EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

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Eileen M. TrauthThe Pennsylvania State University, USAExploring the contributions, challenges, issues, and experiences of women in information technologyENCYCLOPEDIA OFGENDER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYhe Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology is the only referencework that provides an all-encompassing perspective on the way gender and informa-tion technology impact each other. Hundreds of leading international experts have compiled their research about the role of gender in human interaction with IT and the IT profession. Special attention is paid to the contributions, challenges, issues, and experiences of women in the IT field. This innovative encyclopedia contains more than 1,450 key terms and their definitions in order to supply readers with the most complete understanding of the subject. These two volumes also include 213 entries with over 4,700 references to additional works on gender and information technology in order to stimulate further research. The Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology is a must-have publication for every library.K E Y F E AT U R E Sn Authoritative contributions by 295 of the world’s leading experts n A single source for comprehensive information on an expansive field n In-depth descriptions of key issues, terms, and conceptsn More than 4,700 comprehensive references on existing literature and research on gender and IT nOrganized by topic and indexed, making it a convenient method of reference for all IT/IS scholars and professionalsn Over 1,450 key terms with detailed definitionsn Cross-referencing of key terms, figures, and information pertinent to gender and ITn Free institution-wide online access for the life of the edition when your library puchases a print copyENCYCLOPEDIA OFGENDER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYEDITED BY:Eileen M. TrauthThe Pennsylvania State University, USAT ISBN: 1-59140-815-6Regular Price: US $525.00 h/c *Pre-Pub Price: US $445.00**Online Access Only: US $420.001,450 pp; Available 5/06*Pre-publication price is good through one month after publication date.**Online access is for institutions and is good for the life of the edition.THE PREMIER REFERENCE SOURCE FORINFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH Idea Group Reference (IGR) publishes premier reference publications on all aspects of emerging topics in information science, technology, and management. These encyclopedias, handbooks of research, and dictionaries provide the most innovative and comprehensive reference tools in the field of IT.The Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology is a new release. To learnmore about other IGR publications visitEDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD:Liisa von HellensGriffith University, Australia Jane MargolisUCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, USA Helen RichardsonUniversity of Salford, UK Alison AdamUniversity of Salford, UKTOPICS COVERED:n Gender and computer science n Gender and computing history n Gender and distance education n Gender and global IT n Gender and IT careers n Gender and IT educationn Gender and IT in developing countries n Gender and research methods n Gender and strategic management n Gender and the human side of IT n Gender and the IT skills gap n The role of gender in the IT workplace“This encyclopedia addresses many multi-disciplinary issues concerning gender and technology, and introduces a variety of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.”