翻译2

我国电站燃煤锅炉尾部受热面大多沿用传统的蒸汽吹灰的方式，这种传统的吹灰方式虽然应用了很长时间，但是这种方式在实际的应用中还是会产生不少的问题，如前面提到的由于疏水不充分或吹灰系统结构设计不合理导致的蒸汽带水的问题，以及对于灰中含CaO、Na2O、K2O等碱金属氧化物高的煤种，吹灰过程中带入的蒸汽使得尾部烟道的湿度增大，导致灰中的CaO、Na2O、K2O与水分发生反应生成了粘性很强的Ca(OH)2、NaOH、KOH等氢氧化物的问题；在一定的温度条件下，Ca还会和烟气中的SO2氧化成SO3后形成的硫酸作用生成硬度比较大的硫酸钙（CaSO4），造成积灰和堵灰现象。

从根本上来说，粘结性积灰都是因为烟气中湿度太大造成的，所以，如何降低烟气中的湿度是减轻尾部受热面积灰、堵灰的关键应用激波吹灰器对锅炉尾部受热面的积灰进行清理是一项比较新的技术，这项技术虽然在上个世纪二十年代就有人提出，但是直到九十年代末期才开发成功应用于燃煤电厂锅炉的吹灰，其原理是可燃气体按一定比例与空气混合后形成预混气体，预混气体在特别设计的湍流燃烧室中点火快速发生燃烧反应，并在爆炸罐中加速产生高速脉冲射流，最后经喷口向受热面发射脉冲球面波及高速射流，使受热面上的积灰受到强烈的脉冲球面波激振和高速射流的冲刷而脱落，最后由烟气带走。

从改造前后测得的数据可以看到，改装激波吹灰器后，锅炉的排烟温度比改装前下降了3～9℃，说明改为激波吹灰器后，尾部受热面的热交换有所改善，表明尾部受热面比改造前清洁，激波吹灰的清灰效果明显。

在停炉后尾部受热面的检查中，也发现与改造前的受热面情况相比，管子表面上的灰垢大为减少，特别是那种粘结性强的灰垢基本不存在，热交换管的表面上只是一些比较松散的积灰。

本文第一章主要阐述了电煤在我国未来能源结构中的地位，着重介绍了神华煤在我国电煤市场中的重要性以及其在电厂锅炉中燃烧的特点，对神华煤作为电厂锅炉燃煤的优缺点进行了评价。

简单的介绍了一下国内外对煤质与结渣和积灰、堵灰倾向性的研究方法和为防止结渣和积灰、堵灰采取的对策，并对目前我国电厂锅炉运行中防止结渣和积灰、堵灰技术的研究状况做了介绍。

本文第二章主要从煤质对结渣和积灰的影响以及电厂锅炉燃烧过程中结渣和积灰的机理进行了分析，着重阐述了煤的特性数据与燃烧过程中结渣和积灰的内在联系。

介绍了国内外采用的根据煤的特性数据进行结渣和积灰倾向的预测的方法，并根据神华煤的特性数据对神华煤的结渣和积灰倾向进行了预测。

本文的第三章研究的是燃烧神华煤的电厂锅炉防结渣的问题。

首先从神华煤在电厂锅炉中燃烧容易发生结渣的特点出发，分析造成结渣的设备方面的因素，通过分析国华北京热电厂410t/h锅炉原有设备状况与神华煤质特性引起结渣之间的内在联系，和对锅炉燃烧神华煤进行的有针对性的改造，通过改造前后的试验结果分析，研究了燃烧神华煤电厂410t/h 锅炉设备应该具备的特点；通过配煤掺烧试验，分析了应用掺配煤的方法对燃烧神华煤过程中防止结渣的技术要点和应该注意的问题；在燃烧器区域加装吹灰器是解决锅炉燃烧中燃烧器区域发生严重结渣的有效手段，在本章中也重点对燃烧器区域加装吹灰器来防止大面积结渣的技术进行了详细的研究；最后在运行调整的研究上，通过试验，研究了运行中调整一次风温对防结渣的影响。

