剑一T est 3 Academic Writing Task 1
The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain.
The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast-foods.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown belo w.
（注：坑爹的图在P71）
The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably more fast foods than the other income groups, spending more than twice as much on hamburgers （43 pence per person per week）than on fish and chips or pizza ( both under 20 pence). Average income earners also favored hamburgers, spending 33 pence per person per week, followed by fish and chips at 24 pence, then pizza at 11 pence. Low income earners appear to spend less than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chips remain their most popular fast food, followed by hamburgers and then pizza. From the graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were twice as popular as burgers, pizza being at that time the least popular fast food. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza has risen steadily over the 20 year period to 1990 while the consumption of fish and chips has been in declined over that same period with a slight increase in popularity since 1985.
剑一T est 3 Academic Writing Task 2
News editors decide what to broadcast on television and what to print in newspapers.
What factors do you think influence these decisions?
Do we become used to bad news?
W ould it be better if more good news was reported?
It has often been said that "Good news is bad news", because it does not sell newspapers. A radio station that once decided to present only good news soon found that it had gone out of business for lack of listeners. Bad news on the other hand is so common that in order to cope with it, we often simply ignore it. We have become immune to bad news and the newspapers and radio stations are aware of this.
It is true that newspapers and TV stations mainly aim to report world events accurately, like the natural or human disasters, political events or the horrors of war. While it is also true that their main objective is to sell newspapers and attract listeners and viewers to their stations. For this reason TV and radio stations attempt to reflect the flavor of their station by providing news broadcasts tailor-made to suit their listeners' preferences. Programs specializing in pop music or TV soap operas focus more on local news, home issues and up-to-date traffic reports. The more serious stations and newspapers like to provide "so called" objective news reports with ed itorial comments
aimed at analyzing the situation.
If it is true, then, that newspapers and TV stations are tailoring their news to their readers' and viewers' requirements, how can they possibly be reporting real world events in an honest and objective light? Many radio and TV stations do, in fact, report items of good news but they no longer call this news. They refer to these as human interest stories and package them in programs specializing, for instance, in consumer affairs or local issues. Good news now comes to us in the form of documentaries: the fight against children's cancer or AIDS, or the latest developments in the fight to save the planet from environmental pollution.
剑一General Writing Task 1
Y ou have a bank account for a few years. Recently you received a letter from the bank stating that your account is $ 240 overdrawn and that you will be charged $ 70 which will be taken directly from your account. Y ou know that this information is incorrect.
Write a letter to the bank. Explain what has happened and say what you would like them to do about it.
Y ou should write at least 150 words.
Y ou do NOT need to write your own address.
Dear Sir,
I am writing in reply to a letter I received from you a few days ago. In your letter you state that I am $240 overdrawn and that you will be charging me $70.
I would like to point out that the reason I am overdrawn is because of a mistake made by your bank. If you look through your records you will see that I wrote several weeks ago explaining the situation. For the last twelve months, I have been paying $300 a month for a car I bought last summer. The monthly payments were taken directly from my bank account. However, two months ago I sold the cat and I wrote to you instructing you to stop paying the mo nthly installments. I received a letter from you acknowledging my request, but, for some reason, nothing was done about it. Another $300 installment has been paid this month and this is the reason why I am overdrawn.
I would like you to contact the garage where I bought the car explaining you error. I would like you to ask them to return the money.
Y ours faithfully,
P Stoft
剑一General Writing Task 2
W e are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in business, hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes.
What things will they be used for in the future?
Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more suspicious of their benefits?
Y ou should write at least 250 words.
Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact in our lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. Y ou have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed world-wide.
In the future computers will be used to create bigger and even mote sophisticated computers. The prospects for this are quite alarming. They will be so complex that no individual could hope to understand how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits but they will also increase the potential for unimaginable chaos. They will, for example, be able to fly planes an they will be able to co-ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport. Pro viding all the computers are working correctly nothing can go wrong. If one small program fails- disaster.
There is a certain inevitable that technology will progress and become increasing complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all too easy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that it is very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent in a completely technological world.
剑二T est 1 Writing Task 1
The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, ect.) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
（注：坑娘的表格在P25）
The chart shows that the percentage of British households with a range of consumer durables steadily increased between 1972 and 1983. The greatest increase was in telephone ownership, rising
from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. Next came central heating ownership, rising from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983. The percentage of households with a refrigerator rose 21% over the same period and of those with a washing machine by 14%. Households with vacuum-cleaners, televisions and dishwashers increased by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively. In 1983, the year of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder.