— Prof. Helen Richardson2-VOLUME SETAccess and Use of ICTs Among Womenin JamaicaACM's Attention to Women in IT Addressing the Gender Gap in IT via Women's Preferences in Video Games Age, Gender, and Cognitive Style Differencesin IS ProfessionalsAn Agenda for Research on Gender Diversity in the Global Information EconomyAn Economist’s Perspective on Women inthe IT WorkforceAnalyzing Gender Segregation in Computing Approaches to Conceptualising Gender Articulating ICT Use Narratives in Everyday LifeAttitudes Towards ICTs in AustralianHigh SchoolsAustralian IT Enrollment Trends andModel of Contributing FactorsAustralian Women in Computing An Historical PerspectiveBeijing World Conference on Women,ICT Policy and GenderBoards Need Women with ITBridging the Entrepreneurial and Technology Gap for WomenCareer Management Concerns for Women in IT Checking Female Foeticide in the Information AgeChildhood Interest in Computers and Adult Career Choices in ITCommunity and Gender in the Virtual ClassroomComparing Gender Differences in Computer Science and Management Information Systems MajorsComplex View of Technological Change in the UKComputer Skills, Technostress, and Genderin Higher EducationComputing in a New Zealand Urban CommunityConstructing Gender Bias in Computer Science Critical Research on Gender and Information SystemsCross-Cultural Dimension of Gender and Information TechnologyCrossing the Digital Divide in a Women's Community ICT CentreCultural Factors and Collective Identityof Women in ICTCultural Studies Approach to Genderand ICTCyber/EcofeminismDesign and Women’s Expectations ofWWW Experience Developing Country Perspective OnWomen's ICT AdoptionDigital Divide, Gender and the IndianExperience in ITDirecting Equal Pay in the UK ICTLabour MarketDiscrimination and Hostility Towards Womenand Minorities in the IT Work ForceDiversity in Studying Gender and ITEarnings of Women with Computer Scienceor Engineering College MajorsE-Empowerment through StrengtheningWomen’s Policy Issues via the InternetEmployment Arrangements, Need Profiles,and GenderEmpower Gender Diversity with AgileSoftware DevelopmentEmpowering Homemakers to Becomee-HomepreneursEngendering Universal Access to ICT inRural AreasEnhancing Inclusion in Computer ScienceEducationEnvironmental Context and Women in theIT WorkforceEuropean Working Women in ICTFacing and Changing Reality in the AustralianIT IndustryFactors Influencing Girls’ Choice ofInformation Technology CareersFactors that Influence Women and Men toEnroll in IT MajorsFaculty Role in Women’s Participation inComputingFemale Perceptions of the InformationTechnology CultureFemale Pupils Perception of ElectricalEngineeringFemale Retention in Post-SecondaryIT EducationFemales on Technology Courses inUK CollegesFeminist Agenda for Reducing the GenderDigital DivideFeminist Standpoint TheoryFive Personality Characteristics of EstablishedInformation Technology ProfessionalsFive Perspectives on Women and Men in theIT WorkforceFostering Technology Interest among HighSchool GirlsFunding Women in Science, Engineering andTechnology in IrelandGender and Chat ForumsGender and Computing at University in the UKGender and Differences in Online TeachingStylesGender and Discourse Styles in CMC LearningGroupsGender and Diversity in E-LearningGender and Education in Oral Traditions,Culture and ICTsGender and End-User ComputingGender and e-Service in CEE and the CISGender and ICT Policies and Programmes inan Indian StateGender and ICTs in ZambiaGender and Information Systems Research atthe University of SalfordGender and Information Technology in RuralBangladeshGender and IT in the Concept of SustainabilityGender and IT Professional Work IdentityGender and National IT Policy in NigeriaGender and Professionalisation in IT FieldsGender and Software EngineeringGender and Telework in Information TechnologyGender and the Australian IT IndustryGender and the Culture of Computing inApplied IT EducationGender and the Household InternetGender and the Internet UserGender and the Use of DSS in the AustralianCotton IndustryGender Based Attitudes Towards TechnologyGender Bias in Computing Courses inAustraliaGender Differences in Adolescents’ Attitudesabout IT CareersGender Differences in Adoption and Use of aHealthcare IT ApplicationGender Differences in an Austrian ITManufacturing PlantGender Differences in Defining TechnologyGender Differences in Education and Trainingin the IT WorkforceGender Differences in Ethics Perceptions inInformation TechnologyGender Differences in InformationTechnology AcceptanceGender Differences in Internet Usage andTask PreferencesGender Differences in IT Use in the U.S. and JapanGender Differences in Online CoursesGender Differences in the Navigation ofElectronic WorldsGender Discrepancies Through theCollege YearsGender Equalization in Computer-MediatedCommunicationGender ICT and Millennium Development GoalsGender