Zhang Guangyuan (13291018)Class 2June 18, 2015The last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty—Elizabeth IAbstractThe long reign of Elizabeth, who became known as the “Virgin Queen” for her reluctance to endanger her authority through marriage, coincided with the flowering of the English Renaissance, associated with such renowned authors as William Shakespeare. By her death in 1603, England had become a major world power in every respect, and Queen Elizabeth I passed into history as one of England’s greatest monarchs.Keywords: Elizabeth, Queen, Marriage, EnglandElizabeth I was the Queen of England and Ireland from November 17th 1558 until she died. Sometimes she was called The Virgin Queen. The childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty.Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII with his second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was executed a half and two years after Elizabeth's birth. Elizabeth’s parents got married by the Protestant religious, so the Catholic Church think that she is an illegitimate child. Anne Boleyn hoped that she would bear a strong and healthy son that Catherine of Aragon. But, on September 7th, 1533 in Greenwich Palace, Anne bore Elizabeth instead. Elizabeth was born was designated to the throne, her half-sister Mary (later Queen Mary I) become her servant.After her mother was executed, Elizabeth's life was never to be quite the same again. She was probably too young to be greatly affected by her mother's suddenextinction.And her lifestyle changed significantly. Later, she was deprivedthe title of princess. Elizabeth was a very clever child. From an early age, she was taught Latin, Greek, Spanish, French, as well as all the other requirements of a classical humanist education, and was also taught history philosophy and mathematics. Although Elizabeth still had her own household, her tutor found that poor young child's needs were neglected.AndElizabeth`s tutor felt obliged to write to the king asking him to ensure that Elizabeth was provided with all the clothes she needed, as the ones Elizabeth had were too small.When Elizabeth was four years old, Lady Bryan was replaced as tutor by a young woman called Katherine Champernowne. Katherine was a sweet, motherly, well-educated lady, who came to love her young charge dearly. She became an important person in Elizabeth's life because she taught Elizabeth a lot of things that were useful for her in the future. Katherine later married Elizabeth's cousin, John Ashley, which tied her even closer to the young lady. Blanche remained a close friend and confident of the Queen throughout her long life, and was given an elaborate tomb by Elizabeth when she died in the late 1580's. Blanche also taught Elizabeth some of her native Welsh language. Elizabeth was a gifted student and her talent was appreciated by those who had the privilege to teach her. Roger Ashram, a well-known scholar of the day responsible for tutoring other talented students, regarded Elizabeth as his brightest star. Besides reading and writing, Elizabeth also spent her time learning how to play musical instruments, which she finally could play proficient.Andshe also learnt needlework and art. Which made a footstone in her future government.Good time always short. It was discovered that Katherine had committed adultery, and just like Elizabeth's mother, she was taken to the Tower of London, condemned to death, and executed on Tower Green. This had been a very painful and confusing event for Elizabethwhen she was only eight years old. The capaciousness of its impact upon her cannot be measured, as we can imagined, but it is significant that RobertDudley, her childhood friend and confident when she later became Queen, said many years later that at the year when Elizabeth was eight years old, Elizabeth told him that she would never marry. In eight short years she had lost her mother and had had three stepmothers, two of whom were now dead. Also, no doubt, she had heard tales of the fate of her sister's mother, Catherine of Aragon, and it is not surprising that these combined events impressed in her a certain fear of what happened to women who married. So, that`s why Elizabeth never get married in her whole life.Henry's sixth wife, Katherine Parr, was a motherly lady who did her utmost to give the royal children a family home. She liked to have the children around her, and did much to reconcile Elizabeth and Mary to their father. But life was not always what we thought. During a stay at the royal court Elizabeth managed to offend her father profoundly, for which she was banished from the Palace. What exactly this offence was remains unknown, perhaps a remark or question about her mother or Katherine Howard, or perhaps a remark on religion or another of Henry's policies that a child would not think inappropriate. Henry's reaction was alarming, but with Katherine Parr's