The significant social changes reflected in the statistics are that over the period the proportion of British houses with central heating rose from one to two thirds, and of those with a phone from under a half to over three-quarters. Together with the big increases in the ownership of washing machines and refrigerators, they are evidence of both rising living standards and the trend to lifestyles based on comfort and convenience.
剑二T est 1 Writing task 2
"Fatherhood ought to be emphasized as much as motherhood. The idea that women are solely responsible for deciding whether or not to have babies leads on to the idea that they are also responsible for bringing the children up."
To what extent do you agree or disagree.
I believe that child-rearing should be the responsibility of both parents and that, whilst the roles within that partnership may be different, they are nevertheless equal in importance. In some societies, it has been made easier over the years for single parents to raise children on their own. However, this does not mean that the traditional family, with both pare nts providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is not the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.
What is of crucial importance, in my opinion, is how we define "responsible for bringing the children up." At its simplest, it could mean giving the financial support necessary to provide a home, food and clothes and making sure the child is safe and receives an adequate education. This would be the basic definition.
There is, however, another possible way of defining that part of the quotation. That would say it is not just the father's responsibility to provide the basics for his children, while his wife involves herself in the everyday activity of bringing them up. Rather, he should share those daily duties, spend as much time as his job allows within his children, play with them, read to them, help directly within their education, participate very fully in their lives and encourage them to share his.
It is this second, fuller, concept of "fatherhood" that I am in favor of, although I also realize how difficult it is to achieve sometimes. The economic and development situation in many countries means that jobs are getting more, not less, stressful, requiring long hours and perhaps long journeys to work as well. Therefore it may remain for many a desirable ideal rather than an achievable reality.
剑二T est 2 Writing task 1
The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
（注：坑大爷的图在P47）
The chart shows the number of hours of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-1999, according to gender and employment status.
Among those employed full-time, men on average had fifty hours of leisure, whereas women had approximately thirty-seven hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers, but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time, only slightly more than women in full-time employment, perhaps reflecting their work in the home.
In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes, as might have been expected. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time—over eighty hours, compared with seventy hours for women, perhaps once again reflecting the fact that women spend more time working in the home than men.
Lastly, housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure, on average. There were no figures given for househusbands! Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time.
剑二T est 2 Writing task 2
"Prevention is better than cure."
Out of a country's health budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures.
To what extent do you agree of disagree with this statement?
Of course it goes without saying that prevention is better than cure. That is why, in recent years, there has been a growing body of opinion in favor of putting more resources into health education and preventive measures. The argument is that ignorance of, for example, basic hygiene or the dangers of an unhealthy diet or lifestyle needs to be combated by special nationwide publicity campaigns, as well as longer-term health education.
Obviously, there is a strong human argument for catching any medical condition as early as possible. There is also an economic argument for doing so. Statistics demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of treating a condition in early stages, rather than delaying until more expensive and prolonged
treatment is necessary. Then there are social or economic costs, perhaps in terms of loss of earnings for the family concerned or unemployed benefit paid by the state.
So far so good, but the difficulties start when we try to define what the "proportion" of the budget should be, particularly if the funds will be "diverted from treatment". Decisions on exactly how much of the total health budget should be spent in this way are not a matter for the non-specialist, but should be made on the basis of an accepted health service model.
This is the point at which real problems occur—the formulation of the model. How do we accurately measure which health education campaigns are effective in both medical and financial terms? How do we agree about the medical efficacy of various screening programs, for example, when the medical establishment itself does not agree? A very rigorous process of evaluation is called for, so that we can make informed decisions.
剑二T est 4 Writing task 1
The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
（注：各种坑的图在P91）
The table shows that the figures for imprisonment in the five countries mentioned indicate no overall pattern of increase of decrease. In fact there is considerable fluctuation from country to country.
In Great Britain the numbers in prison have increased steadily from 30,000 in 1930 to 80,000 in 1980. On the other hand in Australia, and particularly in New Zealand, the numbers fell markedly from 1930 to 1940. Since then they have increased gradually, apart from in 1980 when the numbers in prison in New Zealand fell by about 30,000 from the 1970 total. Canada is the only country in which the numbers in prison have decreased over the period 1930 to 1980, although there have been fluctuations in this trend. The figures for the United States indicate the greatest number of prisoners compared to the other four countries but the population size needs to be taken into account in this analysis. The prison population in the United States increased rapidly from 1970 to 1980 and this must be a worrying trend.