Identity and Systems DevelopmentGender Identity, the Culture of Organizationsand Women’s IT CareersGender in Computer ScienceGender in Distance Education TechnologyGender in Norwegian Computer HistoryGender Inclusion in the Information SocietyGender Inequalities for Use and Access ofICTs in Developing CountriesGender Influences on Ethical Considerationsin the IT EnvironmentGender Issues in Eastern EuropeGender Motives for Web Acceptance and UseGender Recruitment Issues in the IT SectorGender Sensitive Design PracticesGender, Education and Video GamesGender, Gaming, and IT CareersGender, IT and Educational Choice in Eastand West EuropeGender, Place and Information TechnologyGender, Race, Social Class and InformationTechnologyGendered Attrition at the UndergraduateLevelGirls and ComputingGirls, Games, and Intrepid Exploration onthe ComputerGlass Ceiling in ITGovernment and Corporate Initiatives forIndian Women in ITHealth Portals and Menu-Driven IdentitiesHistory of Feminist Approaches to TechnologyStudiesHow Gender Dynamics Affect Teleworkers’Performance in MalaysiaICT and Gender Inequality in the Middle EastICT Sector Characteristics in FinlandICT Usage in Sub-Saharan AfricaICTs for Economic Empowerment in SouthIndiaImpact of Gender and Ethnicity onParticipation in ITIndigenous Women in Scandinavia and aPotential Role for ICTInfluences and Responses of Women inIT EducationInstitutional Characteristics and GenderChoice in ITIntersection of Gender, InformationTechnology and ArtIntroducing Young Females to InformationTechnologyIssues Raised by the Women in IT Projectin EnglandIT for Emancipation of Women in IndiaIT Work in European OrganisationsIT Workforce Composition and CharacteristicsIT Workplace Climate for Opportunity andInclusionMaking Executive Mentoring Work in ITENTRIESMaking of a Homogeneous IT Work EnvironmentManagerial Careers, Gender and Information Technology FieldMatrixMaturity Rather than Gender is Important for Study SuccessMentoring Australian Girls in ICTs Migration of IT Specialists and Gender Motivating Women to Computer Science EducationMulti-Disciplinary, Scientific, Gender Research Native American Women in Computing Negotiating a Hegemonic Discourse of ComputingOnline Life and Gender DynamicsOnline Life and Gender Vagueness and ImpersonationOnline Life and Netsex or CybersexOnline Life and Online Bodies Outsourcing to the Post-Soviet Regionand GenderPair Programming and GenderParental Support for Female IT Career Interest and ChoiceParticipation of Female Computer Science Students in AustriaParticipation of Women in Information TechnologyPersonality Characteristics ofEstablished IT Professionals I and II Perspective of Equality and Role for Women in ITPipeline and BeyondPostcolonial ICT ChallengesPostmodern FeminismPredicting Women’s Interest and Choice of an IT CareerPsychosocial Framework for IT Education Pushing and Pulling Women into Technology-Plus JobsQuestioning Gender through Deconstruction and DoubtQuestioning Gender through Transformative Critical RoomsRace and Gender in Culturally Situated Design ToolsRace and the IT WorkforceReasons for Women to Leave the IT Workforce Reflexive Analysis of Questions for Women Entering the IT WorkforceRetaining Women in Undergraduate Information Technology Programs Schema Disjunction Among Computer Science StudentsShrinking Pipeline in Israeli High Schools Skills of Women TechnologistsSocial Change Research and the Gender Gapin Computer ScienceSocial Construction of Australian Women in IT Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality in Online HIV/AIDS InformationSocial Impact of Gender and Games Strategies of ICT Use for Women’s Economic EmpowermentStudent and Faculty Choices that Widen the Experience GapSurvey Feedback Interventions in IT Workplaces Teaching Gender Inclusive Computer Ethics Techno-Feminist View on the Open Source Software DevelopmentTheorizing Gender and Information Technology ResearchTheorizing Masculinity in Information Systems ResearchThird World Feminist Perspectives on Information TechnologyUN World Summit on the Information Society Understanding the Mommy Tracks in the IT WorkforceUnintended Consequences of Definitions of IT ProfessionalVirtual Learning and Teaching Environments Vulnerability to