如： a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 4. 以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如： I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
Figures of Speech Simile (明喻): Wrong ideas may harm man just like diseases. Her face is as white as a paper. Metaphor (暗喻): He is the soul of the team. My desk is flooded with paper. There are a few lordly poplars before the house. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the stroke of the bellows. Personification (拟人): The leaves are trembling in the cold wind. Metonymy (转喻,借代): His unfriendly tongue surprised her. The grey hair should be respect. Synecdoche (提喻，部分整体): The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. They share the same roof. England won the football. Euphemism (委婉): He unfortunately passed away last year. He is out visiting the necessary. Irony (反语): You are a fine goalkeeper, allowing the other side to score six goals. Overstatement/hyperbole (夸大的叙述): Thanks a million. She wept oceans of tears. His anger nearly burst his belly. His friends praised his daughter’s performance to the skies. She eats like a bird. Understatement (保守的陈述): “What do you think of the roast duck?” “Not bad.” He has got heart trouble, but it is nothing serious. Transferred epithet (转移修饰语): The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. He crashed down on a protesting chair.
常见的修辞格 Simile （明喻） Simile is a figure of speech involving a comparison between two or more things whic h are essentially different but have at least one property or characteristic in common. Words like as, as...as, as if, as though,( just) as... so, and like are the commonly us ed expressions to make the comparison. In writing the writer may compare something abstract to something concrete, someth ing remote to something proximal, something unfamiliar to something familiar, and so forth. e.g. That man can’t be trusted. He’s as slippery as an eel. The old man’s hair is as white as snow. Metaphor（暗喻/隐喻） Metaphor involves a comparison between two or more unlike things which share at le ast one property or characteristic, but the comparison is not explicitly stated. Instead, it is implied or condensed. e.g. There were a few lordly poplars（白杨树）before the house. He often prefaced his remarks by “I can’t help thinking…” ★the leg of a table Personification (拟人) Personification is a figure of speech that gives human attribute or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. It can make the description more vivid and more impressive. e.g. This time fate is smiling to him. Dusk came stealthily. Metonymy (换喻) Metonymy involves the change of name. In other words, this figure of speech involve s the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. The substituted nam e may be an attribute of the other thing or be closely related with it. e.g. When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen. His purse would not allow him that luxury. Synecdoche（提喻） Synecdoche, in contrast to metonymy, is a substitution of the part for the whole and the whole for the part.
（1）alliteration(押头韵）:一组单词的第一个辅音相同,比如例句中四个以l开头的单词。 ▲ Let us go forth to lead the land we love. (2）anacoluthon（错格）：句子从一种结构变成另外一种结构，比如例句由肯定结构变成疑问结构。 ▲ As a regular reader of your papers —- Why does it give so little space to science? （3)anadiplosis（联珠）：将一个或一组单词重复多遍，比如例句中的servants。 ▲ Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state，servants of fame, and servants of business. (4）anaphora(首语重复）：将一个句子的开头单词或短语，在随后的句子中重复多遍，比如例句中的we shall fight。 ▲ We shall fight on the seas and oceans，we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds，we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills。 （5）anastrophe（词序倒装）: 改变正常词序，比如例句中最后一部分，正常词序是yet a breeze never blew up 。 ▲ The helmsman steered，the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew. (6)antistrophe（逆反复）：在每个句子的结尾，重复相同的单词或短语，比如例句中的without warning。 ▲ In 1931，Japan invaded Manchuria，without warning. In 1935，Italy invaded Ethiopia，without warning。In 1938，Hitler occupied Austria, without warning。 （7）antithesis（对偶）：两个或多个句子,结构相同，但含义相反，或者含义形成对比，比如例句中的is no vice与is no virtue。▲ Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice，moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue。 （8)aporia（假装疑问）：假装表示疑问，做出对某件事情好象不太肯定的样子，比如例句的最后部分。 ▲ Then the steward said within himself, ’What shall I do?’ （9）aposiopesis（中断）:突然中断一个句子，以表示恐惧、兴奋等感情,比如例句在I saw后面中断。 ▲ The first thing I saw -- But I dare not describe the dreadful sight。 （10）apostrophe（顿呼)：在叙述过程中，突然对不在场的第三人（或拟人化的抽象事物）的称呼,比如例句中的O you gods。