综述,导电聚合物凝胶
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Energy & Environmental Science
PERSPECTIVE
View Article Online
View Journal | View Issue
Published on 12 August 2013. Downloaded by Tianjin University on 09/01/2014 09:06:03.
b
dimensions.8 The continuous structure is permanent on the time scale of the experiment and is solid-like in its rheological behaviour. Owing to the intrinsic 3D network micro/nano structures of hydrogels, conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) are emerging as a unique material platform for electrochemical devices.9–11 Conducting polymers (CPs) are a class of functional polymers that have a delocalized p-system backbone along the polymeric chains. The highly conjugated polymer chain can be assigned reversible chemical, electrochemical and physical properties controlled by a doping/de-doping process. As a subclass of CPs, CPHs represent a unique class of polymeric materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors.12–16 Particularly, nanostructured CPHs possess the characteristics of nanomaterials (e.g. large surface area, size, and especially the 3D continuous conducting framework), which further increase the merit of CPs in designing and making novel devices.17–19 CPHs have shown great potential in electrochemical devices, because they provide signicantly improved electrode interfaces, between the electronic transporting phase and the ionic
Received 24th March 2013 Accepted 14th May 2013 DOI: 10.1039/c3ee40997j /ees
Broader context
Conducting polymer hydrogels represent a unique class of materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors. They show both electrical and optical properties similar to those of metals and inorganic semiconductors, in addition to other attractive properties associated with conventional polymers, such as ease of synthesis and exibility in processing. Nowadays, functionalized conducting polymer nanomaterials have received increasing attention in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their large surface area, excellent interface between the electronic transporting phase and the ionic transporting phase, between biological and synthetic systems, as well as between so and hard materials. The conducting-polymer-hydrogel nanostructures, especially with three-dimensional geometries and hierarchical ordering, could facilitate the design of next-generation electronic/biochemical systems that require morphological or structural control. These systems are envisioned to be highly useful for a broad range of applications such as supercapacitors, lithium batteries, biofuel cells, bioelectronics, biosensors and medical electrodes.
1
Introduction
Tremendous effort has been directed toward research into nanostructured electronic materials owing to the fact that such materials present new and superb properties at the nanoscale.1–3 Particularly, three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures have become a rapidly growing eld of research, which received considerable attention in the elds of electronics, photonics, phononics and biomedical devices.4–6 Possessing a high level of hydration with 3D micro/nano structures, hydrogels are polymeric networks of crosslinked polymer chains, bearing similarities to natural tissues.7 Hydrogel is consistent with Flory's denition of a gel that gel is a two-component, colloidal dispersion with a continuous structure with macroscopic
2856 | Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 2856 –2870
Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) represent a unique class of materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors and have been used in many applications such as bioelectronics and energy storage devices. This perspective provides a brief overview of current research activities in the field of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured CPHs for high-performance electrochemical devices. The synthesis methods of conventional conductive polymers (CPs) and hydrogels are outlined with emphasis on newly developed methods for the preparation of 3D nanostructured CPs and CPHs. Following this discussion is an outline of the applications of 3D CPH nanostructures with particular focus on those applications in which nanostructured CPHs are clearly advantageous over their conventional counterparts. Other potential applications of nanostructured CPHs are also discussed in this perspective along with the main challenges and future research directions for this new class of conductive hydrogels.
a
Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. E-mail: ghyu@ School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. E-mail: ljpan@ † These authors contributed equally to this work.
Ci., 2013, 6, 2856
3D nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels for high-performance electrochemical devices
Yu Zhao,†a Borui Liu,†a Lijia Pan*b and Guihua Yu*a
PERSPECTIVE
View Article Online
View Journal | View Issue
Published on 12 August 2013. Downloaded by Tianjin University on 09/01/2014 09:06:03.
b
dimensions.8 The continuous structure is permanent on the time scale of the experiment and is solid-like in its rheological behaviour. Owing to the intrinsic 3D network micro/nano structures of hydrogels, conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) are emerging as a unique material platform for electrochemical devices.9–11 Conducting polymers (CPs) are a class of functional polymers that have a delocalized p-system backbone along the polymeric chains. The highly conjugated polymer chain can be assigned reversible chemical, electrochemical and physical properties controlled by a doping/de-doping process. As a subclass of CPs, CPHs represent a unique class of polymeric materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors.12–16 Particularly, nanostructured CPHs possess the characteristics of nanomaterials (e.g. large surface area, size, and especially the 3D continuous conducting framework), which further increase the merit of CPs in designing and making novel devices.17–19 CPHs have shown great potential in electrochemical devices, because they provide signicantly improved electrode interfaces, between the electronic transporting phase and the ionic
Received 24th March 2013 Accepted 14th May 2013 DOI: 10.1039/c3ee40997j /ees
Broader context
Conducting polymer hydrogels represent a unique class of materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors. They show both electrical and optical properties similar to those of metals and inorganic semiconductors, in addition to other attractive properties associated with conventional polymers, such as ease of synthesis and exibility in processing. Nowadays, functionalized conducting polymer nanomaterials have received increasing attention in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their large surface area, excellent interface between the electronic transporting phase and the ionic transporting phase, between biological and synthetic systems, as well as between so and hard materials. The conducting-polymer-hydrogel nanostructures, especially with three-dimensional geometries and hierarchical ordering, could facilitate the design of next-generation electronic/biochemical systems that require morphological or structural control. These systems are envisioned to be highly useful for a broad range of applications such as supercapacitors, lithium batteries, biofuel cells, bioelectronics, biosensors and medical electrodes.
1
Introduction
Tremendous effort has been directed toward research into nanostructured electronic materials owing to the fact that such materials present new and superb properties at the nanoscale.1–3 Particularly, three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures have become a rapidly growing eld of research, which received considerable attention in the elds of electronics, photonics, phononics and biomedical devices.4–6 Possessing a high level of hydration with 3D micro/nano structures, hydrogels are polymeric networks of crosslinked polymer chains, bearing similarities to natural tissues.7 Hydrogel is consistent with Flory's denition of a gel that gel is a two-component, colloidal dispersion with a continuous structure with macroscopic
2856 | Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 2856 –2870
Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) represent a unique class of materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors and have been used in many applications such as bioelectronics and energy storage devices. This perspective provides a brief overview of current research activities in the field of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured CPHs for high-performance electrochemical devices. The synthesis methods of conventional conductive polymers (CPs) and hydrogels are outlined with emphasis on newly developed methods for the preparation of 3D nanostructured CPs and CPHs. Following this discussion is an outline of the applications of 3D CPH nanostructures with particular focus on those applications in which nanostructured CPHs are clearly advantageous over their conventional counterparts. Other potential applications of nanostructured CPHs are also discussed in this perspective along with the main challenges and future research directions for this new class of conductive hydrogels.
a
Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. E-mail: ghyu@ School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. E-mail: ljpan@ † These authors contributed equally to this work.
Ci., 2013, 6, 2856
3D nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels for high-performance electrochemical devices
Yu Zhao,†a Borui Liu,†a Lijia Pan*b and Guihua Yu*a