剑二T est 4 Writing task 2
The position of women in society has changed markedly in the last twenty years. Many of the problems young people now experience, such as juvenile delinquency, arise from the fact that many married women now work and are not at home to care for their children.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
It is certainly true that the position of women in society has undergone a dramatic change in the past twenty years but I do not feel that this is a direct cause of the indisputable increase in juvenile-related problems during this period.
It is now accepted that young women should find work on leaving school; indeed to rely totally on their parents' financial support is no longer an option in many families. Likewise, once they get married, the majority of women continue working since the financial pressures of setting up a house and establishing a reasonable of living often require two incomes.
Twenty years ago it was common for women to give up work once they had children and devote their time to caring for their children. This is no longer the general rule and provision of professionally-run child care facilities and day nurseries have removed much of the responsibility for child rearing that used to fall to mothers. However, these facilities come at a cost and often require two salaries coming into a family to be afforded.
I do not believe that the increase in the number of working mothers has resulted in children being brought up less well than previously. Indeed it could be argued that by giving mothers the opportunity to work and earn extra money children can be better provided for than previously. There is more money for luxuries and holidays and a more secure family life is possible. Of course there are limits as to the amount of time that ideally should be spent away from home and the ideal scenario would be for one of the parents (often the wife) to have a part-time job and thus be available for their children before and after school. It is important to establish the correct balance between family life and working life.
剑二General Test A Task 1
Y ou borrowed some books from your school or college library. Unfortunately you have to go away wo visit a sick relative and cannot return the books in time.
Write a letter to the library. Explain what has happened and tell them what you want to do about it.
Y ou should write at least 150 words.
Y ou do NOT need to write your own address.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing this letter to explain why I have been unable to return the three books I have out on three-day loan, which are now overdue. After taking the books out on 16th March, I had an urgent phone call from my elderly aunt's neighbour to say that my aunt had had a fall and had been taken into hospital. I am her only surviving relative in this country, so I felt I had to go and see her immediately. I traveled down to Surrey the following morning, thinking I would stay for only two
or three days. Unfortunately, my aunt's condition has only improved very slowly, so I have had to stay here longer than expected. However, the hospital says that if all goes well, she should be able to go home in two or three days' time, in which case I will be back at the beginning of next week.
Bearing in mind the circumstance, I trust you will kindly waive any fines that may have accumulated.
Y ours sincerely,
剑二General Test A Task 2
Some governments say how many children a family can have in their country. They may control the number of children someone has through taxes.
It is sometimes necessary and right for a government to control the population in this way.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
It is certainly very understandable that some governments should start looking at ways of limiting their populations to a sustainable figure. In the past, populations were pertly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. Countries can be faced with a population that is growing much faster than nation's food resources or employment opportunities and whose members can be condemned to poverty by the need to feed extra mouths. They identify population control as a means to raising living standards.
But how should it be achieved? Clearly, this whole area is a very delicate personal and cultural issue. Many people feel that this is not a matter for the state. They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decision for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be to work by persuasion rather than compulsion. This could be done by a process of education that points out the way a smaller family can mean an improved quality of life for the family members, as will as less strain on the country's, perhaps very limited, resources.
This is the preferred way. Of course, if this does not succeed within a reasonable time scale, it may be necessary to consider other measures, such as tax incentives of child-benefit payments for small families only. These are midway between persuasion and compulsion.
So, yes, it is sometimes necessary, but governments should try very hard to persuade first. They should also remember that this is a very delicate area indeed, and that social engineering can create as many problems as it solves.
剑三T est 2 Writing task 1
The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
（注：坑各种的图在P51）
The chart shows that Britain, among the four European countries listed, has spent most heavily on the range of consumer goods included. In every case, British spending is considerably higher than that of other countries: only in the case of tennis racquets does another country, Italy, come close.
In contrast, Germany is generally the lowest spender. This is most evident in photographic film, where Germany spends much less than Britain. Germany only spends more than another country, France, in two cases: tennis racquets and perfumes.
Meanwhile, France and Italy generally maintain middle positions, averaging approximately similar spending overall. Specifically, France spends more on CDs and photographic film but less on tennis racquets than Italy does. Italy’s spending on personal stereos is only marginally greater than that of France, while spending on toys is equal between the two.