intervention, the episode blew over, and Elizabeth was allowed back to court. Under that circumstance, Henry was far from well. He had a great ulcer on his leg that troubled him immensely and his enormous weight hindered his mobility considerably. It was becoming clear to all around him that his days were numbered. He died on January 28th, 1547.When they were told of their father's death, Elizabeth was with her brother, Edward, at the royal Palace of Enfield. Both of Elizabeth and her brother knew their lives were about to change considerably. They both were now orphans. Elizabeth was thirteen years of age at that time, and Edward was King of England at the age of only nine.So as we can see, in the next eight years of Elizabeth's life saw a quick succession of stepmothers. There was Jane Seymour who died giving birth to the King's longed for son, Edward; Anne of Cleves who was divorced; Catherine Howard who wasbeheaded; and finally Catherine Parr. For generations, historians have debated whether the constant bride changing of her father was responsible for Elizabeth's apparent refusal to marry. It is certainly possible that the tragic fates of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard impressed upon her a certain fear of marriage, but there may have been other reasons for the Queen's single state, such as a fear of childbirth, which claimed the lives of a significant number of women in this period. Even if the Queen had no personal reservations about marriage, there were political problems with almost every contender for her hand. Religion was a major divisive issue, and there was also the problem of whether Elizabeth would have to relinquish any of her royal powers to a husband in an age when the political sphere was exclusively male.Elizabeth was the daughter of the late King Henry VIII, so she was in line to the throne and was one of the mosteligible bride at that time. During the reign of Edward VI, Thomas Seymour asked for Elizabeth's hand in marriage, but we all know that she refused. I don`t know why after this event, both Thomas and Elizabeth were suspected as a person who were in the king`s conspiracy. Elizabeth was questioned, but she was never charged. Seymour, however, was arrested because he was attempted to abduct the young king and eventually executed for double-dealing betrayal. Elizabeth was reported to said, when she heard the Lord Admiral's death, she said: "Today died a man of much wit, and very little judgment."After Edward VI died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed as the Queen by her father Henry Grey and her father-in-law John Dudley who rallied armies to support her. However, many more supported the rightful heir: Mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Nine days after Jane was proclaimed as the Queen, Mary went to London with her sister Elizabeth. Jane Grey and her husband Guilford were imprisoned in the Tower. The history began again. Mary married Prince Philip of Spain when she became the queen in a short time, which made the Catholic Queen unpopular. The persecuted Protestantsregard Elizabeth as their savior since Elizabeth was seen as an icon of "the new faith". Because of Elizabeth`s brave behavior, some rebellions anduprisings were made in her name, although she probably no little of them. But Elizabeth`s sister, Mary, sensed the danger from her younger sister, and imprisoned Elizabeth in the Tower.When Mary was nearly 40 years old,she was pregnant. But after a few months, there was no baby coming. Some modern historians think that she had a large ovarian cyst, and this is also what lead to her failing health and eventual death. Elizabeth was released from the Tower after a few months of imprisonment and was sent to Woodstock where she stayed for just a whole year. News of Mary's death on November 17, 1558 reached Elizabeth at Hatfield, when she was sitting under an oak treein the park. After hearing that she was the new Queen, legend has it that Elizabeth quoted the 118th Psalm's twenty-third line, "It is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes."Elizabeth became the governor on 17th November 1558. It was a moment in history of greatest victory for the poor daughter who had spent her life in the shadow under the court, cast aside and forgotten. These years Elizabeth was determined to enjoy her new found freedom and live life to the full. She loved many kinds of sports, especially horse riding, and in the early years of her reign spent many hours riding. She also loved hunting, hawking, bear baiting, and watching the male courtiers excel at jousts or other sporting contests. She loved music and dancing, and could even play the virginals and the lute herself with skill. She had no time for the Puritan theologians who deemed such things impious. She also loved watching plays and created the atmosphere responsible for the flourishing of the literary masterpieces of