2018届上海市上海交通大学附属中学高三10月月考化学试题(word版)

2021-2022学年交大附中高三第一学期第一次测试卷 9.19一、语法One day a two-year-old boy had been trying to remove a bottle of milk from the refrigerator when he lost his grasp on the bottle and it fell, ____1____(spill) its contents all over the kitchen floor——a sea of milk!Seeing at this, his mother instead of shouting at him or punishing him, said, “Robert, what a wonderful mess you have made! I have rarely seen such a huge pool of milk. Well, the damage ___2________(do). You know, Robert, __3______ a mess like this is made, it has to be cleaned up and everything restored to its proper order. So ,how would you like to do that? We ___4_______ use a towel or a mop. Which do you prefer? ”He chose the towel and together th ey cleaned up the spilt milk.His mother then said, “Robert, what we had there was a _5______(fail) experiment in _6____ to effectively carry a milk bottle with two tiny hands. Let’s go out to the backyard and fill the bottle with water and see if you can discover a way to carry it __7___ dropping it.” The little boy learned that if the bottle was grasped at the top near the lip with both hands, it could be carried without being dropped.At that moment the little boy came to understand he didn’t need to be afraid to _8____(make) mistakes. Instead, he learnt that mistakes were just opportunities for learning ___9______ new.Today, the boy is an outstanding scientist ___10_____ has made several important medical breakthroughs.二、选词When we think of green buildings, we tend to think of new ones-the kind of high-tech, solar-paneled masterpieces that make the covers of architecture magazines. But the US has more than 100 million existing homes, and it would be_____wasteful to tear them all down and _____ them with greener versions. A(n )_____ amount of energy and resources went into the construction of those houses. And it would take an average of 65 years for the_____carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up f or the resources lost by destroying an old one. So in the broadest_____, the greatest home is the one that has already been built. But at the same time, nearly half of US carbon emissions come from heating, cooling and_____our homes, offices and other buildings. "You can't deal with climate change without dealing with existing building," says Richard Moe, the president of the National Trust.With some_____, the oldest homes tend to be the least energy-efficient. Houses built before1939 use about 50% more energy per square foot than those built after 2000, mainly due to the tiny cracks and gaps that _____over time and let in more outside air.Fortunately, there are a vast number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes, from_____ ones like Lincoln's Cottage to your own postwar home. And efficiency upgrades can save more than just the earth, they can help_____property owners from rising power costs.Ask most people how they define the American Dream and chances are they’ll say, “Success.”The dream of individual opportunity has been home in America since Europeans discovered a “new world”in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a_____society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers: in Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote. “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered (无拘无束的) and unrestrained, because each person works for himself … We have no princes, for whom we labor，starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.” The promise of a land where “the rewards of a