Internet Crime and Gender Issues Web-based Learning and Its Impacts on Junior Science ClassesWhat Women IT Professionals Want fromTheir WorkWoman Problem in Computer ScienceWomen and Computing Careers in Australia Women and ICTs in the Arab WorldWomen and Recruitment to the IT Profession in the UKWomen and Social Capital Networks in theIT WorkforceWomen and the IT Workplace in North West EnglandWomen Embrace Computing in Mauritius Women Entrepreneurs in Finnish ICT Industry Women in Computing in the Czech Republic Women in Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa Women in the Free/Libre Open Source Software DevelopmentWomen Returners in the UK IT Industry Women, Hi-Tech and the Family-Career Conflict Women, Mathematics, and Computing Women’s Role in the Development of the Internet Women's Access to ICT in an Urban Area of NigeriaWSIS Gender and ICT PolicyYoung Women and Persistence in Information TechnologyCONTRIBUTORSIiris AaltioLappeenranta University of TechnologyJoel AdamsCalvin CollegeMonica AdyaMarquette UniversityManju AhujaIndiana UniversityAdam AlisonUniversity of SalfordJ.B. ArbaughUniversity of Wisconsin OshkoshIrina AristarkhovaNational University of SingaporeJanet Armentor-Cota Lafayette CollegeShoba ArunManchester Metropolitan UniversityRonald A. AshUniversity of KansasOlukunle Babatunde Daramola Women’s Health and Action Research Centre Sharmistha Bagchi-SenSUNY BuffaloShakuntala Baichoo University of Mauritius Akhilesh BajajUniversity of TulsaJason D. BakerRegent UniversityEvangelia BaralouStirling UniversityLecia J. BarkerUniversity of ColoradoTiffany BarnesUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteKarinda Barrett Tallahassee Community College Vimala BauerBarco OrthogonSteve BeanEducation, Training, Research AssociatesLaura BeckwithOregon State UniversityJenine BeekhuyzenGriffith UniversityCatherine BeiseSalisbury UniversityElisa BellLa Trobe UniversityEsther Ruiz Ben Technische Universität Berlin Raquel BenbunanBaruch College, CUNYSarah BerensonNorth Carolina State University Sonja BernhardtThoughtwareSylvia BeyerUniversity of Wisconsin-ParksideAndrea BirbaumerVienna University of TechnologyMartha M. BleekerMathematica Policy ResearchJennifer BraytonRyerson UniversityMari W. BucheMichigan Technological UniversityCarol J. BurgerVirginia TechMargaret BurnettOregon State UniversityGraeme ByrneLa Trobe UniversityPascale CarayonUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonWendy CarrollSaint Mary’s UniversityTanja CarstensenHamburg University of TechnologyTanya CastlemanDeakin UniversityVinesh ChandraMansfield State High SchoolChong Sheau ChingeHomemakersJing ChongPennsylvania State UniversityKaylene ClaytonGriffith UniversityPaul F. ClearyNortheastern UniversityDespina CochliouUniversity of BathLeAnne CoderUniversity of KansasJ. McGrath CohoonUniversity of VirginiaErik S. ConnorsPennsylvania State UniversityHilde CorneliussenUniversity of BergenDarryl CoulthardDeakin UniversityAnnemieke CraigDeakin UniversityRebecca L. CraneUniversity of Colorado at BoulderElizabeth CreamerVirginia TechBarbara J. CrumpMassey UniversityCecile CrutzenOpen Universiteit NederlandWendy CukierRyerson UniversityBeth Osborne DaponteYale UniversityDonald D. DavisOld Dominion UniversityPaul De PalmaGonzaga UniversitySandra J. DeLoatchNorfolk State UniversityJill DennerEducation, Training, ResearchAssociatesHerbert S. DiamondTemple UniversityRichard DonohueUniversity of Colorado at BoulderAvri DoriaLuleå University of TechnologyHeather J. DowneyOld Dominion UniversityLinda DoyleUniversity of DublinYael DubinskyTechnion - Israel Institute ofTechnologyJ. Ann DumasPennsylvania State UniversityBrandon DupontWellesley CollegeAlan DurndellGlasgow Caledonian UniversityRon EglashRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteCindy EhlersUniversity of BuffaloLarisa EidelmanIsrael Institute of TechnologyDebra EischenSyracuse UniversityAhmed El GodyModern Sciences and ArtsUniversityMohamed El LouadiUniversité de TunisJohn B. EngbergRAND CorporationHarvey G. EnnsUniversity of DaytonAnna Escofet RoigUniversity of BarcelonaAndrea EverardUniversity of DelawareWendy FaulknerUniversity of EdinburghThomas W. FerrattUniversity of DaytonAllan FisherDarrell FisherCurtin University of TechnologyKatherine