本文第四章内容从引起燃烧神华煤的410t/h电厂锅炉尾部受热面积灰、堵灰的原因出发，分析了通过配煤和优化吹灰器运行来防止积灰、堵灰的方法；在通过改变吹灰方式的研究方面，重点分析了应用激波吹灰方式对燃烧神华煤电厂锅炉尾部受热面防止积灰、堵灰的优点。

综合全文内容，在本课题对神华煤在410t/h电厂锅炉燃烧中的防止结渣、积灰研究中，分析了神华煤煤质特性与燃烧神华煤过程中产生问题的内在联系，通过试验研究，得出了以下一些结论：（1）神华煤是一种易结渣煤种，在电厂锅炉燃烧中极易在喷燃器出口附近和水冷壁上结渣，特别是在水冷壁的燃烧器区域，由于神华煤易燃的特点，造成煤粉进入炉膛后燃烧过快，燃烧器区域热负荷强度过大，这是导致在燃烧神华煤过程中喷燃器附近及水冷壁的燃烧器区域发生严重的大面积结渣的重要原因之一；（2）由于神华煤的灰熔点比较低，导致在锅炉燃烧中容易结渣，通过掺配其它高熔点煤种（如准格尔煤）可以提高入炉煤的灰熔点，从而可以改善其在电厂锅炉燃烧中的结渣状况，但是配煤时应该注意所掺配煤种的组分含量及掺配比例，以免对附属设备运行带来不利影响和其它问题；对于神华煤和准格尔煤的掺配比例，选择7：3的比例能够有效的缓解结渣的问题，并且不会给附属设备的运行带来不利影响；（3）对于燃烧神华煤的锅炉，为了减少锅炉结渣，从设计或改造中应该考虑将燃烧器在垂直方向的布置距离尽可能的拉大，以防止热负荷的局部集中，温度过高导致大面积严重结渣；（4）在设计中和实际运行中，一次风风温的设计和调整不宜选择太高，对于切向燃烧方式的锅炉，一次风风温保持110℃左右则可以保证锅炉的稳定着火，并能有效防止运行时烧坏喷燃器事故的发生，并能使得着火推迟，从而降低燃烧器出口附近区域的热负荷，从而减轻燃烧器出口附近的结渣；（5）由于神华煤煤灰中的碱金属氧化物特别是Na2O和CaO的含量比较高，在湿度比较大的环境中容易与尾部烟道中的水分发生发应生成粘性很强的Ca(OH)2、NaOH等氢氧化物，这些碱金属化合物容易附着在受热面管上，在高温下容易板结形成不易清除的灰垢。

而当尾部受热面有水存在时更是容易形成泥灰，进入预热器而造成堵管；（6）通过掺烧碱金属元素含量低的煤种也能缓解神华煤在电厂燃烧过程中的积灰程度，在蒸汽吹灰系统的设计中应充分考虑疏水问题，以及合理的安排吹灰程序，避免吹灰蒸汽汽中带水；（7）激波吹灰器是一种比较适合于燃烧神华煤电厂锅炉尾部受热面吹灰的设备，借助于可燃气体与空气混合后点火爆炸产生的强烈的脉冲球面波和高速射流，能对尾部受热面的积灰产生激振和冲刷作用，使其脱落而被烟气流带走，从而起到很好的清灰作用。

神华煤是开采时间不长的新兴的煤种，对神华煤在电厂锅炉燃烧的认识方面，目前国内还不是很深，由于神华煤挥发分高、碱金属元素含量特别是CaO的含量特别高，而且它的灰熔点低等特点，使得其在电厂锅炉燃烧中不可避免的产生各种各样的问题。

本文只是从神华煤在410t/h电厂锅炉燃烧中普遍存在的结渣和积灰、堵灰等问题方面对神华煤在电厂锅炉燃烧技术上做了部分研究。

而由于本人知识水平和试验条件有限，研究的方法除了借助前人的部分成果外，更多的只是通过试验摸索来探究神华煤在电厂锅炉燃烧中实际问题，对于很多问题的分析还不能上升到理论的高度。

因此，在论述神华煤在电厂锅炉的燃烧中出现的结渣和积灰问题上尚欠缺理论的支持，在不断的实践和学习中，本人也希望在以后的研究工作中能够有所发展，以期研究取得更丰硕的结果。