the period against the Puritan demands for the termination of all theatres.On January 15, 1559, Elizabeth I was crowned Queen by Owen Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle at Westminster Abbey, a little less than two months after the death of Mary I. The total cost of the celebrations, excluding the coronation banquet was £16,741, which according to one calculation would equal about £3.5 million today. Like herpredecessors, Elizabeth knew the importance of a good show, especially for a new monarch who needed to re-affirm her right to her crown.Three days earlier, Elizabeth resided at the Tower of London and on the 14th made the procession to Westminster. Along the way were various displays and pageants for Elizabeth's entertainment. On the night of the 14th, she spent the night at the Palace of Westminster, which was just a short walking distance from the Westminster Abbey. The next day, the 15th, Elizabeth walked in procession to the Abbey for the coronation on the date chosen by Dr. John Dee, who besides being a mathematician and Greek scholar, and he was also an astrologer. For the procession, Elizabeth walked on a blue carpet that ran from the palace to the abbey, which was torn up by souvenir seekers after the Queen walked past. The ceremony of the coronation was much as it had been for Elizabeth’s predecessors, but with a few significant alterations to the religious aspects of the service. The coronation mass now included readings in English and Latin for the Epistle and Gospel and she retreated to a curtained area in St. Edward’s Chapel during the Elevation of the Host. After the coronation, Elizabeth walked from the Abbey to Westminster Hall for the traditional coronation banquet, a custom that ended with the coronation of George IV in 1821.Now that Elizabeth was Queen, so many people asked for marriage like flood in, but Elizabeth committed herself to none of them. We could get the reason from the above what I have mentioned. In a genius of political wheeling and dealing, she managed to use her single state to benefit the country by using the bait of marriage to draw in enemies, or to frighten them by suggesting she would marry one of their enemies. Whatever Elizabeth's personal feelings towards marriage, on two occasions she did come close to nuptials marriage wedding. For many years, the most serious contender for her hand was Robert Dudley, created Earl of Leicester in 1564. He and Elizabeth had known each other for years and had been imprisoned in the Tower of London at the same time. He was the only serious personal love interest of the Queen's life. Politically, however, marrying him would have been a disaster. He was unpopular ashe was the son of the traitor Northumberland, and was loathed even more after his wife was found dead in mysterious circumstances. It was thought he had murdered her so he would be free to marry Elizabeth. The other serious contender for the Queen's hand was Francis, Duke of Alencon, heir to the French throne. But again, political considerations made the match ultimately impossible.As we all know, Elizabeth never married. One of the most obvious questions would be "why?” Some theorize that because of the way her father treated his wives, Elizabeth was disgusted by the idea of marriage. The more romantic feel it was because she couldn't marry the man that she really loved, Robert Dudley. When Elizabeth became Queen, Dudley was married, and then his wife Amy died under mysterious circumstances a few years later. Although Robert Dudley was cleared of any wrong-doing in the matter, Elizabeth could not marry him because of the scandal that would no doubt arise. Or perhaps she never married because of a combination of reasons. Regardless, Elizabeth never married, but managed to successfully play her suitors off of one another for about 25 years, gaining alliances and wealth from gifts on the possibility of marriage. The one serious contender for her hand was Francis, Duke of Alarcon of France, but negotiations eventually failed.The later years of Elizabeth's reign are sometimes referred to as a Golden Age. During this time, England and Elizabeth faced several major trials. First, Elizabeth had to deal with the growing threat of Mary Queen of Scots, who had a strong and legitimate (especially in the eyes of Catholics) claim to the throne of England. When Mary fled her country in the 1560s, she was taken into house arrest in England, where she had expected the protection of her cousin Elizabeth. Elizabeth however knew Mary was a threat. Eventually, a plot serious enough arose in Mary's name, and Elizabeth sign her death warrant. Mary was executed in 1587, on February 8th, at Fortheringhay.Also, the greatest military threat to Elizabeth's reign came a year later, when the Armada from Spain sailed toward the tiny island nation. England prevailed and wason its way towards becoming the supreme naval power that