M. FodchukOld Dominion UniversityManuel Sánchez FrancoUniversidad de SevillaS. FrenchManchester Metropolitan UniversitySonya Gaither-ShepherdGeorgia Southern UniversityVanessa Galindo-SanchezUniversity of New MexicoMichael J. GallivanGeorgia State UniversityVasti GalpinUniversity of the WitwatersrandHelen GansmoNorwegian University of Scienceand TechnologyElena GapovaEuropean Humanities UniversityInternationalSusan GeorgeUniversity of South AustraliaLisa M. GermanoOld Dominion UniversityLeena GhoshalNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyJanice GrackinState University of New York atStony BrookDonna GrantDePaul UniversityAnita GreenhillUniversity of ManchesterMarie GriffithsUniversity of SalfordIndira GuzmanSyracuse UniversityEdeltraud Hanappi-EggerVienna University of Economics andBusiness AdministrationCristina Hanganu-BreschUniversity of MinnesotaBrian HanksFort Lewis CollegeAmanda HaynesUniversity of LimerickOrit HazzanIsrael Institute of TechnologyRichard HeeksUniversity of ManchesterPia HeilmannLappeenranta University ofTechnologyD. Benjamin HellarPennsylvania State UniversityTona HendersonRochester Institute of TechnologyClem HermanOpen UniversitySusan C. HerringIndiana UniversityChristopher M. HoadleyPennsylvania State UniversityPeter HoonakkerUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonDebra HowcroftUniversity of ManchesterHaiyan HuangPennsylvania State UniversityLynne HumphriesUniversity of SunderlandMª José Rubio HurtadoUniversity of BarcelonaBriga HynesUniversity of LimerickDeirdre HynesManchester MetropolitanUniversityNikki JacksonNorfolk State UniversityMaria Elisa JacobDePaul UniversityDivya JainDatamation Foundation CharitableTrustHeike JensenHumboldt UniversityElizabeth R. JessupUniversity of ColoradoMichael P. JohnsonCarnegie Mellon UniversityRashaad JonesPennsylvania State UniversitySonia N. JorgeConsultant in CommunicationsPolicy and Regulation, Gender andDevelopmentK. D. JoshiWashington State UniversityKaarina KailoOulu UniversityKate KaiserMarquette UniversityDavid KaplanSaint Louis UniversitySandra KatzUniversity of PittsburghIdit KeidarIsrael Institute of TechnologyTracy L.M. KennedyUniversity of TorontoClaire KeoghUniversity of SalfordHeidi KesoLife Works Research TeamMyungsook KlassenCalifornia Lutheran UniversityLinda V. KnightDePaul UniversityEmma-Reetta KoivunenUniversity of HelsinkiChristian KorunkaUniversity of ViennaErna KotkampUtrecht UniversityUsha KrishnaneHomemakersKathryn J. MaserBooz Allen HamiltonChris MathieuCopenhagen Business SchoolChristie McDanielUniversity of North Carolina atChapel HillSharon McDonaldUniversity of SunderlandCharlie McDowellUniversity of California, Santa CruzAndrea McIlroyMassey UniversityClaire McInerneyRutgers, The State University ofNew JerseyJudy McKaySwinburne University ofTechnologyThersa McLennanLincoln UniversityMeert MeertOld Dominion UniversityNorma MertzUniversity of TennesseeRuth MeßmerUniversity of FreiburgPeggy MeszarosVirginia TechIwona MiliszewskaVictoria UniversityJane MillerGlasgow Caledonian UniversityAlbert J. MillsSaint Mary’s UniversityJessica MitoryPennsylvania State UniversityJanette MoodyCitadelKarenza MooreUniversity of SalfordAllison MorganPennsylvania State UniversityKonrad MorganUniversity of BergenMadeleine MorganUniversity of BergenSharon MorganUniversity of ManchesterSan MurugesanSouthern Cross UniversityNancy MuturiKansas State UniversityMartha MyersKennesaw State UniversityFred NiedermanSaint Louis UniversitySue NielsenGriffith UniversityRosalie J. OckerPennsylvania State UniversityChristine OganIndiana UniversityWole Michael OlatokunUniversity of IbadanBright E. OniovokukorIndomitable Youths AssociationHiroshi OnoStockholm School of EconomicsMinna-Kristiina PaakkiUniversity of TampereRema PadmanCarnegie Mellon UniversityRekha PandeMaulana Azad National UrduUniversityNiki PanteliUniversity of BathKatia PasseriniNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyJohn PaynterUniversity of AucklandLiane Pedersen-GallegosUniversity of Colorado at BoulderValerie PegherBooz Allen Hamilton Inc.Shari PfleegerRAND CorporationTarja PietiläinenLife Works Research TeamMargit PohlVienna University of TechnologyJayesh PrasadUniversity of DaytonKellie PriceETSUJeria QuesenberryPennsylvania