China's coal-fired power plant boiler heating surface tail most of the traditional use of steam soot blowing the way, this tradition of sootblowersThe application form for a very long time, but this means in practical applications will still have a lot of issues, such asAs mentioned earlier, the drainage system is not fully or soot-blowing led to the unreasonable structure design steam with the water problem and The ash containing CaO, Na2O, K2O alkali metal oxides, such as high coal, soot blowing into the process of making the steamRear of the flue humidity increased, leading to ash in the CaO, Na2O, K2O and water in the reaction of the highly viscousThe Ca (OH) 2, NaOH, KOH hydroxides, such as the problem to a certain temperature conditions, Ca and will be in the flue gasSO3 oxidation of SO2 into effect after the formation of sulfuric acid generation hardness relatively large calcium sulfate (CaSO4), caused by fouling and pluggingGray phenomenon. Fundamentally speaking, bonded fouling because of smoke in the humidity caused by too much, so how to dropLow humidity in the flue gas is heated to reduce the rear area of ash, blocking the key grey [33] [34].Application of shock sootblowers heating surface of the rear of the boiler fouling clearance is a relatively new technology, this technology Although in the last century was raised on behalf of 20 years, but only until the late 1990s for the successful development of fuelCoal power plant boiler soot-blowing, the principle is the combustible gases by a certain percentage of air and a mixture of premixed gas, premixed In the gas chamber specially designed turbulence in the ignition in rapid combustion, explosion and speed up the tank in a high-speedPulse jet, the final heat vents to the spherical surface emitting pulses spread high-speed jet, heating the surface by foulingA strong pulse spherical wave of exciting and high-speed jet erosion and loss, finally taken away by the smoke.Before and after the transformation from the measured data can see that the modified shock sootblowers, the boiler exhaust gas temperature dropped by the former than the modified 3 ~ 9 ℃, to the shock that sootblowers, rear heating surface of the heat exchange An improvement that the tail of the former than the heating surface cleaning, cleaning of thesoot-blowing shock evident result.Boilers off Load after the tail of the heating surface of the inspections, also found and the transformation of the former compared to the heating surface, the tubes on the surface of the Huigou greatly reduced, in particular, the strong bond that Huigou basically does not exist, heat exchange The only on the surface of some loose fouling.This article first chapter focuses on the electricity in the energystructure in China's future status, highlighted the Shenhua Coal in China's coal market and the importance of its combustion in power plant boiler in the characteristics of the Shenhua coal as power plant The advantages and disadvantages of coal-fired boiler was evaluated. Introduced a simple click of coal at home and abroad and slagging and fouling, plugging the ash tendentious research methods and to prevent slagging and fouling, plugging the ash to take countermeasures, and China's power plant boiler operation in the prevention of guitar Slag and fouling, plugging the ash technology research done on the situation.In this paper, Chapter II, mainly from coal to slagging and fouling the impact of burning boilers and power plants in the course of slagging and fouling the mechanism of the analysis, focused on the characteristics of data and coal combustion process in the slagging and fouling The intrinsic link.On the basis of coal at home and abroad using the characteristics of data slagging and fouling tendency forecast methods and in accordance with Shenhua Coal data on the characteristics of the Shenhua Coal slagging and fouling a tendency forecast.Chapter III of this study is the Shenhua coal-burning power plant boiler-slagging problems. First, from the Shenhua coal combustion in power plant boiler slagging prone to the characteristics of a slagging of the equipment of factors, through the analysis of Beijing Guohua Power Plant 410 t / h boiler original equipment status and cause of Shenhua Coal Slagging the intrinsic link between, and the Shenhua coal burning boilers of the targeted transformation, through the transformation of the test results before and after analysis to study the Shenhua coal burning power plant 410 t / h boiler equipment should have the characteristics through Coal blended with testing, analysis of the application of the method of coal-doped Shenhua coal combustion process to prevent slagging the technical elements and should pay attention to the problem in the area burnerDomain solution is to install sootblowers boiler combustion burner in the region of serious slagging effective means, in this chapter also focus on the burner region to prevent the installation of sootblowers slagging large area of technology for a detailed study; The last adjustment in the operation of the research, experiments to study the operation of an air temperature adjustment of the impact of anti-slagging.In this paper, the fourth chapter from the Shenhua coal combustion