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The CALCULEMUS Research Training Network A Short Overview

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TheCalculemusResearchTrainingNetwork–AshortOverview∗

ChristophBenzm¨ullerSaarlandUniversity,Saarbr¨ucken,GermanyJune17,2003

1IntroductionCalculemusresearchaimsattheintegrationofsystemsforsymboliccomputationandsym-bolicreasoningandisrelatedtotheQPQinitia-tive.Itisinthespiritofbothprojectstodiscusstheseconnectionsandpotentialcollaborations.ThefollowingtextsketchesthestructureandscientificcontributionsoftheCalculemusRe-searchTrainingNetwork(CalculemusRTN;seeFigure1forthepartnersites)sinceitsstartinSeptember2000.Ithasbeenreproducedfromthenetworksmidtermreport[22]andcreditisduetoallresearchersoftheCalculemusRTN.Morethan28youngvisitingresearchers(withasumapprox.150financedperson-months)havebeensupportedbythenetworksofarandap-prox.47seniorresearchersareinvolvedinthetrainingmeasuresatthedifferentpartnersites.

2ResearchObjectivesandResults

ThemainresearchobjectiveoftheCalcule-musRTN(andthebroaderCalculemusIn-terestGroupfoundedinthemid90s;seewww.calculemus.net)istofostertheintegrationofdeductionsystems(DS)andcomputeralgebrasystems(CAS)bothataconceptualandatapracticallevel.Thepointoforiginforthiskindofresearchisalandscapeofheterogeneousap-proachesandsystemsonbothsidesofthespec-trum,wherethediversityontheDSssideisprobablygreaterthanonthesideofCASs.SinceitsstartinSeptember2000theCal-culemusRTNhascontributedtotheconver-

∗ThisworkissupportedbytheEUresearchtrain-

ingnetworkCALCULEMUS(HPRN-CT-2000-00102)fundedintheEU5thframework.

•USAARSaarlandUniversity,Saarbr¨ucken,Germany(J¨orgSiekmannandChristophBenzm¨uller)

•UEDTheUniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland(AlanBundy)

•UKAKarlsruheUniversity,Germany(JacquesCalmet)

•RISCResearchInstituteforSymbolicCompu-tation,Linz,Austria(BrunoBuchberger)

•TUEEindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Netherlands(ArjehCohen)andUniversityofNijmegen,Netherlands(HenkBarendregt)

•ITC-IRSTInstitutoperlaRicercaScientificaeTecnologica,Trento,Italy(FaustoGiunchiglia)

•UWBUniversityofBialystok,Poland(An-drzejTrybulec)

•UGEUniversit`adegliStudidiGenova(AlessandroArmando)

•UBIRTheUniversityofBirmingham,England(ManfredKerber)

Figure1:TheCalculemusRTN

genceofDSsandCASsthroughitsresearchonunifyingframeworksforencodingandcombin-ingcomputationanddeduction,theidentifica-tionofthearchitecturalrequirementsforanewgenerationofreasoningsystemswithcombinedreasoningandcomputationalpower,andtheprototypicalimplementationandapplicationoftheimprovedsystems.However,asinglepre-dominanttheoreticalframeworkiscurrentlynotpossible.SuchanapproachwouldparticularlyinvolvepredominantsolutionstothestillratherdivergingsystemsatbothsidesofthespectrumbetweenDSsandCASs.ThereforeastronglineofresearchintheCalculemusRTNfocusesonthemodellingandintegrationofCASsand