man’s _____follow with equal steps the progress of his labor”drew poor immigrants from Europe and_____ national expansion into the western territories.Our national mythology is full of_____ of the American success story. There’s Benjamin Franklin,A.expandB.exceptionsC.historicD.incrediblyE.poweringF.protectG.reducedH.replaceI.senseJ.varied H.enormous A.industry B.inevitably C.strongly D.fueled E.humble F.longing G.classless H.invaded I.status plicatedK.illustrationsthe very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from_____origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became American ’s best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The_____of success haunts us: we spend million every year reading about the rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down,” and “dressing for success.” The myth of success has even_____our personal relationships: today it ’s as important to be “successful ” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.But dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every American who hopes to “make it ” also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success_____ implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in _____symbols: we try to live in the “right ” neighborhoods, wear the “right ” clothes, eat the “right ” foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe_____in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.三、完型Playing organized sports is such a common experience in the United States that many children and teenagers take them for granted. This is especially true 41 children from families and communities that have the resources needed to organize and 42 sports programs and make sure that there is easy 43 to participation opportunies. Children in low-income familiesand poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often 44 the resources needed to pay for participation 45 , equipment, and transportation to practices and games as their communities do not have resources to build and 46 sports fields and facilities.Organized youth sports first appeared during the early 20th century in the United States and other wealthy nations. They were originally developed 47 some educators and developmental experts 48 that the behavior and character of children were 49 influenced by their social surroundings and everyday experiences. This 50 many people to believe that if youcould organize the experiences of children in 51 ways, you could influence the kinds of adults that those children would become.This belief that the social 52 influenced a person’s overall development was very 53 to people interested in progress and reform in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. It caused them to think about 54 they might control the experiences of children to 55 responsible and productive adults. They believed strongly that democracy depended on responsibility and that a growing capitalist economy depended on the productivity of workers.41. A) amongB) withinC) onD) towards42. A) spread B) speed C) spin D) sponsor43. A) access B) entrance C) chance D) route 44. A) shrink B) tighten C) limit D) lack 45. A) bill B) accounts C) fees D) fare 46. A) maintain B) contain C) sustain D) entertain47. A) before B) whileC) until D) when48. A) realized B) recalled C) expected D) exhibited 49. A) specifically B) excessivelyC) strongly D) exactly50. A) movedB) conducted C) putD) led51. A) precise B) precious C) particular D) peculiar52. A) engagement B) environment C) state D) status53. A) encouraging