it was in the 1600 and 1700s. This was also near the time that Robert Dudley died. Elizabeth kept the last letter he sent her in her desk, with "His Last Letter" written on it. In the final years of her reign Elizabeth faced the challenges of increasing Puritan influence and the rebellion of Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex.The arts flourished during Elizabeth's reign. Country houses such as Longleaf and Hardwick Hall were built, miniature painting reached its high point, theatres thrived - the Queen attended the first performance of Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'. Composers such as William Byrd and Thomas Tallis worked in Elizabeth's court and at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace. The image of Elizabeth's reign is one of triumph and success. The Queen herself was often called 'Gloriana', 'Good Queen Bess' and 'The Virgin Queen'.Elizabeth died on March 24, 1603 at Richmond Palace and was succeeded by James I (James VI of Scotland), the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. The Tudor dynasty ended and passed to the Stuarts.According to Henry VIII’s will, the next heirs after Henry VIII’s own children were those remaining daughters of Frances Brandon, daughter of Henry VIII’s sister Mary Tudor and her husband Charles Brandon. Frances’ first daughter was Jane Grey, who was executed in the reign of Mary I after briefly holding the throne for 9 days after the death of Edward VI. Jane had two sisters, Catherine and Mary Grey and early in Elizabeth’s reign it appeared that Catherine would be, at least legally, the next in line to the throne. However, Catherine married Edward Seymour (son of the Edward Seymour, the Lord Protector from Edward VI's reign) in secret without the Queen’s permission and her marriage was declared invalid in 1561, making her children illegitimate. Catherine herself died in 1568, so was not a question in the succession in 1603, but she had two sons: Edward and Thomas, who were still alive at the time.After the children of Catherine Grey would have been the heirs of Mary Grey, but although she married, she is not known to have produced any heirs and she herself died in 1578, long before Elizabeth.After the heirs of Frances Brandon would come the heirs of Frances’ younger sister, Eleanor Brandon. Eleanor married Henry Clifford, the Earl of Cumberland and had a daughter, Margaret. Margaret died a few years before Elizabeth I, but she had a son, William, who was alive and therefore another potential legal heir of Elizabeth I’s throne, and one without the questions of legitimacy that surrounded Catherine Grey’s sons.The children of Margaret Tudor, wife of James IV of Scotland were not mentioned as part of the succession since they were born in a foreign country. But, since they were the heirs of an older daughter of Henry VII, going by the usual hereditary rules they would have a stronger claim to the English throne than the desce ndants of Henry VII’s younger daughter Mary. In the first few decades of Elizabeth’s reign, the primary claimant to Elizabeth’s crown through this line was Mary Queen of Scots. Since she was Catholic, she was a rallying point for those who wished to see someone from the old faith on the English throne.After the death of James IV, Margaret Tudor married Archibald Douglas, and they had a daughter named Margaret, who married Matthew Stuart, the Earl of Lennox. Margaret Douglas had two sons, Henry Lord Darnley and Charles, who later inherited his father’s title. In 1565, the two lines of descent from Margaret Tudor were united when Mary Queen of Scots was married to Henry Lord Darnley. Two years later Mary bore a son James, the future James VI of Scotland. Mar garet Douglas’ second son, Charles married Elizabeth Cavendish and had one child, a daughter, Arabella Stuart.By the time Elizabeth was in the final days of her life, it seemed a foregone conclusion that the crown would go to James VI of Scotland. Secretbehind-the-scenes dealings with members of Elizabeth’s government paved the way for his succession. However, it is still not known for sure whether or not Elizabeth actually named James as her heir on her deathbed It is possible that Elizabeth never formally named James her heir in writing because she remembered the events surrounding her sister’s death and how the people abandoned Mary in favor of Elizabeth in Mary’s final weeks. It is generally said that when asked who she wanted to succeed her, Elizabeth made a hand sign indicating James, since she was no longer able to speak. Regardless of whether or not she actually indicated James, it was the King of Scotland who succeeded Elizabeth, peacefully, although there were several others with claims to the En glish throne as we’ve gone through above. In 1603, the kingdoms of Scotland and England were finally united under one crown.Work cited:百度百科,伊丽莎白一世简历Wikipedia,Elizabeth I of England。