It is clear from the data given that there are some significant differences in spending habits within Europe.
剑三T est 2 Writing task 2
When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that "traditional skills and ways of life" are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community.
In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the Internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such tradition as living in caves.
Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; It can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.
In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by on means "pointless", in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life.
剑三T est 3 Writing task 1
The chart below shows the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industrialized countries in 1980 and 1990.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
（注：哭了……图在P73）
The data shows the differences between developing and industrialized countries' participation in education and science.
In terms of the number of years of schooling received, we see that the length of time people spend at school in industrialized countries was much greater at 8.5 years in 1980, compared to 2.5years in developing countries. The gap was increased further in 1990 when the figures rose to 10.5 years and 3.5 years respectively.
We can see a similar pattern in the second graph, which shows that the number of people working as scientists and technicians in industrialized countries increased from 55 to 85 per 1000 people between 1980 and 1990, while the number in developing countries went from 12 to 20.
Finally, the figures for spending on research and development show that industrialized countries more than doubled their spending, from $200bn to $420bn, whereas developing countries actually decreased theirs from $75bn down to $25bn.
Overall we can see that not only are there very large differences between the two economies but t hat these gaps are widening.
剑三T est 3 Academic Writing Task 2
In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.
What are your opinions on this?
The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is “wrong” or “valuable”. Opinions will also d iffer as to
'learning' benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns.
An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Y oung children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be 'learning' than older children helping in an old people's home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.
However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.
Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children's development
General Wring Task 1
Y ou are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to because you have some problems.
Write a letter to your new employer. In your letter
●explain your situation
●describe your problems
●tell him/her when you think you can start
Dear Ms. Barnes,
I am writing concerning the position of Assistant Office Manager that I am due to begin next Monday. However, a problem has arisen.
As you know, I currently work for my uncle’s food-packing business, and you will remember from my interview that I have gained valuable experience there. Unfortunately, he has had to go into hospital for an operation, leaving my aunt in charge of both the home and the business. She has asked me, as this is a particularly busy time of the year, to stay on and help her with the running of the office.
I realize this will be inconvenient to you, but very much hope that, given the circumstances, you would be prepared to allow me to take up my position with you two weeks later than prepared.
I would like to emphasize that I remain very keen to work with you, and that I will be gaining further useful experience during this time.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Y ours sincerely,
John Forbes
General Writing Task 2
Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational; otherwise they are a complete waste of time. Do you agree or disagree?
Today, education has become a priority for many parents seeking to secure a good future for their children in this rapidly changing world. They believe that if their children apply themselves and work hard at school, then they will increase their opportunities for going to higher education and eventually getting a good job. Of course they are right, and as access to the best education and best jobs is becoming more competitive, it is true that children have to make the best of their study time when they are young.
However, the parents, who do not allow their children sufficient free time for leisure activities outside school hours, are misguided. Such activities are far from being a waste of time for the children simply because they are not academic. It is important to remember that children need to develop skills other than intellectual ones, and the best way to do this is through activities such as sports, games and playing with other children. If they cannot play make-believe games, how can they develop their imagination? How can they learn physical coordination or learn important social lessons about winning and losing if they do not practice any sports? Many children form strong, personal relationships with the friends they play with, and without the opportunity to do this, they could grow up emotionally immature.
Finally, I think it is also important to remember that children need to relax as well as work. If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance, then they will soon get tired of studying altogether, which is the last thing that parents would want.
Academic Writing Task 1
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in
Australia in 1999.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
要图要真相！！！！！！！！
The table gives a breakdown of the different types of family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.
Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%). It is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time.
older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favored elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%).
Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.
Academic Writing Task 2
Happiness is considered very important in life.
Why is it difficult to define?
What factors are important in achieving happiness?
Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success. Others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness.
Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.
Of course, factors such ass loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a
peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness to. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.
Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives(the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.)
Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.
Academic Writing Task 1
The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
要图要真相！！！！！！！！
The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.
We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women. By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).
At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Master’s graduates.
Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelor’s degree, however.
Academic Writing Task 2
In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior.
What do you think are the causes of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.
In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.
When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.
Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.
Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole.
General Writing Task 1
Y ou want to sell some of your furniture. Y ou think a friend of yours might like to buy it from you.
Write a letter to your friend. In your letter
●explain why you are selling
●describe the furniture
●suggest a date when your friend can come and see the furniture
Dear Jan,
As you know, we’ll be moving to a new house soon and there are a few things that I won’t be able to take with me. The new house is a bit smaller so I have to sell some furniture and I was wondering if you might be interested?
