乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
外文:
RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Rural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting.
On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations.
If rural tourism is to fulfil all these roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue (WTTC, 1996).
The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of "alternative" tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism
industry.
Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earth's resources has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared.
Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is "all forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perpetuity" (FNNP, 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which "operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources; recognises the contribution that people and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas" (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992).
Though the existing definitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications (Mowforth & Munt, 1998).
Ecological sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destination's ecosystem, is the most commonly accepted dimension, since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themselves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes that a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so-called "tourist culture" and the "residual culture" of the visitors (Jafari, 1987). Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gain
from tourism that is sufficient to provide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience caused by the activities of the tourism sector) and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists (thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can be economically sustainable).
The different aspects of sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equally important. High level of economic profitability must not be considered as a tool to cover over the damage done to social or natural resources, but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken (properly). Sustainable tourism development has to be economically viable and naturally and culturally sensitive at the same time.
As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations' physical, economic and social-cultural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools.
INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY
"Indicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions" (WTO, 1996). In other words, indicators are a set of useful measures of those factors that are important to the decision-makers (the relative significance of these factors depend on their relevance to the development objectives of a given destination, and on their importance to tourists)."Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the [tourist] industry depends" (WTO, 1996).
Based on different guidelines and recommendations (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke,
1996; WTO, 1996; Mowforth & Munt, 1998), the indicators suggested for the purpose of this study are the following (Table 1):
THE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISM
Rural tourism is an old and a new phenomenon at the same time. Interest in countryside recreation started to grew already in the 19. century as a reaction to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialisation. The rural scene was admired by poets and artists. The new railway companies transported more and more tourists to the countryside. However, the rural tourism of our era is different: the number of tourists involved has increased significantly and tourism has developed in all types of countryside instead of being limited to areas of exceptional scenic beauty.
Though it seems to be simple to define rural tourism as "tourism that takes place in the countryside", this definition does not include the complexity of the activity and the different forms and meanings developed in different countries. According to a broader definition, "rural tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to their area in order to generate extra income for their businesses" (Gannon, 1988, in te Kloeze, 1994). If this broader concept is accepted, rural tourism covers not only farm tourism or agritourism (which is generally what rural tourism means for most people), but also special interest nature holidays, touring in rural areas and
residential tourism, and the services include - besides accommodation - events, festivities, outdoor recreation, production and sale of handicrafts and agricultural products, etc.
The term "rural tourism" has different meanings in different countries. In Finland, for example, it usually means renting out cottages to visitors or providing catering services in the countryside. In Hungary, a special term of "village tourism" exists, indicating that only activities and services provided in villages are included in this kind of tourism (as we will see later, village tourism typically covers low-priced accommodation, involvement in agricultural or other local activities is not common). In Slovenia, the most important form of rural tourism is tourism on family farms, where guests stay either with the farmer family or in a guest house, but visiting farms to have a meal and explore the farmyard is also popular (Verbole, 1995). In the Netherlands, the rural tourist product means especially camping on the farm, with most farm services being linked to route-bound activities as cycling, walking or horse-riding (Peters et al, 1994). In Greece, the main provision of rural tourism product is bed and breakfast with accommodation in traditionally furnished rooms and with traditional breakfasts often based on home-made products. Complementary activities - currently still on a limited scale - include restaurants and refreshment facilities or the organisation of cultural and recreational activities (Turner, 1993).
Rural tourism is one of the main priorities of tourism development in many European countries, including Hungary. The market for rural holidays is growing at the same time as the future of many rural regions is uncertain, due to changes in agricultural practice (including the effects of the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU) or the increasing attractiveness of urban living standards. Rural tourism seems to be an appropriate tool to revitalise the declining rural areas and to ensure their sustainable future by job retention or even job creation, increased job diversity, service retention, farm support, broadened cultural provision, landscape and nature conservation or the maintenance of rural arts and crafts as tourist attractions. Rural tourism often provides an incentive (and part of the necessary funding) for infrastructural development, which then contributes to the growth of other economic activities in rural areas. A specific benefit of rural tourism
development can be the increasing number of opportunities for social interaction for local people who often live relatively isolated lives in agricultural communities (Swarbrooke, 1996).
RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY Rural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically sustainable, for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural development, tourists are usually genuinely interested in the local culture and traditions. One of the main attraction of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfil its role as the "industry of peace", as a tool of mutual understanding.
Nevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain doubts arise concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic profitability of rural tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal, the occupancy rates are low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of income. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the income-generating alternatives in a region, so its role in sustainable development is highly influenced by the performances of other economic sectors (especially agriculture).
Concerning environmental sustainability, experiences suggest that considerable investment needs to be undertaken in the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make rural tourism in any sense sustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the industrially least developed regions, which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition, managed agricultural landscapes do not always meet the expectations of tourists based on the images of "traditional rural" landscapes represented in the tourist literature and in promotional materials.
Tourism development also influences the socio-cultural characteristics of rural destinations, both in positive and negative way (Keane & Quinn, 1990; Peters et al, 1994). As positive impacts, the following can be mentioned: rural tourism
usually encourages better use of the available resources (like land, labour, capital, natural and cultural attractions), brings about socio-economic change, contributes to heritage protection and the conservation of the rural environment, provides more social contact for local people and increases their chance to learn about other cultures. As negative impacts, tourism in rural areas changes or damages the rural landscape and the natural and cultural values of a given region, rearranges social stratification (this can also be interpreted as a positive change in certain cases), puts additional pressure on the local community, changes their rhythm of life, threatens their privacy or results in the inauthentic presentation of local customs and traditions, adapted to the tourists’ wishes.
译文:
乡村旅游与可持续发展
导言
乡村旅游是总体旅游业的一部分，在匈牙利这样一个国家显得特别重要。
她没有壮观的自然景观，没有海滨，高山，热带雨林或畜群和稀有动物。
但是，它的有吸引力的文化景观的小村庄，温泉，河流和湖泊，再加上传统的热情接待，能够提供愉快的经验给那些正在寻找放松和娱乐、平静环境的旅游者。
一方面，乡村旅游业的发展可以为匈牙利的旅游发展发挥重要作用，以及建立一个更加复杂的多姿多彩的国家形象。
另一方面，乡村旅游不仅是目的，而是手段，以刺激经济增长，增加对欠发达地区发展的可行性，并改善当地居民的生活水平。
如果乡村旅游是为了实现所有这些作用的，那么就必须采取措施以确保长期可持续发展的资源本身进步发展。
但是，什么是可持续地发展乡村旅游？如何才能持续进行监测，并促进在乡村目的地发展？本文试图通过研究这些被认为是有关这种类型旅游形式的指标，提出当前匈牙利乡村旅游的发展形势，并回答提出的问题。
旅游业可持续发展
世界环境与发展委员会的布伦特兰报告于1987年介绍了可持续发展的概念，确定了可持续发展的概念为“发展，以满足目前的需要，而又不损害子孙后代并满足其需要。
”
旅游业在世界各地是一个重要的经济活动，在1997年，它的运输超过六亿一千七百万人次并产生了四亿四千八百万美元收益（世贸组织，1998年）。
这是一个重要的经济力量，产生于1996年，估计有3,1533亿美元的生产总值，创造了2.55亿人的就业机会，10.7%的世界国内生产总值，并投资7660亿美元的新设施和设备，每年贡献超过6533亿美元应用于全球税收收入（世界旅行和旅游理事会，1996年）。
旅游业的数量和意义清楚地表明，发展新形式的“另类”旅游，尽量最小化发展旅游业的消极影响和最大化旅游业发展的积极影响是不够的。
全行业必须采取不破坏自然和社会文化环境的开发和管理方式，这是对世界各地旅游业责任。
虽然布伦特兰报告没有特别提到旅游业，但是从它出版开始，旅游业的角色在对不断地滥用地球资源进行了分析后可持续旅游业的概念就出现了。
可持续旅游业有几个往往有歧义的定义。
根据定义，联邦的自然和国家公园，可持续旅游业是“一切形式的旅游开发、管理和活动，以保持环境、社会和经济的完整性和福祉的自然、建立，以及文化资源的永久性”（FNNP ，1993年）。
一本由旅游关切和世
界自然基金会出版的确定可持续旅游“作为一种自然的对未来自然资源的生产力有再生能力的;承认人民和社区，习俗和生活方式，增加了旅游业的经验;接受这些必须有一个公平分享的经济利益的旅游业的人的贡献;以及指导当地人民和社区所在地区的愿望”（旅游关怀与世界自然基金会，1992年）。
虽然现有的定义通常有不同的重点或水平，但布伦特兰报告的主要的信息似乎是越来越多的接受了旅游业在世界各地。
然而，这一概念的可持续性是非常复杂的，并且有许多影响（Mowforth ＆Munt ，1998年）。
生态的可持续性，意味着旅游业的发展不会在某一目的地的生态系统中造成不可逆转的变化，这是被最普遍接受的层面，因为显然有必要在世界各地保护自然资源远离有负面影响的旅游活动。
一般增长的环境意识已大大促成了这一趋势。
社会的可持续性是指，社区吸收旅游业（业界及游客自己），但没有建立社会不和谐的能力。
文化的可持续性是指某一社会能够保留或调整其自己独特的文化特征对双方的压力，所谓的“旅游文化”和“残余文化”的访客（贾法里，1987年）。
经济的可持续性是指一定程度的经济收益来自旅游业，就足以为当地社区提供适当的收入（与旅游部门造成的不便的活动相比较），并支付所有满足游客的任何特殊措施的费用（因此经济的可持续性是一个地区的高质量的旅游供应吸引力的一个先决条件：在一个没有竞争优势在世界市场上，没有任何目的地可以在经济上可持续）。
各个方面的可持续性并不相互竞争，但必须被视为同等重要。
高度的经济收益绝不能被视为一种覆盖对社会或自然资源造成损害的工具，但这种关系具有相对的脆弱性，后者不应该建立一个规划的经济方面的没有采取（正确）措施的环境。
旅游业的可持续发展必须在经济上可行，自然、同时在文化上敏感。
正如我们可以看到，不当的旅游业发展导致了对目的地以及对各地的自然环境的消极变化，经济和社会文化特征等各方面的越来越大的压力。