from the 410 t / h tail heating boiler plant area of ash, blocking the causes of the ash, analysis and optimization of the coal soot blowing through Operation to prevent fouling, plugging the ash; By changing the way in soot blowing in the study, the focus of the application form for shock sootblowers Shenhua coal burning power plant boiler rear heating surface to prevent fouling, plugging the merits of the ash.Integrated by the content of the topics on the Shenhua Coal in the 410 t / h boiler burning power plant in the prevention of slagging, fouling study, analysis of the Shenhua coal properties and coal combustion Shenhua Coal produced in the course of the intrinsic link Through the pilot study, drew the following conclusions:(1) Shenhua Coal is a coal-slagging, in power plant boiler burning easily in the vicinity of jet fuel for export and water wall on the slagging, particularly in the regional water wall of the burner, because Shenhua Coal - Burning characteristics, resulting in burning of pulverized coal into the furnace after the fast, burner intensity of the regional heat load is too large, this is God, resulted in the burning of coal-burning process of spraying water wall near the burner and the region's large area of serious guitar Jardine one of the important reasons;(2) As the Shenhua coal ash melting point is relatively low, resulting in the burning boilers in slagging easily through the coal-doped with other high melting point (such as coal Zhungeer) can increase the melting furnace coal ash, which can improve their Combustion in power plant boiler slagging of the situation, but should pay attention to coal-doped by blending components of the content and Blending ratio, so as to avoid the subsidiary will adversely affect operation of equipment and other problems for the Shenhua Coal and associate Siegel coal Blending ratio, the ratio of 7:3 to choose an effective mitigation slagging problems and ancillary equipment will not adversely affect the operation;(3) For the Shenhua coal burning boilers, in order to reduce boiler slagging, or the transformation of the design should consider burner in the vertical direction as far as possible from the layout of the widening, to prevent the heat load on the local, high temperature Lead to serious slagging large area;(4) in the design and actual operation, once the design and FengFeng-adjustment should not be chosen too high, cut to the combustion of the boiler, a Fengfeng maintain temperature around 110 ℃ boiler can guarantee the stability of ignition, and can Effectively prevent the operation of jet fuel is burned when the accident occurred, and to make fire delayed, thereby reducing the burner near the export of heat load, so as to reduce the burner near the slagging exports;(5) As the Shenhua coal ash in the alkali metal oxides in particular Na2O and CaO in a higher humidity in the environment more easily with the rear part of a flue in the water should generate highly viscous Ca (OH ) 2, NaOH, such as hydroxides, such alkali metal compounds easily attached to the heating surface, the high temperature easily compacted form difficult to remove the Huigou. When the rear heating surface when there is water there is a Nihui easily into the pre-heater caused by the blocking; (6) of caustic soda-doped low metal elements in the coal can also ease the Shenhua coal burning power plant in the course of the fouling of thesoot blowing steam in the design of the system should give full consideration to drainage problems, and reasonable arrangements for blowing Gray procedures to avoid soot blowing steam in the steam with water;(7) shock sootblowers is a more appropriate in the Shenhua coal burning power plant boiler heating surface tail of the soot-blowing equipment, through the use of air mixed with combustible gas explosion after the ignition of the strong pulse spherical wave and high-speed jet, to On the rear of the heating surface erosion and fouling produce exciting, it was falling away flue gas flow, thus play a good role in cleaning. Shenhua Coal mining is not a long time for the new coal, the Shenhua coal combustion in power plant boiler understanding, the current domestic is not very deep, the Shenhua coal volatile, alkali metal elements in particular, the CaO Particularly high content, and its ash and low melting point, making its combustion in power plant boiler in the inevitable formation of a variety of issues.This article is from the Shenhua coal in the 410 t / h boiler burning power plants are prevalent in the slagging and fouling, plugging the ash, and other issues of the Shenhua coal combustion in power plant boiler technology to do some research. As I knowledge and test conditions limited, the research methods in addition to the help of some of the results of their predecessors, more just groping through the test to find Shenhua coal combustion in power plant boiler in the practical problems, many of the problems can not be Rose to a high degree of theory. Therefore, on the Shenhua coal burning power plant boiler in the slagging and fouling on the issue is still a lack of support in the practice and study, I also hope that in future research work can be developed With a view to achieve more researchFruitful results.。