In particular I want to sell my big dining table. Do you remember it-the one in the living room? It has wooden legs and a grey glass top and it’s big enough for six people. There are six ma tching chairs to go with it.
I know you’ve always liked this furniture so I could let you have it at a good price. I’d rather sell it to you than to a stranger.
Why don’t you come around and take another look at them on Saturday? We’ll be here all day, s o maybe we could have some lunch together?
Give me a ring and let me know,
Love,
Shanda
General Writing Task 2
Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are six or seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible.
What do you think are the advantages of attending school from a young age?
In many countries today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.
While some people think this may be damaging to a child’s development, or to a child’s relationship with his or her parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.
Firstly, a child will learn to interact with a lot of different people and some children learn to communicate very early because of this. They are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents and who are not used to strangers or new situations. Such children find their first day at school at the age of six very frightening and this may have a negative effect on how they learn.
Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially. They make friends and learn how to get on with other children of a similar age. This is often not possible at home because they are the only child, or because their brothers or sisters are older or younger.
So overall, I believe that, attending school from a young age is good for most children. They still
spend plenty of time at home with their parents, so they can benefit from both environments.
Academic Writing Task 1
The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
要图要真相！！！！
The graph shows the increase in the ageing population in Japan, Sweden and the USA. It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries is expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.
In 1940 the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the US. However, while the figures for the Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period, before rising to almost 5% again at the present time.
In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages, the proportion of older people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is thought that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries.
Academic Writing Task 2
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. The trend is not restricted to rich students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.
The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, ha ve a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent,
which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.
However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Y oung adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.
My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.
Academic Writing Task 1
The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
要图要真相！！！！！
The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garisdon.
The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to t he town of Hindon, lying 12kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.
In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town center, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.
Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.
Academic Writing Task 2
Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.
Which do you consider to be the major influence?
Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual’s personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the environment (nature).
Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual’s life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.
My own view is that t here is no one major influence in a person’s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person’s personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behavior and character of a person from the moment they were born.
In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person’s life.
General Wring Task 1
Y our neighbors have recently written to you to complain about the noise from your house/flat. Write a letter to your neighbors. In your letter
●explain the reasons for the noise
●apologize
●describe what action you will take
Dear James,
I was very shocked to get your letter saying that the noise from my flat has been spoiling your evenings and causing you some distress. I am really, really sorry about that. I had no idea that you
would be able to hear so much, so I hope you will accept my apologies.
As you may have guessed, I am trying to from work. Unfortunately it is all taking problems with getting things to fit properly refit my kitchen in the evenings when I get home longer than expected and I have been having. This has meant a lot of banging and hammering.
As the kitchen is still not finished, I have decided to call in a professional builder who will finish the work in the next day or two. He’ll work only during daytime hours, so you won't be disturbed in the evenings again, I promise.
Sorry to have caused the problems
Bill
General Wring Task 2
Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish.
Why do you think this is happening?
What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?
I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food. But even if we buy fresh food without packaging, we still produce rubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home.
The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buy packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, and then at home.
However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of.
I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.
With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish we produce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned by waste.
Topic 1: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion? 媒体信息一致的缺点： ?国际媒体（global media)—般掌握在少数几个有实力的机构手中（in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations)；有了媒体的宣传(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineering force),大规模的、有吸引力的广告(mass seductive advertising )唤起了落后地区人们对物质新的向往（create fresh desires),经济联系增强（strong economic ties),西方产品取代了本地产品，使人们更加向往西方的文化； ?文化开始融合在一起(mingle),人们被新的价值观所围绕(bombarded with new values)，对自己的文化失去信心和自豪感（confidence and pride),拒绝接受自己的文化传统（rejection of their cultural heritage)转而接受西方的文化习惯（adoption of Western cultural practices);西方媒体削弱了民族的特征(ethnic identity)和社会的凝聚力（social cohesion);因为担心失去观众(a loss of viewers),当地的电视台也开始播放西方的电视节目（television shows), ?国际媒体的普遍会降低世界文化的品质和多样性（degrade the quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商业化（commercialized), —些文化产品（cultural goods),如音乐、服装，都变成了商品（commodities in the marketplace)。因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方传播，它原来的性质（authenticity)已经丧失。 媒体信息一致的优点： ?国家之间的频繁交往会促进文化之间的交流。因此，相互了解和相互认同的可能性(likelihood of mutual understanding and mutual acceptance )就会增加，这是顺应全球化的趋势； ?未必一定放弃传统观念（not necessarily lead to the abolition of traditional values),事实上媒体可以起到宣传和稳固传统文化的作用； ?主流媒体一般都会反应文化多元性（The dominant media reflect cultural diversity.); —些外国节目其实促进了文化多元性(Most foreign programming is promoting cultural diversity.),适应了当地的条件（adapt to local conditions)，注意到了当地文化的敏感性（aware of cultural sensitivity).自我调节来适应市场(exercise self-censorship to suit the market :)。 As international media companies expand across the world, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media programs (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many people have strong views toward this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalization and cultural homogeneity. The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owned and operated by a handful of giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional reduction, in the variety of programs broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds. In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment companies affect cultural diversity by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximization of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than communal life and family solidarity, the values and norms previously treasured in" many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those movies and TV programs that portray the success of American individuals or corporations.