B) disappointing C) upsetting D) surprising54. A) what B) how C) whatever D) however 55. A) multiply B) manufacture C) produce D) provide 四、阅读 (A)There Student thieves look out. Students can easily get many research papers off the Internet. A new Web site could help teachers catch copiers.Some students research and write their term papers. Others, however, just copy them off theInternet and turn them in as their work.Two graduate students at the University of California at Berkeley have written a program to catch the students who copy. It compares a student’s paper with every other term paper on the Web.A hundred million Web pages on the Internet are searched. The top 20 search engines are used for the search. This service can be found at www. plagiarism. com. They also have a local data base of term papers.Teachers who sign up can send their students’ papers to the Web site. Within 24 hours they know if the student did the work.Every sentence that was a word-for-word match with another sentence either found on the Internet or within our database is coded.A U.C. Berkeley professor told his class he would use the program. Still some students copied papers. All 300 papers went through the program. In 45 papers or 15 percent of students had cut and pasted large amounts of material from different World Wide Web sites.Students that say they didn’t copy can defend themselves. They can show the instructors where they got their material. Students at universities try hard to get good grades. Some students welcome the Internet research watchdog because they say it is fair to all. They think copying is wrong.56. One reason why plagiarism has increased is that ______.A. student cheat more todayB. their reasoning and survival skills improvedC. students couldn’t find information to copy before the Internet was developedD. it is so easy to cut and paste papers or parts of papers from the Internet57. Using the program developed at University of California at Berkeley, the papers are checked by using ______.A. printing and looking carefully at hundreds of papers on the InternetB. a search of many Web pages and a comparison of words usedC. asking the student where they got the information in the paperD. comparing all the papers which are turned in by the students58. If teachers want to find out if their students wrote their own papers, ______. A. they ask other teachers to read their students’ papersB. they ask their students to list their sources of informationC. they can sign up for the Internet serviceD. they search the Internet and compare papersBIn modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: " I may have lost, but it doesn't matter because I really didn't try." What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one's self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others.Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.59. What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.B. Opinions about competition are different among people.C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.60. The underlined phrase "the most vocal" in Paragraph 3 means ________.A. those who try their best to winB. those who value competition most highlyC. those who are against competition most stronglyD. those who rely on others most for success61. What is the similar belief of the true competitors and those with a "desire to fail"?A. One's worth lies in his performance compared with others.B. One's success in competition needs great efforts.C. One's achievement is determined