为了避免或尽量减少不利影响，决策者必须认识到在发展进程中所有发挥作用的因素。
在发展进程中，一个单独的目标是实现旅游业可持续发展，可持续发展指标被普遍接受的一套有用的工具。
可持续性指标
“指标衡量信息是决策者可能会在不知情的情况下减少考虑穷人的决定的一个指标”（世贸组织，1996年）。
换句话说，指标是一套有用的措施，这些因素对决策者来说很重要（这种相对的重要性取决于这些因素对一个特定目的地的相关发展目标，而且这对游客而言也很重要性）。
“指标对今天的管理和对未来的投资而言都是一种工具，因为它们降低了依赖于[旅游]业的意外损坏的风险”（世贸组织，1996年）。
根据不同的指导方针和建议（旅游关怀与世界自然基金会，1992年;McCool & Watson，1994年; Murphy，1994年; Howie，1996年; Swarbrooke ，1996年;世贸组织，1996年; Mowforth ＆Munt ，1998年），该指标为本研究的意义如下（表1 ）：
表1 -可持续性指标在乡村旅游
乡村旅游的概念
乡村旅游是一个古老现象的同时又是一个新的现象。
作为日益增加的城市化和工业化压力的反应，对农村的关心是在19 世纪出现的一种反应。
农村的风景最受诗人和艺术家的钦佩。
新的铁路公司带了越来越多的游客到农村。
但是，农村旅游，在我们的时代是不同的：参与的游客人数大大增加，旅游业开发所有类型的农村，而不是仅限于地区的特殊自然景观。
虽然这似乎是简单的以确定乡村旅游为“旅游是在农村” ，这一定义不包括不同的国家出现的复杂性活动和不同的形式、意义。
根据更广泛的定义，“乡村旅游包括了一系列农民和农村的人提供的活动、服务及设施的企业，以吸引游客到他们的领域，以便产生额外收入” （甘农，1988年，在te Kloeze，1994）。
如果这个更广泛的概念被接受，乡村旅游不仅包括农村旅游或农业旅游（通常是指对于大多数人来说什么是乡村旅游），而且还特别关心自然的假期，在农村地区的旅游和住宅旅游业，以及提供的服务，包括住宿活动，庆祝活动，户外娱乐，生产和出售手工艺品和农产品等。
术语“乡村旅游”在不同的国家有着不同的意义。
例如：在芬兰，它通常是指对游人出租小屋或在农村提供饮食服务。
在匈牙利，一个特别的“乡村旅游”存在着，这表明，只有活动和提供服务的村庄被包括在这样的旅游中（如我们将看到的，乡村旅游通常包括低价住宿，参与农业或其他当地的活动是不常见的）。
在斯洛文尼亚，最重要的乡村旅游的形式是在家庭农场的旅游业，在那里住宿的客人都住在农民家里或招待所，但访问农场时，农场的一餐和探索农家也很流行（Verbole，1995年）。
在荷兰，农村旅游产品的表现方法是在农场露营、骑自行车活动服务、步行或骑马（Peters等人，1994年）。
在希腊，主要提供的旅游产品是在有传统家具的客房和自家做的传统早餐的农村民宿住宿。
互补性活动-目前仍规模有限-包括餐馆和小食设施或组织的文化和娱乐活动（特纳， 1993年）。
乡村旅游是旅游业在包括匈牙利在内的许多欧洲国家发展的主要优先事项之一。
农村市场的节日越来越多的同时，许多农村地区未来的发展是不确定的，原因是修改了农业实践（包括影响普通农业政策的欧盟），或者是对不断增长的城市生活水平的吸引力。
乡村旅游似乎是一个适当的，振兴农村地区生活水平下降的工具，并确保为其可持续发展的未来的工作保留甚至创造就业机会，增加工作的多样性，留住客户的服务，农业的支持，扩大文化的规定，景观和自然保护或维护农村民间工艺及旅游景点。
乡村旅游往往提供了一个激励（和一部分必要的资金）的基础设施的发展的机会，然后在农村地区引导了有助于
增长的其他经济活动。
一个具体的农村旅游业的发展的利益，可以为生活相对孤立、生活在农业社区的当地人民带来越来越多的机会，（Swarbrooke，1996年）。
乡村旅游和可持续性
乡村旅游，往往被认为是内在的可持续，因为它吸引小数量的游客，没有必要进行大量基础设施的发展，游客通常真正感兴趣的是地方文化和传统。
乡村旅游的一个主要吸引力是与当地居民的人际互动，因此，宾主都能够分享想法和知识，旅游业能够作为一种相互了解的工具，发挥其“和平产业”的作用。
然而，如果农村旅游业的发展要进行更深层次的分析，某些固有的可持续性就会被怀疑。
进行调查中最重要的问题是农村旅游服务的经济利润问题，因为需求往往是季节性的，入住率低和为旅游者建立或改善设施的投资需要往往很高。
在大多数乡村旅游目的地旅游业很可能是可行的，可以作为唯一的收入来源。
乡村旅游，通常在一个地区只有一个创收的替代品，因此它的作用，可持续发展是非常能影响其他经济部门性能的（特别是农业）。
关于环境的可持续性，经验表明，相当多的投资需要对脆弱的自然资产进行环境管理，以便实现乡村旅游在任何意义上的可持续。
游客通常是最容易被工业最不发达地区吸引的，特别是那些易受干扰的敏感的人。
此外，经过管理的农业景观并不总是能满足游客的所期望的依赖于“传统农村”形象所代表的风景旅游文学和宣传材料的。
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