雅思写作经典范文雅思小作文数据描述模板25个 1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to…… 该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。 2.the bar chart illustrates that…… 该柱状图展示了…… 3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding…… 该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。 4.the diagram shows (that)…… 该图向我们展示了…… 5.the pie graph depicts (that)……. 该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of…… 这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。 7.the figures/statistics show (that)…… 数据(字)表明…… 8.the tree diagram reveals how…… 该树型图向我们揭示了如何…… 9.the data/statistics show (that)…… 该数据(字)可以这样理解…… 10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…… 这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table…… 如图所示…… 12.aording to the chart/figures…… 根据这些表(数字)…… 13.as is shown in the table…… 如表格所示…… 14.as can be seen from the diagram, great changes have taken place in…… 从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。 15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure, we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that…… 从图表我们可以很清楚(明显)看到……
# 43. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union. The Pie Chart shows the percentage of European Union funds being spent on different forms of transport. You should write at least 150 words.
model answer: The chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for variuos methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart shows European Union spending on transport. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Very little is spent by the EU on air travel while roads make up more than half of the EU transport budget. Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel. Nearly a third of EU transport funds are spent on railways. Ships are a clean form of transport and produce about the same amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains do. However, only 2 percent of EU funds are spent on ports. A further one percent is spent on inland waterways. Coaches are the cleanest form of transport. Emissions of CO2 per passenger kilometre from coaches are half those of buses. Buses emit less than half as much CO2 per passenger kilometre as cars. The European Union spends 10 percent of its transport budget on public transport, such as buses and coaches. (197 words)
题目： In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing. What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations. 范文： It is true that people in industrialised nations can expect to live longer than ever before. Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend, societies can take steps to mitigate these potential problems. As people live longer and the populations of developed countries grow older, several related problems can be anticipated. The main issue is that there will obviously be more people of retirement age who will be eligible to receive a pension. The proportion of younger, working adults will be smaller, and governments will therefore receive less money in taxes in relation to the size of the population. In other words, an ageing population will mean a greater tax burden for working adults. Further pressures will include a rise in the demand for healthcare, and the fact young adults will increasingly have to look after their elderly relatives. There are several actions that governments could take to solve the problems described above. Firstly, a simple solution would be to increase the retirement age for working adults, perhaps from 65 to 70. Nowadays, people of this age tend to be healthy enough to continue a productive working life. A second measure would be for governments to encourage immigration in order to increase the number of working adults who pay taxes. Finally, money from national budgets will need to be taken from other areas and spent on vital healthcare, accommodation and transport facilities for the rising numbers of older citizens. In conclusion, various measures can be taken to tackle the problems that are certain to arise as the populations of countries grow older. (265 words, band 9)
雅思经典小作文柱状图4篇范文+写作要点分析 C1T3 题目 The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably more fast foods than the other income groups, spending more than twice as much on hamburgers (43 pence per person per week) than on fish and chips or pizza (both under 20 pence). Average income earners also favored hamburgers, spending 33 pence per person per week, followed by fish and chips at 24 pence, then pizza at 11 pence. Low income earners appear to spend less than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chip remains their most popular fast food, followed by
雅思10范文急求雅思范文10篇 无忧雅思网论坛： 这是他主页： 3g雅思网： 上面都有范文！希望对你有帮助！ 首先分析这种现象的利与弊 advantages：pany 会进一步推进科学研究的发展，由于公司大多数会投资有生产或者市场价值的研究，这样就弥补了政府在这方面投入的不足。而且商业性研究会带来利益，进而带来一系列好处。。。 disadvantages: 也许会导致科研商业化，吸引研究者更多的从事商业研究而忽略基础研究，造成基础研究薄弱，科学技术研究水平发展不平衡。 然后，假设你认同利大于弊，进一步阐述你的理由，强化利大于弊的观点。