by his particular skills.D. One's success is based on how hard he has tried.62. Which point of view may the author agree to?A. Every effort should be paid back.B. Competition should be encouraged.C. Winning should be a life-and-death matter.D. Fear of failure should be removed in competition.C篇About 40 years ago the famous British band The Beatles sang that“money can’t buy me love”. Today British economists are saying that it perhaps can’t buy you happiness either. This is showed by the happy planet index published recently by the New Economics Foundation (NEF ) in London.The index is about how well countries are using their resources. It shows how well they provide people with better health and longer and happier lives and at what cost to their environment.It would seem to be a common sense that people in richer countries live happier lives while those in developing countries are having a harder time of it. But the results are surprising , even shocking. The numbers show that some of the so-called developed countries are performing very badly. The United States, for example , comes at an unbelievable number 150th. On the other hand, some little-known developing countries are doing a much better job. A tiny is land in the Pacific, Vanuatu comes in first. There are 178 countries and areas in the index. China ranks 31.Countries are graded on the basis of information supplied in response to the following questions. How do people feel about their live? How long does an average person live ? How intensively does a country need to use its natural resources -- such as oil, land and water--to maintain standards. This is what the inde x calls the “ecological footprint”.The NEF found that the people of island nations enjoy the highest HPI rankings. Their populations live happier and longer lives, and use fewer resources.The results also seem to show that it is possible to live longer, happier lives with a much smaller environmental impact . The index points out that people in the US and Germany enjoy similar lives.“However, Germany ‘s ecological footprint is only about half “ that of the US. This means that Germany is around twice as efficient as the US at producing happy lives,”says Nic Marks, head of NEF’s center for well-being.So happy planet Index(HPI) tells us a brand- new concept of understanding “being happy”. HPI figures out different countries or individuals’ HPI through their Ecological Footprint” and Life satisfaction Level “or ”Life Expectancy”. Clearly, people’s HPI is related to their consumption of the resources on the earth.You can find out your own HPI by visiting http://www. happy planet /survey.htm.63. The story is mainly about ____________________.A. in which countries people feel the happiest.B.why money can’t you happiness.C.what index can influence people’s happiness.D.the happy planet index published recently64.According to the passage, the index has something to do with_________________.A.wealth, education, resources and heath.B. lives, heath, resources and environmentC.pressure, accommodation, resources and heathD. education, money, environment and resources65. Countries that have low HPI rankings___________________________.A. are only developing countries.B. have far fewer happy peopleC. have a greater impact on environmentD. do not enjoy plenty of resource66. The comparison between Germany and the US shows that______________________.A. some of the so-called developed countries are performing very badly.B. it is possible to live happier and longer lives with fewer resources.C. not all the people in developed countries enjoy happy lives.D. history and culture play an important role in people”s lives.