高考语篇型语法填空题分析

2014年高考语篇型语法填空题分析

2014年高考全国卷英语试卷结构进行了调整，主要是以语篇型语法填空题替代已使用几十年之久的单句型语言知识题。

★ 单句型语言知识题的缺点：

1. 不符合交际语言测试理论的要求

交际语言测试理论注重语境的作用，强调应该在语篇层次培养和考查学生的语言能力（Bachman, 1990）。单句类试题虽然强调语言情景的完整性，但受单词数量的限制，难以达到情景真实性和交际真实性的要求（Cohen, 1998）。

2. 对英语教学的导向较差

英语教学应注重学生听、说、读、写能力的全面发展，而该类型试题易诱使教师花费大量时间讲解语法知识，考生花费不必要的精力研究答题策略（Purpura, 2004），这势必影响对学生其他能力的培养。

3. 容易向学生输入错误信息

这类试题在给出正确选项的同时，必须设计若干（多为3个）似是而非的错误选项，易加深学生对错误的印象，影响学生良好语言习惯的形成（Weir, 1990）。

4. 容易出现一题有多个可接受答案的情况。

★ 语篇型语法填空题的引进：

《课程标准》中明确规定：高中学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五方面的内容。为了贯彻《课程标准》的精神，同时考虑到高考对中学英语教学的反拨作用，试卷中仍应保留专门考查语法知识运用的内容；而为了提高考试的科学性，应该引进能从语篇层次考查考生对所学语法知识运用情况的题型。

★ 语篇型语法填空题的优点：

1. 任务真实性强

任何一个语篇中都存在大量可用于学习、研究的语法知识，以这样的语篇作为考查语法的材料更符合语言学习的真实情景，而且语篇丰富的上下文内容也能够更有效地考查考生对语法知识的运用情况。

2. 能够对中学英语教学产生良好的反拨作用

将对语法的考查提高到语篇层次，且考查类型由选择型变为填写型，能够引导中学英语教学加强对学生精细阅读能力和语言知识运用能力的培养。

3. 有助于高考英语试卷继续保持较高的信度

信度是大规模的高利害考试非常重视的一个指标。该题型的答案虽有开放度，但可控性较强，属于半客观性试题，评分误差很小，能够使高考英语科仍保持较高的信度。

4. 可以增加试卷中题型的多样性

标准化考试采取多种方式和多种题型往往更为公平，这是因为某些考生在某种题型上的表现要比在其他题型上的表现更好。因此，在对重要能力进行评价时可以尝试采用多种方式和多种题型（Powers，2010），而语篇型语法填空题的引入即是试题设计人员在这方面的尝试。

★ 语篇型语法填空题的形式为：在一篇200词左右的语篇（短文或对话）中留出10处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。

1. 短文体

One of my father’s favorite 1. ________ (say) as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldn’t say I didn’t like something, 2. ________ it might be, until after I tried it. Over the years

I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my 3. ________ (accept) of those words as

one of my values. My first job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I determined

what I wanted to do as a career (职业). 4. ________ (actual) I believed I would work for a few

years, get 5. ________ (marry), stay home and raise a family, so I didn’t think the job I took

mattered that much. I couldn’t 6. ________ more mistaken. I mastered the skills of that 7.

________ (begin) level position and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the

company into 8. ________ (differ) positions. I accepted each new opportunity with the thought,

“Well, I’ll try it; 9. ________ I don’t like it I can always go back to my 10. ________ (early)

position.” But I was with the same company for the past 28 years.

答案：

1. sayings 2. whatever 3. acceptance 4. Actually 5. married

6. have been 7. beginning 8. different 9. if 10. earlier

短文中设有10个空，其中7个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空，且词性和词形要正确；另外3个空没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空。

2. 对话体

Mum: (putting on her coat) I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.

Alan: Why?

Mum: I’m not sure what 1. ________ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and

left them on the table 2. ________ I went to answer the phone. But someone must

have taken them because they’re 3. ________ (go).

Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen 4. ________ (early).

Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5. ________ (make) them,

so he couldn’t have done it. 6. ________, he couldn’t carry a plate of sandwiches

as well as all his tennis stuff, so I’m sure 7. ________ wasn’t him.

Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your

sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8. ________ fridge?

Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9. ________ (put) them in there when the

phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10. ________. Now, why did I

put on my coat?

对话中设有10个空，其中5个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空；另外5个没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空。高考考纲中第9空所在句换成了I 9. ________ have put them in there when the phone rang。

答案：

1. happened 2. when 3. gone 4. earlier 5. making

6. Anyway 7. it 8. the 9. must have put 10. mind / memory

★ 2014年全国卷语篇型语法填空题分析：

2014年全国卷语篇型语法填空题都为短文体，真题如下：

2014年新课标全国卷I

Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?

In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It 61.

_________ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it 62.

_________ (actual) caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of 63. _________

most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 64. _________ even a few months. It took

years of work 65. __________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that

hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 66. _________ (clean) than ever.

Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 67. _________ is

driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit

card use. When you face such an impossible situation, don’t you want a quick fix and something