假如你不认同，同上。 最后别忘了作总结，再次重申你的观点 Training Experience in Shanghai chmin 发表于 xx-3-28 8:29:00 Last week I went to Shanghai for the taining classes held by Altair, a famous engineering software pany.I can't remember the exactly times that I have been to Shanghai, but this time, i'd like to say, is very memorable. Not because I excursed some splendid artifical sights nor I was taken to some characteristic restaurants, just only since the afflictive time in autobus every morning. Life in school is quite fortable. If there's no class in the morning, I just need to wake up naturally, and inordinate some time, the moment i opened my eyes, it's alreay 12 o'clock. Incredible, I got up before 7 o'clock the whole last week, and spent more than one and half an
雅思写作Task1饼状图考官范文(4) 本文为大家收集整理了雅思写作Task1饼状图考官范文(4)。认真研读一定的雅思范文及作文模板可以帮助我们检验自己的写作水平，并能很好地吸收和应用优秀范文里的优秀内容。 The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union. The Pie Chart shows the percentage of European Union funds being spent on different forms of transport. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph below.
Sample Answer: The given graphs provide information on the amount of Carbon dioxide emission per person from different vehicles in the European Union and also show the expenditures on different modes of transportations. As is observed from the given illustration, the highest amount of CO2 per person is emitted by the Air transports and European Union spends highest percentage of funds for the road transportation system. According to the bar graph, a single passenger of a personal cars emit around 130 gm of CO2 per kilometer while a passenger in a bus contribute to 65 gm of emission per kilometer. Coaches, maritime and rail passengers emit the lowest amount of CO2which is about 50 grams per passenger in a kilometer. Finally a single passenger of airplane contributes to 370 km of CO2 per kilo which is the highest amount of CO2 emission among the given transportations. Based on the pie chart, the European Union spent the highest amount (52%) on the road transportation system while spent only 1% or 2% on ports, waterway airport
第一篇 The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph sho ws the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. 柱状图显示的是1970－1990二十年间英国人每周在快餐上花费了多少钱；曲线图展示的是这二十年间快餐消费的趋势。 The bar chart shows how much money was spent on fast foods per week in the UK over a span of 2 0 years from 1970 to 1990 while the graph reveals the trend of fast food consumption over the same period of time. 从柱状图看，各收入阶层在汉堡和鱼煎薯条这两种快餐上的支出相对高于在皮萨上的消费；曲线图反映出汉堡与皮萨的消费呈现上升趋势，鱼煎薯条则呈现出波动趋势。 As we can see from the chart, the weekly expenses of people of different income levels on hamburg ers and fish and chips were relatively higher than that on pizza. The graph indicates that while hamb urger and pizza consumption both revealed a general trend of increase, fish and chips showed a tren d of fluctuation. 首先，高收入阶层和中等收入阶层每周在汉堡上的平均消费分别是每人42便士和33便士，比低收入阶层的14便士搞出了很多。在鱼煎薯条方面，高收入阶层的支出略低，是17便士，但中等及低收入阶层的支出都分别达到了25便士和18便士，相对于在皮萨方面支出
17 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1. Many people prefer to watch foreign ?lms rather than locally produced ?lms. Why could this be? Should governments give more ?nancial support to local ?lm industries? It is true that foreign ?lms are more popular in many countries than domestically produced ?lms. There could be several reasons why this is the case, and I believe that governments should promote local ?lm-making by subsidising the industry. There are various reasons why many people ?nd foreign ?lms more enjoyable than the ?lms produced in their own countries. Firstly, the established ?lm industries in certain countries have huge budgets for action, special effects and to shoot scenes in spectacular locations. Hollywood blockbusters like ‘Avatar’ or the James Bond ?lms are examples of such productions and the global appeal that they have. Another reason why these big-budget ?lms are so successful is that they often star the most famous actors and actresses, and they are made by the most accomplished producers and directors. The poor quality, low-budget ?lmmaking in many countries suffers in comparison. In my view, governments should support local ?lm industries ?nancially. In every country, there may be talented amateur ?lm-makers who just need to be given the opportunity to prove themselves. To compete with big-budget productions from overseas, these people need money to pay for ?lm crews, actors and a host of other costs related to producing high-quality ?lms. If governments did help with these costs, they would see an increase in employment in the ?lm industry, income from ?lm sales, and perhaps even a rise in tourist numbers. New Zealand, for example, has seen an increase in tourism related to the 'Lord of the Rings' ?lms, which were partly funded by government subsidies. In conclusion, I believe that increased ?nancial support could help to raise the quality of locally made ?lms and allow them to compete with the foreign productions that currently dominate the market. (295 words, band 9)