六选四Directions:complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December nineteen forty-one had brought America into the war. And it had severely damaged American military power. But Roosevelt decided not to strike back at Japan immediately. 67 . There were several rea sons for Roosevelt’s decision.First, Germany already controlled much of Europe, as well as much of the Atlantic Ocean. Roosevelt considered this a direct threat. 68 . Second, Germany was an advanced industrial nation. It had many scientists and engineers. Its factories were modern. Roosevelt was concerned that Germany might be able to develop deadly new weapons, such as an atomic bomb, if it was not stopped quickly. Third, Britain historically was one of America’s closest allies. And the Britis h people were united and fighting for their lives against Germany. This was not true in Asia. Japan’s most important opponent was China. But China’s fighting forces were weak and divided, and could not offer strong opposition to the Japanese.Hitler’s dec ision to break his treaty with Josef Stalin and attack the Soviet Union made Roosevelt’s final choice. The American leader recognized that the Germans would have to fight on two fronts: in the west against Britain and in the east against Russia. 69 . So Washington sent most of its troops and supplies to Britain to join the fight against Germany.American military leaders hoped to attack Germany quickly by launching an attack across the English Channel. Stalin also supported this plan. Soviet forces were suffering terrible losses from the Nazi attack and wanted the British and Americans to fight the Germans on the west.However, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and other leaders opposed launching an invasion across the English Channel too quickly. They worried that such an invasion might fail, while the Germans were still so strong. 70 . For this reason, British and American forces decided instead to attack the Italian and German occupation troops in north Africa.概要写作：It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It includes not only “remembering things” like arithmetic or historical facts, bur also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed (嗅到，闻到)something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learn to swing a baseball bat.Memory exists not only in humans and animals but but in some physical objects and puters ,for example,contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer with that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100,000 “words”--ready for instant use.An average U.S. teenager probably recognizes the meaning about 100,000 words of English. However, this is a but fraction of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight.The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person’s memory is in terms of words and combinations of words.翻译1.我从未想到我校篮球队会在竞赛中败北。