State UniversityLutfor RahmanAssociation for Advancement ofInformation Technology (AAIT)H. Raghav RaoSUNY BuffaloClancy RatliffUniversity of MinnesotaSara ReagorPennsylvania State UniversityShirine RepucciNational Coalition of IndependentScholarsHelen J. RichardsonUniversity of SalfordIta RichardsonUniversity of LimerickJean C. RobinsonIndiana UniversityEls RommesRadboud University NijmegenJoshua RosenbloomUniversity of KansasAlfred RovaiRegent UniversityBirgitta RydhagenBlekinge Institute of TechnologyNoemi Maria SadowskaRegents Business SchoolLinda SalchenbergerNorthwestern UniversityJanis Sanchez-HuclesOld Dominion UniversitySteve SawyerPennsylvania State UniversityAnupama SaxenaGuru Ghasidas UniversityD. SaxonCity College ManchesterBritta SchinzelUniversity of FreiburgSigrid SchmitzUniversity of FreiburgJen SchoepkeUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonKatherine A. SelgradeOld Dominion UniversityElaine SeymourUniversity of Colorado at BoulderAnil ShaligramOne Village One Computer ProjectTrustChetan SharmaDatamation Foundation CharitableTrustSushil SharmaBall State UniversityAnoush SimonUniversity of Wales AberystwythShraddha SorteOregon State UniversityLorraine StaehrLa Trobe UniversityJeffrey StantonSyracuse UniversityTheresa A. SteinbachDePaul UniversityLinda StepulevageUniversity of East LondonRussell StockardCalifornia Lutheran UniversityMalathi SubramanianUniversity of DelhiAyellet TalIsrael Institute of TechnologyAndrea H. TapiaPennsylvania State UniversityAngela TattersallUniversity of SalfordHerath TejaswiniSUNY BuffaloIvanna S. TerrellPennsylvania State UniversityTarja TianenUniversity of TampereMarianne TolarVienna University of TechnologyEileen TrauthPennsylvania State UniversityLena TrojerBlekinge Institute of TechnologyEva TurnerUniversity of East LondonKristine KuhnWashington State UniversityLynette KvasnyPennsylvania State UniversityMarcella LaFeverUniversity of New MexicoVivian LagesenNorwegian University of Scienceand TechnologyCatherine LangSwinburne University ofTechnologyMonika LanzenbergerVienna University of TechnologyAnne LaughlinVirginia TechSandra LaursenUniversity of Colorado at BoulderMichaele D. LawsETSUJoey J. LeePennsylvania State UniversitySoyoung LeeVirginia TechHanna LehtimäkiLife Works Research TeamJessica LeongErnst & YoungDalit LevyUC Berkeley School of Educationand The Concord ConsortiumMerete LieNorwegian University of Scienceand TechnologyBen LightUniversity of SalfordJohn LimNational University of SingaporeYuwei LinVrije Universiteit AmsterdamKeri LoganMassey UniversityAntonio Lopez Jr.Xavier University of LouisianaWill Wai-kit MaHong Kong University of Scienceand Technology & Hong Kong ShueYan CollegeDale MackrellGriffith UniversityDebra MajorOld Dominion UniversityMary MalliarisLoyola University ChicagoJoan MannOld Dominion UniversityGillian MarcelleTechnology for DevelopmentJane MargolisUniversity of California Los AngelesJonathan MarshallUniversity of Technology SydneyFrancisco José Martínez-LópezUniversidad de GranadaCynthia TysickUniversity of BuffaloMaria UdénLuleå University of TechnologyMaryann ValiulisUniversity of DublinAnnemijn van GorpPennsylvania State UniversityRoli VarmaUniversity of New MexicoEmma von EssenUppsala UniversityLiisa von HellensGriffith UniversityMladen A. VoukNorth Carolina State UniversityIna WagnerVienna University of TechnologyKutoma Jacqueline WakunumaCoventry UniversityColette Wanless-SobelUniversity of Minnesota, DistanceEducationMark WardellPennsylvania State UniversityJennifer WarrenPennsylvania State UniversityPhyl WebbUniversity of TasmaniaJuliet WebsterWork and Equality ResearchCatherine J. WeinbergerUniversity of California SantaBarbaraLinda WernerUniversity of California, Santa CruzGillian WhitehouseUniversity of QueenslandHeike WiesnerUniversity of Applied Science inWilhelmshavenGabriele WinkerHamburg University of TechnologyLeone WoodcockSouthern Cross UniversityRuth WoodfieldUniversity of SussexAmy WoszczynskiKennesaw State UniversityElaine YakuraMichgan State UniversityBen YeoPennsylvania State UniversityLim Yong-KwanNational University of SingaporeJudy YoungUniversity of TasmaniaAllan Hoi-kau YuenUniversity of Hong KongMadeline ZavodnyAgnes Scott CollegeKai ZhengUniversity of Missouri-Columbia。