索绪尔
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索绪尔 《普通语言学教程Cours de Linguistique Generale》
(1)其人 (2)思想来源 (3)语言学贡献(学术观点)
现代语言学一百多年来的发展经历了三个主要时期,历史比较语言学、结构主义语言学、转换-生成语言学分别是这三大时期的代表。
结构语言学是语言学的重要流派之一。兴起于本世纪30年代的欧洲,基本理论源出于索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》,反对对语言现象进行孤立的分析,主张系统的研究。结构语言学的主要论点扼要地说有两个方面:第一,认为每中语言都有一套独特的关系结构;第二,每种语言的个别单位都不是孤立存在的,而是在跟其它单位的区别、对立中存在的。
其鼻祖索绪尔有一个著名的例子:语言结构类似于象棋,每个棋子都有一定的意义和动作范围,以若干个区别特征与其它单位对立,按一定的规则相互作用,离开了象棋的结构关系,这些单位不过是毫无意义的木块或石子。语言中的词或语素,都可比拟为这样的棋子。
Structural linguistics is one of the important schools of linguistics
The structural linguistics rise in the 1930s in Europe, the basic theory source for
Saussure's Course in General Linguistics, against the isolated analysis of the
phenomenon of language, advocates a systematic study. The main argument of
structural linguistics briefly two aspects: first, that each language has a unique
set of relational structure; Second, the individual units of each language is not
isolated there, but with other units distinction opposition.
Its originator Saussure A famous example: the structure of language is similar to
chess, each piece has a certain meaning and range of motion, a distinguishing feature
of a number of opposition with other units, according to certain rules of interaction,
leaving chess structural relationship of these units is meaningless pieces of wood
or stones. Language the word or morpheme, can be likened to such pieces.
索绪尔简介:
瑞士语言学家费尔迪南·德·索绪尔(Ferdinand de saussure 1857-1913)是现代语言学的重要奠基者,也是结构主义的开创者之一。他被后人称为现代语言学之父,结构主义的鼻祖。《普通语言学教程》(Cours de Linguistique Generale)是索绪尔的代表性著作,集中体现了他的基本语言学思想,对二十世纪的现代语言学研究产生了深远的影响。同时,由于其研究视角和方法论所具有的一般性和深刻性,书中的思想成为二十世纪重要的哲学流派结构主义的重要思想来源。
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is important founders of modern linguistics,
but also one of the pioneers of structuralism. He was later known as the father of
modern linguistics, structuralism originator. Cours de Linguistique Generale is the
representative works of Saussure, epitomizes his basic linguistic thought, had a
profound influence on 20th century modern linguistics research. Also, because the
research perspective and methodology with general and profound book ideas become
important philosophical schools of the 20th century structuralism important source
of ideas.
思想来源:
人物影响
索绪尔的语言研究开辟了语言研究的一个新的历史时期。 从以往历史看,传统的语法研究是规范性的,长时期处于其他学科特别是哲学的附属地位,难于就语言而研究语言,因此对语言本体的把握难以全面深入,一直缺乏一套独立的语言学研究方法。十九世纪的历史语言学开始真正就语言自身做规律性的探究,总结出许多语言历史发展的一般性规律,但由于其理论落脚点是语言成分历时变化的语言事实,因此不可能从整体上把握语言成分间的结构关系。洪堡特的研究虽然具有普通语言学的意义,思想也颇为深刻,对后世产生了很大影响,但他的研究范围非常宽泛,思辩性较强,提出了有关语言的性质的一系列观念,但却没有拿出把握语言的明确的方法。
(1)Saussure's linguistic research has opened up the language of a new historical period.
From the historical point of view in the past, the traditional grammar study is normative,
prolonged in other disciplines, especially philosophy, a subsidiary position difficult language study
language, a thorough grasp of the language itself is difficult, has been the lack of a separate set of
language Research Methods. 19th century historical linguistics began to really regularity inquiry
on the language itself, summed up many languages, the general law of historical development, but
because of its theoretical end-result is the language of the fact that language composition changes
over time, it is not possible from the whole grasp the structural relationship between the language
component. Humboldt research has the meaning of General Linguistics, thinking very deep, had a
significant impact on future generations, but his range is very broad, highly speculative, proposed
a series of ideas about the nature of language , but did not come up with a clear way to grasp the
language.
索绪尔在二十世纪初开始对语言整体的性质加以探讨。如何把握这个整体,确定这个整体的性质是必须首先解决的问题。索绪尔以其社会心理主义的语言观念为基础,区分了语言和言语,指出语言才是语言学的研究对象。第一次明确地提出语言学研究的确定的对象。继而,索绪尔又进行了共时和历时的区分,指出,对说话者来说,唯一存在的现实是语言共时的一面,而语言事实“在时间上的连续是不存在的”。这就是说,要确定某个语言成分的价值,并不需要考虑它的历史来源。从而最终确定了语言共时系统的符号性质。索绪尔的理论把语言研究引入新的轨道,为后人开辟一条新的可行的研究道路。在理论方法上,他为语言研究确定了一个相对封闭,静止,具有结构系统性的研究对象,使研究得以大大深入。
(2)Saussure in the early twentieth century, the nature of the language as a whole to be explored.
How to grasp the whole, to determine the nature of the whole must first solve the problem.
Saussure, with its concept of social psychological theory of language, the distinction between
language and speech, pointed out that the language is the object of study of linguistics. The first
time explicitly put forward to determine the object of linguistic research.
Then, Saussure synchronic and diachronic distinction, pointed out that the only reality is the
language of the speaker, side language facts "in time of continuous non-existent". That is to say, to
determine the value of a language component, does not need to consider its historical sources.