一．方法综述立体几何的动态问题是高考的热点，问题中的“不确定性”与“动感性”元素往往成为学生思考与求解问题的思维障碍，使考题的破解更具策略性、挑战性与创新性.一般立体动态问题形成的原因有动点变化、平面图形的翻折、几何体的平移和旋转以及投影与截面问题，由此引发的常见题型为动点轨迹、角度与距离的计算、面积与体积的计算、探索性问题以及有关几何量的最值求解等.此类题的求解并没有一定的模式与固定的套路可以沿用，很多学生一筹莫展，无法形成清晰的分析思路，导致该题成为学生的易失分点.究其原因，是因为学生缺乏相关学科素养和解决问题的策略造成的.动态立体几何题在变化过程中总蕴含着某些不变的因素，因此要认真分析其变化特点，寻找不变的静态因素，从静态因素中，找到解决问题的突破口.求解动态范围的选择、填空题，有时应把这类动态的变化过程充分地展现出来，通过动态思维，观察它的变化规律，找到两个极端位置，即用特殊法求解范围.对于探究存在问题或动态范围（最值）问题，用定性分析比较难或繁时，可以引进参数，把动态问题划归为静态问题.具体地，可通过构建方程、函数或不等式等进行定量计算，以算促证.二．解题策略类型一立体几何中动态问题中的角度问题例1.【四川高考题】如图，四边形ABCD和ADPQ均为正方形，它们所在的平面互相垂直，动点M在线段PQ上，E、F分别为AB、BC的中点.设异面直线EM与AF所成的角为θ，则θcos的最大值为.【答案】2 5281161814552y y t t+=≥++-，当1t =时取等号.所以22112(1)12222cos 511555451144yy y y θ-+-==≤⨯=⋅++⋅++，当0y =时，取得最大值.z yxF ME QPD CBA【指点迷津】空间的角的问题，一种方法，代数法，只要便于建立空间直角坐标系均可建立空间直角坐标系，然后利用公式求解；另一种方法，几何法，几何问题要结合图形分析何时取得最大（小）值.当点M 在P 处时，EM 与AF 所成角为直角，此时余弦值为0（最小），当M 点向左移动时，EM 与AF 所成角逐渐变小时，点M 到达点Q 时，角最小，余弦值最大. 【举一反三】1、【四川高考题】如图，在正方体1111ABCD A B C D -中，点O 为线段BD 的中点.设点P 在线段1CC 上，直线OP 与平面1A BD 所成的角为α，则sin α的取值范围是（） A ．3[,1]3 B ．6[,1]3 C ．622[,]33 D ．22[,1]3【答案】B111133212222cos ,sin 33322A OC A OC +-∠==∠=⨯，113133622cos ,sin 33322A OC A OC +-∠==-∠=⨯. 又直线与平面所成的角小于等于90，而1A OC ∠为钝角，所以sin α的范围为6[,1]3，选 B. 2、【广东省东莞市2019届高三第二次调研】在正方体中，E 是侧面内的动点，且平面，则直线与直线AB 所成角的正弦值的最小值是A ．B ．C ．D ． 【答案】B 【解析】解：以D 为原点，DA 为x 轴，DC 为y 轴，为z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，设正方体中棱长为1， 设0，，，，1，，1，，0，，1，，，1，，1，，设平面的法向量y ，， 则，取，得，平面，，解得，，，设直线与直线AB 所成角为，1，，，，，．直线与直线AB 所成角的正弦值的最小值是．故选：B ．3、如图，已知平面αβ⊥，l αβ=，A 、B 是直线l 上的两点，C 、D 是平面β内的两点，且DA l ⊥，CB l ⊥，3AD =，6AB =，6CB =．P 是平面α上的一动点，且直线PD ，PC 与平面α所成角相等，则二面角P BC D --的余弦值的最小值是（ ）A 5B ．12 C3 D ．1【答案】C类型二立体几何中动态问题中的距离问题【例2】【广西壮族自治区柳州市2019届高三毕业班3月模拟】如图，在正方体中，棱长为1，点为线段上的动点（包含线段端点），则下列结论错误的是（）A．当时，平面B．当为中点时，四棱锥的外接球表面为C．的最小值为D．当时，平面【答案】C【解析】对于，连结，，，则，，，设到平面的距离为，则，解得，∴.∴当时，为与平面的交点．∵平面∥平面，∵平面，∴∥平面，故A正确．又由以上分析可得，当时，即为三棱锥的高，∴平面，所以D正确．对于B，当为中点时，四棱锥为正四棱锥，设平面的中心为，四棱锥的外接球为，所以，解得，故四棱锥的外接球表面积为，所以B正确．对于C，连结，，则，∴，由等面积法得的最小值为，∴的最小值为．所以C不正确．故选：C.【指点迷津】求两点间的距离或其最值.一种方法，可建立坐标系，设点的坐标，用两点间距离公式写出距离，转化为求函数的最值问题；另一种方法，几何法，根据几何图形的特点，寻找那两点间的距离最大（小），求其值.【举一反三】1、【河南省焦作市2018-2019学年高三三模】在棱长为4的正方体ABCD ﹣A 1B 1C 1D 1中，点E 、F 分别在棱AA 1和AB 上，且C 1E⊥EF，则|AF|的最大值为（ ）A ．B ．1C ．D ．2【答案】B 【解析】以AB ，AD ，AA 1所在直线为x ，y ，z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系如图所示，则C 1（4，4，4），设E （0，0，z ），z∈[0，4]，F （x ，0，0），x∈[0，4]，则|AF|＝x ．＝（4，4，4﹣z ），＝（x ，0，﹣z ）．因为C 1E⊥EF，所以，即：z 2+4x ﹣4z ＝0，x ＝z ﹣．当z ＝2时，x 取得最大值为1．|AF|的最大值为1． 故选：B ．2.如图，已知正方体1111ABCD A B C D -棱长为4，点H 在棱1AA 上，且11HA =，在侧面11BCC B 内作边长为1的正方形1EFGC ，P 是侧面11BCC B 内一动点，且点P 到平面11CDD C 距离等于线段PF 的长，则当点P 运动时，2||HP 的最小值是（ ）A ．21B ．22C ．23D ．25 【答案】B【解析】在1BB 上取点K ，使得11B K ＝，则HK ⊥面11BCC B ，连结PK ，则222216HP HK PK PK ＝＋＝＋．在平面11BCC B 上，以1CC 所在直线为x 轴，以GF 所在直线为y 轴，由题意可知，P 点轨迹为抛物线，其方程为221x y -＝，K 点坐标为()04，，设()P x y ，，则221x y =-（其中1[22371],x y ⎡⎤∈-∈⎢⎥⎣⎦，，，()22222421816615PK x y y y y y y =+-=-+-+=-+当17,223y ⎡⎤=∈⎢⎥⎣⎦时，2min 6|PK ＝，故2min |16622HP ＝＋＝．3、如图,在棱长为2的正方体ABCD -A 1B 1C 1D 1中,E 为BC 的中点,点P 在线段D 1E 上,点P 到直线CC 1的距离的最小值为__________.【答案】25类型三立体几何中动态问题中的面积、体积问题【例3】在棱长为6的正方体中，是中点，点是面所在的平面内的动点，且满足，则三棱锥的体积最大值是（）A. 36B.C. 24D.【答案】B【指点迷津】求几何体体积的最值，先观察几何图形三棱锥，其底面的面积为不变的几何量，求点P到平面BCD的距离的最大值，选择公式，可求最值.【举一反三】1、《 九章算术》是我国古代数学名著,它在几何学中的研究比西方早一千多年.例如堑堵指底面为直角三角形，且侧棱垂直于底面的三棱柱；阳马指底面为矩形，一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥.如图，在堑堵111ABC A B C -中，AC BC ⊥，若12A A AB ==，当阳马11B A ACC -体积最大时，则堑堵111ABC A B C -的体积为（ ）A ．83B ．2 C.2 D ．22 【答案】C2、【黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学2017届高三下学期第一次模拟】已知矩形ABCD 中， 6,4AB BC ==， ,E F 分别是,AB CD 上两动点，且AE DF =，把四边形BCFE 沿EF 折起，使平面BCFE ⊥平面ABCD ，若折得的几何体的体积最大，则该几何体外接球的体积为（ ） A. 28π B. 287π C. 32π D. 23π【答案】D3、【湖南省衡阳市2019届高三二模】如图，直角三角形，，，将绕边旋转至位置，若二面角的大小为，则四面体的外接球的表面积的最小值为（）A．B．C．D．【答案】B【解析】如图，，，分别为，，的中点，作面，作面，连，，易知点即为四面体的外接球心，，，.设，，则，，，.【处理一】消元化为二次函数..【处理二】柯西不等式..所以.类型四立体几何中动态问题中的轨迹问题【例4】如图直三棱柱中，为边长为2的等边三角形，，点、、、、分别是边、、、、的中点，动点在四边形内部运动，并且始终有平面，则动点的轨迹长度为（）A. B. C. D.【答案】D【解析】因为分别为的中点，所以，，所以平面，平面，又因为,所以平面平面，要使平面，则平面，所以点的轨迹为线段，点的轨迹长度为.故本题正确答案为.【指点迷津】由已知可知平面平面，要始终有平面，点M为定点，所以点P的轨迹为线段HF，求其长度即可.