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 范文的思路好了。这样好的东西，可惜不是我整理的，是一个叫landfish姑娘收集的，厉害！ v105 Some people claim that the disadvantages of the car are more than the advantages,do you ag ree or disagree? 范文1 The birth of cars has made an enormous change to our life. In the past, we travelled fro m one place to another only by foot, nowadays, cars can do the same job . It goes withou r saying that the invention of cars bring great benefits to all of us. but as an ancient prove rb goes, no garden without weeds. Car is no exception. Owing a car has a lot of advantages. For one thing, car provides us the most convenient wa y of transportation. we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time. Emotionally, I always found driving is so exciting. For another , it is comfortable to drive a car.in winte r.Drivers always can stay warm and dry even in rainy weather .In addition, drivers are saf er in their cars when they are out at night. While cars bring the human a large number of merits ,their side-effects gradually come t o the surface .Firstly, running a car needs a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.The incre asing number of cars contributes the lack of energy.Secondlly,as more and more cars are util zed,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which leads to the seriou s traffic jam.Moreover,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantitie s of carbon monoxide into atmosphere.It makes the air of cities unbreathable, it strips peop le’s contact with fresh air. Therefore, the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental p ollution can be avioded , and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars un der control. Thus, our heavier traffic can be solved!
雅思写作Task1饼状图考官范文(4) The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union. The Pie Chart shows the percentage of European Union funds being spent on different forms of transport. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph below. Sample Answer: The given graphs provide information on the amount of Carbon dioxide emission per person from different vehicles in the European Union and also show the expenditures on different modes of transportations. As is observed from the given illustration, the highest amount of CO2 per person is emitted by the Air transports and European Union spends highest percentage of funds for the road transportation system.
climate change essay 题目： Some people think that instead of preventing climate change, we need to find a way to live with it. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 范文： Climate change represents a major threat to life on Earth, but some people argue that we need to accept it rather than try to stop it. I completely disagree with this opinion, because I believe that we still have time to tackle this issue and reduce the human impact on the Earth's climate. There are various measures that governments and individuals could take to prevent, or at least mitigate, climate change. Governments could introduce laws to limit the carbon dioxide emissions that lead to global warming. They could impose “green taxes” on drivers, airline companies and other polluters, and they could invest in renewable energy production from solar, wind or water power. As individuals, we should also try to limit our contribution to climate change, by becoming more energy efficient, by flying less, and by using bicycles and public transport. Furthermore, the public can affect the actions of governments by voting for politicians who propose to tackle climate change, rather than for those who would prefer to ignore it. If instead of taking the above measures we simply try to live with climate change, I believe that the consequences will be disastrous. To give just one example, I am not optimistic that we would be able to cope with even a small rise in sea levels. Millions of people would be displaced by flooding, particularly in countries that do not have the means to safeguard low-lying areas. These people would lose their homes and their jobs, and they would be forced to migrate to nearby cities or perhaps to other countries. The potential for human suffering would be huge, and it is likely that we would see outbreaks of disease and famine, as well as increased homelessness and poverty. In conclusion, it is clear to me that we must address the problem of climate change, and I disagree with those who argue that we can find ways to live with it. 'economic progress' essay 题目： Many governments think that economic progress is their most important goal. Some people, however, think that other types of progress are equally important for a country.? Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 范文： People have different vi ews about how governments should measure their countries’ progress. While economic progress is of course essential, I agree with those who believe that other measures of progress are just as important. There are three key reasons why economic growth is seen as a fundamental goal for countries. Firstly, a healthy economy results in job creation, a high level of employment, and better salaries for all citizens. Secondly, economic progress ensures that more money is available for governments to spend on infrastructure and public services. For example, a