【举一反三】1、【安徽省安庆市2019届高三二模】如图，正三棱柱的侧棱长为，底面边长为，一只蚂蚁从点出发沿每个侧面爬到，路线为，则蚂蚁爬行的最短路程是（）A ．B ．C ．D ．【答案】A 【解析】正三棱柱的侧面展开图是如图所示的矩形，矩形的长为，宽为，则其对角线的长为最短程. 因此蚂蚁爬行的最短路程为.故选:A.2、在正方体1111ABCD A B C D 中，已知点P 为平面11AA D D 中的一个动点，且点P 满足：直线1PC 与平面11AA D D 所成的角的大小等于平面PBC 与平面11AA D D 所成锐二面角的大小，则点P 的轨迹为（ ） A ．直线 B ．椭圆 C ．圆 D ．抛物线 【答案】DF E P C 1B 1D 1A 1DCBA z yx3、已知平面平面，，且.是正方形，在正方形内部有一点，满足与平面所成的角相等，则点的轨迹长度为 ( ) A. B. C.D.【答案】 C【解析】根据题意，以为原点，分别以所在直线为轴，建立空间直角坐标系，如图1所示，则，，设，易知直线与平面所的角分别为，均为锐角，类型五 立体几何中动态问题中的翻折、旋转问题【例5】如图，已知ABC ∆，D 是AB 的中点，沿直线CD 将ACD ∆折成A CD '∆，所成二面角A CDB '--的平面角为α，则（ ）A.A DB α'∠≤B.A DB α'∠≥C. A CB α'∠≤D.A CB α'∠≤【答案】B. 【解析】试题分析：设ADC θ∠=，设2AB =，则由题意1AD BD ==，在空间图形中，设A B t '=，在A CB '∆中，2222222112cos 22112A D DB AB t t A DB A D DB '+-+--'∠==='⨯⨯⨯，在空间图形中，过A '作AN DC ⊥，过B 作BM DC ⊥，垂足分别为N ，M ， 过N 作//NP MB ，连结A P '，∴NP DC ⊥，则A NP '∠就是二面角A CD B '--的平面角，∴A NP α'∠=，在Rt A ND '∆中，cos cos DN A D A DC θ''=∠=，sin sin A N A D A DC θ'''=∠=，【举一反三】1、【四川省宜宾市2019届高三二诊】已知棱长都为2的正三棱柱的直观图如图，若正三棱柱绕着它的一条侧棱所在直线旋转，则它的侧视图可以为A．B．C．D．【答案】B【解析】由题意，四个选项高都是2，若侧视图为A，中间应该有一条竖直的实线或虚线．若为C，则其中有两条侧棱重合，不应有中间竖线．若为D，则长应为，而不是1．故选：B．2.【重庆市南开中学2019届高三三月测试】如图，在正方形中，，分别为线段，上的点，，．将绕直线、绕直线各自独立旋转一周，则在所有旋转过程中，直线与直线所成角的最大值为________．【答案】【解析】由题绕直线、绕直线各自独立旋转一周，形成两个圆锥体，AB和DF成为圆锥的母线，所以无论怎么旋转，都有，．利用几何体性质得：最大角是AB与BE的对称直线B和DF关于直线CD的对称直线D在同一平面内时所成角，为故答案为3.【2017课标1，理16】如图，圆形纸片的圆心为O，半径为5 cm，该纸片上的等边三角形ABC的中心为O.D、E、F为圆O上的点，△DBC，△ECA，△FAB分别是以BC，CA，AB为底边的等腰三角形.沿虚线剪开后，分别以BC，CA，AB为折痕折起△DBC，△ECA，△FAB，使得D、E、F重合，得到三棱锥.当△ABC的边长变化时，所得三棱锥体积（单位：cm3）的最大值为_______.【答案】415【解析】三．强化训练一、选择题1. 已知正方体ABCD－A1B1C1D1的棱长为1，E，F分别是边AA1，CC1上的中点，点M是BB1上的动点，过点E，M，F的平面与棱DD1交于点N，设BM＝x，平行四边形EMFN的面积为S，设y＝S2，则y关于x的函数y＝f(x)的图象大致是( )A．B． C．D．【答案】A【解析】由对称性易知四边形为菱形，，，．为二次函数，开口向上，顶点为.故选：．2、某圆柱的高为1，底面周长为8，其三视图如图所示圆柱表面上的点M 在正视图上的对应点为A ，圆柱表面上的点N 在左视图上的对应点为B ，则在此圆柱侧面上，从M 到N 的路径中，最短路径的长度为A ．B ．C ．D ．【答案】C 【解析】根据几何体的三视图如图所示：由于底面周长为8，得到，解得，所以点M 到N 在下底面上的射影的弧长为，把圆柱的侧面展开得到从M 到N 的路径中的最小值为．故选：C ．3、如图，等边三角形ABC 的中线AF 与中位线DE 相交于G ，已知ED A '∆是△ADE 绕DE 旋转过程中的一个图形，下列命题中，错误的是（ ）A ．动点A '在平面ABC 上的射影在线段AF 上B ．恒有平面GF A '⊥平面BCDEC ．三棱锥EFD A -'的体积有最大值 D ．异面直线E A '与BD 不可能垂直【答案】D4.【河南省郑州市第一中学2019届高三上期中】在三棱锥中，平面，M是线段上一动点，线段长度最小值为，则三棱锥的外接球的表面积是（）A．B．C．D．【答案】C【解析】解：如图所示：三棱锥中，平面，M是线段上一动点，线段长度最小值为，则：当时，线段达到最小值，由于：平面，所以：，解得：，所以：，则：，由于：，所以：则：为等腰三角形．所以：，在中，设外接圆的直径为，则：，所以：外接球的半径，则：，故选：C．5．【河南省郑州市2019年高三第二次质量检测】在长方体中，，，分别是棱的中点，是底面内一动点，若直线与平面没有公共点，则三角形面积的最小值为（）A．B．C．D．【答案】C【解析】补全截面EFG为截面EFGHQR如图，其中H、Q、R分别为、的中点，易证平面ACD1∥平面EFGHQR，∵直线D1P与平面EFG不存在公共点，∴D1P∥面ACD1，∴D1P面ACD1，∴P∈AC，∴过P作AC的垂线，垂足为K，则BK=,此时BP最短，△PBB1的面积最小，∴三角形面积的最小值为，故选：C．6.【上海交通大学附属中学2019届高三3月月考】如图，已知三棱锥，平面，是棱上的动点，记与平面所成的角为，与直线所成的角为，则与的大小关系为（）A．B．C．D．不能确定【答案】C【解析】如图所示：∵PA⊥平面ABC，∴PD与平面ABC所成的角=∠PDA,过点A作AE⊥BC，垂足为E，连接PE，∵PA⊥平面ABC，∴PA⊥BC，∴BC⊥平面PAE，∴BC⊥PE,在Rt△AED，Rt△PAD，Rt△PED中：cos，cos，cos，∴cos cos cos< cos,又均为锐角，∴，故选C.7．如图，在等腰中，，M为的中点，沿BM把它折成二面角，折后A与C的距离为，则二面角的大小为（）A．30°B．60°C．90°D．120°【答案】D【解析】∵等腰直角△BC中，B＝BC＝2，M为C中点，∴折之前C2，BM⊥C，∴折之后AM＝CM，AM⊥BM，CM⊥BM，∴∠AMC是二面角C﹣BM﹣A的平面角，∵折后A，C间的距离为，由余弦定理得cos∠AMC＝，∵∠AMC∴二面角C﹣BM﹣A的大小为，即为120°故选：D．二、填空题8.【安徽省蚌埠市2019届高三第一次检查】如图所示，正方体的棱长为2，E，F为，AB的中点，M点是正方形内的动点，若平面，则M点的轨迹长度为______．【答案】【解析】如图所示，取的中点，的中点，连接，，，．可得：四边形是平行四边形，.同理可得：．．平面平面，点是正方形内的动点，若平面.点在线段上．点的轨迹长度．故答案为．9．已知正方体的棱长为，点为线段上一点，是平面上一点，则的最小值是______________________；【答案】【解析】解：当取得最小时，点必定是点在平面上的射影，即在上.与在二面角的两个面内，为此将绕旋转90°，使得平面与平面在同一平面内，由，故当共线且与垂直时，取得最小.在平面内，因为所以，，又，所以与都是等腰直角三角形，所以得到=，故的最小值为.10、【2017课标3，理16】a ，b 为空间中两条互相垂直的直线，等腰直角三角形ABC 的直角边AC 所在直线与a ，b 都垂直，斜边AB 以直线AC 为旋转轴旋转，有下列结论：①当直线AB 与a 成60°角时，AB 与b 成30°角； ②当直线AB 与a 成60°角时，AB 与b 成60°角； ③直线AB 与a 所成角的最小值为45°； ④直线AB 与a 所成角的最小值为60°.其中正确的是________.（填写所有正确结论的编号） 【答案】②③ 【解析】试题分析：由题意，AB 是以AC 为轴,BC 为底面半径的圆锥的母线，由,AC a AC b ⊥⊥，又AC ⊥圆锥底面，在底面内可以过点B ，作BD a ，交底面圆C 于点D ，如图所示，连结DE ，则DE ⊥BD ，DE b ∴，连结AD ，等腰△ABD 中，2AB AD == ,当直线AB 与a 成60°角时，60ABD ∠=，故2BD =，又在BDE Rt △中，2,2BE DE =∴=，学科&网过点B 作BF ∥DE ，交圆C 于点F ，连结AF ，由圆的对称性可知2BF DE == ,ABF ∴△为等边三角形，60ABF ∴∠=，即AB 与b 成60°角，②正确，①错误.由最小角定理可知③正确；很明显，可以满足平面ABC ⊥直线a ，直线AB 与a 所成的最大角为90°，④错误. 正确的说法为②③. 学科&网11．【2019届湘赣十四校高三联考第二次考试】如图，正三棱锥的高，底面边长为4，，分别在和上，且，当三棱锥体积最大时，三棱锥的内切球的半径为________．【答案】【解析】设，，当时，取得最大值，此时为中点，经过点，且，，所以可求，，因此易求，，，，又∵，∴.12．【河南省六市2019届高三第一次联考】如图，是等腰直角三角形，斜边，D为直角边BC 上一点不含端点，将沿直线AD折叠至的位置，使得在平面ABD外，若在平面ABD 上的射影H恰好在线段AB上，则AH的取值范围是______．【答案】【解析】解：在等腰中，斜边，D为直角边BC上的一点，，，将沿直AD折叠至的位置，使得点在平面ABD外，且点在平面ABD上的射影H在线段AB上，设，，，，平面ABC，，当时，B与D重合，，当时，，为直角边BC上的一点，，的取值范围是故答案为：13．【陕西省榆林市2019届高考模拟第三次测试】如图，是边长为2的正方形，其对角线与交于点，将正方形沿对角线折叠，使点所对应点为，.设三棱锥的外接球的体积为，三棱锥的体积为，则__________．【答案】【解析】由题,易知三棱锥的外接球的球心为，∴，∴，到底面的距离为，∴，∴.故答案为14．【河南省洛阳市2018-2019学年高中三第二次统考】正四面体中，是的中点，是棱上一动点，的最小值为，则该四面体内切球的体积为_____.【答案】【解析】如下图，正方体中作出一个正四面体将正三角形和正三角形沿边展开后使它们在同一平面内，如下图：要使得最小，则三点共线，即：，设正四面体的边长为，在三角形中，由余弦定理可得：，解得：，所以正方体的边长为2，正四面体的体积为：，设四正面体内切球的半径为，由等体积法可得：，整理得：，解得：，所以该四面体内切球的体积为.15．【江西省吉安一中、九江一中、新余一中等八所重点中学2019届高三4月联考】如图，已知多面体的底面是边长为的正方形，平面，且，现将以直线为轴旋转一周后，则直线与动直线所成角的范围__________．【答案】【解析】画出图像如下图所示，将平移到的位置，点在以为圆心，半径为的圆上运动.则就是所求线线角，根据三角形中，大角对大边，为定值，故最值由来确定，故当在处线线角最小，在处线线角最大.由于，故.而，故，所以.而，故.所以所求线线角的取值范围是.16．在三棱锥中，,分别为棱和棱上的动点，则△的周长范围___________.【答案】【解析】三棱锥如图：把三棱锥A﹣BCD的侧面展开如图，∵△△，∴, ∴B,A,共线，此时两点间的连接线即是△的周长的最小值8，但此时E，F重合于A，不能构成三角形，所以取不到8．由图观察，当分别在棱和棱上由A向下移动时，的长度先变小，移动至分别与AD，AC 垂直时，的长度最小，再向下移动逐渐变大，所以△的周长最大为=15,故答案为.。

上海市上海理工大学附属中学2011届高三第四次月考化学试题相对原子质量：H—l C—l2 N—l4 0-16 Na-23 Mg-24 Al-27 S—32 C1一35.5 K-39 Fe-56 Cu-64 Ba-137 Mn-55 Zn-65 Ca-40第I卷一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，只有一个选项符合题意）1．运用化学知识可以解决日常生活中遇到的许多问题，下列说法不正确的是A．食用松花蛋时蘸些食醋可以去除氨味B．用双氧水的稀溶液清洗伤口可以杀菌消毒C．用淀粉溶液检验某食盐是否为加碘盐D．长期使用含氟牙膏可预防龋齿2．下列各组表达式意义相同的是A．－NO2、NO2 B．－OH、C．－COOH、HCOO－ D．HCOOCH3、HOOCCH33．分析推理是化学学习方法之一。

以下推理正确的是A．金属冶炼方法与金属活泼性有很大的关系，银和汞可以用热分解的方法冶炼B．某雨水的pH小于5.6，说明雨水中一定溶解了SO2C．某八宝粥商标中注明没加蔗糖，所以糖尿病人可以放心食用D．将镁片和铝片分别投入浓NaOH溶液，只有铝片表面产生气泡，说明铝比镁活泼烷4．下列说法不正确的是A．蛋白质水解的最终产物是氨基酸B．油脂水解生成甘油和高级脂肪酸或高级脂肪酸盐C．淀粉水解的最终产物是葡萄糖D．重油裂解可以得到汽油5．关于纸上层析法的叙述，错误的是A．纸上层析法是分离和检验化学性质十分相近的分子或离子的一种方法B．纸上层析法是利用试样中不同离子随展开剂以不同速率在滤纸上展开，而达到检验、离的目的。

C．纸上层析法只能用来检验混合溶液中是否含有Fe3+和Cu2+D．用纸上层析法进行物质检验时，应注意避免使滤纸接触到试管内壁或使样点浸入到展开剂中二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，只有一个选项符合题意）6、设N A为阿伏加德罗常数，下列说法正确的是（）。

A.标准状况下，22.4L氯气与足量氢氧化钠溶液反应转移电子数为N AB.7.8 g Na2O2含有阴离子数目为0.2N AC.1L0.5mol/L的(NH4)2SO4溶液中含有N A个NH4+D.58.5g氯化钠中约含有6.02×1023个氯化钠分子7、下列各图所示的实验原理、方法、装置和操作正确的是A ．干燥Cl 2B ．检验K ＋C ．配制150 mLD ．吸收NH 3 8、在通常条件下，下列各组物质的性质排列正确的是A ．半径大小：Na 〉P 〉O 2-B ．水溶性：HCl 〉H 2S 〉SO 2C ．熔点：NaCl 〉Na-K 合金〉KD ．热稳定性：HF 〉H 2O 〉NH 39、由一种阳离子与两种酸根离子组成的盐称为混盐。

云南省师范大学附属中学2023届高考适应性月考卷(一)
化学试题
注意事项：
1.答题前，考生务必用黑色碳素笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号、座位号在答题卡上填写清楚。
2.每小题选出〖答 案〗后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的〖答 案〗标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他〖答 案〗标号。在试题卷上作答无效。
A. 曲线②表示-lgc(HX)与溶液pH的关系
B.a点对应的溶液中：c(H+) +2c(HX)=c(OH-)-c(X-)
C.b点对应的溶液中：c(Na+)>c(X-)>c(OH-)>c(H+)
D.25℃时，HX的电离平衡常数的数量级为10-4
二、非选择题：共58分。
15.A、B、C、D是4种中学化学常见 纯净物，其中A为单质。A、B、C、D存在如图所示转化关系：
A.该反应为吸热反应
B.向X点对应的平衡体系再充入CO、CO2各1mol，平衡逆向移动
C. 980K时，CO2的平衡转化率约为33.3%
D.增大容器的体积有利于提高CO2的平衡转化率
14.25℃时，往20. 00mL 0. 1mol·L-1HX溶液中滴入0. 1mol·L-1NaOH溶液，体系中-1gc(HX)、-lgc(X-)、NaOH溶液的体积与溶液pH的关系如图所示。下列说法正确的是
C.常温时， a、b间连接电流表，指针偏转
D.放电时，a极的电极反应方程式为3Li13Si4-11e-=4Li7Si3+11Li+
13.在一恒压密闭容器中加入足量的碳，并充入0.2molCO2气体，发生反应：C(s)+CO2(g) 2CO(g)。反应达平衡时 〖p(CO)、p(CO2)分别为体系中CO、CO2的平衡分压〗随温度的变化关系如图所示。下列说法错误的是