1DSsatthesystemslayer.Inthisresearchdi-rection,significantprogresshasbeenmadeandseveralsystemsofprojectpartnersandotherre-searchinstituteshavebeenconnectedinordertoformnetworksofcooperatingmathematicalser-vicesystems.Thebenefitsandimpactsofsuchintegrationshavebeeninvestigatedinprototyp-icalcasestudies.TheresearchersoftheCalculemusRTNandtheCalculemusinterestgroupalsofos-teredtheMathematicalKnowledgeManage-ment(MKM,EUMKMNET)researchinitia-tive;see[40,8].Thisrelativelyyounglineofresearchadoptsabroaderperspectiveonthefu-tureofmathematics(e.g.researchandpublica-tionpractice,education,andknowledgemainte-nance)inthe21stcentury.AsignificantamountofCalculemusresearchisMKMrelevantandiscurrentlybeingtakenupinthiscommunityinordertoadoptandintegrateitintotheMKMperspective.TheextensiveresearchactivitiesoftheCal-culemusNetworkandtheCalculemusInter-estGrouparefurthermoreshowninteraliabythreespecialissuesoftheJournalofSymbolicComputation[101,4,78]andthefollowingin-ternationalevents:CalculemusSymposium2000inSt.Andrews,Scotland[69,101],Cal-culemusSymposium2001inSiena,Italy[78],CalculemusSymposium2002inMarseilles,France[45,49],CalculemusAutumnSchool2002inPisa,Italy[23,24,25,129].TheCalculemusSymposium20031willbeheldinSeptemberinRome,Italy,anditwilljoinIJ-CARconferencein2004.InthefollowingparagraphswesketchthehighlightsoftheCalculemusRTNsinceitsstartinSeptember2000;formoredetailedre-portstoalltaskswereferto[22].Task1.1:MathematicalFrameworksTUEandNijmegenUniversityinvestigatedtypetheoryforthepurposeofformalisingmathe-matics:BarendregtandGeuvers[21]giveanoverviewoftypetheory,howitisusedtorep-resentlogicandmathematicsandwhatissuesandchoicescomeup.Typetheory(encodedinOpenMath)asawayforcommunicatingmath-ematicsisproposedin[20]andin[48]itisshownhowaproofpresentationcanbegeneratedfromaformalisedproofintypetheory.Thispaperar-guesthat‘formalcontexts’inCoqcanbeusedas1http://www-calfor.lip6.fr/~rr/Calculemus03/abasisforinteractivemathematicaldocuments.Thistopicisalsotreatedin[99].Anin-depthdiscussionofthevariouswaystotreatcompu-tationsintheoremproversisgivenin[19]andfurtherrelatedworkispresentedin[36].TheCalculemusRTNhasalsostudiedotherapproachestotheoremprovingandtheircapacitiestointegratecomputations(seealso[123]).Thisincludesproofplanning,asde-velopedandemployedbythenodesUSAARandUED.IntheΩmegasystem[104],atUS-AAR,symboliccalculationscanbeintegratedintoproofplanningintwoways:(i)toguidetheproofplannerandtoprunethesearchspacebycomputinghintswithcontrolrulesand(ii)toshortenandsimplifytheproofsbycallingaCASwithintheapplicationofamethodtosolveequations.Asaside-effectbothcasescanre-strictpossibleinstantiationsofmeta-variables.Theseapproachesarediscussedin[52,107,84,105].AninvestigationintotheuseofdeductionfortheimplementationofcorrectcomputationswithincomputeralgebrasystemwasconsideredatUGEandispresentedin[1].TheTheoremasystem,developedatRISC,aimsatprovidingonemathematicalframeworkencompassingallaspectsofalgorithmicmathe-matics,notablytheaspectsofproving,comput-ing,andsolving;see[39,37,38].In[70,71]itiscriticallyarguedbyUBIRthataspectsofmathematicalconcepts,includ-ingproceduralknowledge,arehardtorecon-structfromtheformalisationindeductionsys-tems.Thisworkpointstolimitationsoftheflex-ibilityofmathematicalrepresentationswhichapplytoallourcurrentapproaches.

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浙江大学研究生《人工智能引论》课件

浙江大学研究生《人工智能引论》课件


因此，P(B|j, m) = α <0.00059224, 0.0014919> ≈ <0.284, 0.716> 即在John和Mary都打电话的条件下，出现盗贼的 概率约为28%。
【课后习题1】
国家政策 （C） ）
P(C) 0.50
C
P(U) 0.95 0.01 U P(B) 0.30 0.01
D. 独立和条件独立
Cavity Weather
Toothache
Catch
Weather和其它3个变量相互独立 给定Cavity后，Toothache和Catch条件独立
E. 贝叶斯网络示例
Burglary
P(B) 0.001 P(E)
Earthquake
B E t f t f P(A) 0.95 0.94 0.29 0.001
P(~b) 0.999 P(e) 0.002 P(a|~b,e) 0.29
P(~e)
+
0.998 P(a|~b,~e) 0.001 P(j|a) 0.90 P(m|a) 0.70 P(j|~a) 0.05 P(m|~a) 0.01
+
+
P(~a|~b,e) 0.71 P(j|~a) 0.05 P(m|~a) 0.01
B. 贝叶斯网络的定义
是一个有向无环图(DAG) 随机变量集组成网络节点，变量可离散或连续 一个连接节点对的有向边或箭头集合 每 节 点 Xi 都 有 一 个 条 件 概 率 分 布 表 ： P(Xi|Parents(Xi))，量化其父节点对该节点的影响
C. 贝叶斯网络的别名
信念网(Belief Network) 概率网络(Probability Network) 因果网络(Causal Network) 知识图(Knowledge Map) 图模型(Graphical Model)或概率图模型(PGM) 决策网络(Decision Network) 影响图(Influence Diagram)
新教材外研版选择性必修第四册Unit5 Into the unknown学案(知识点汇总及配套习题)

新教材外研版选择性必修第四册Unit5 Into the unknown学案(知识点汇总及配套习题)

Unit 5 Into the unknown 学案1．There is a profound charm in mystery. —Chatfield神秘事物具有深奥的魅力。

2．Nature is not governed except by obeying her. —Bacon自然不可驾驭，除非顺从她。

3．To be beautiful and to be calm is the ideal of nature. —Richard Jefferies美与宁静是自然的理想。

4．Mix a little mystery with everything，and the very mystery arouses veneration.任何事都掺一点神秘性，唯其神秘才引起崇拜。

5．He had lived long enough to know it is unwise to wish everything explained.长时期的生活经历足以使他懂得要想把一切都解释清楚是不明智的。

6．Man masters nature not by force but by understanding. —Bronwski人征服大自然不是凭力量，而是凭对它的认识。

The “Monster of Lake Tianchi” in the Changbai Mountains in Jilin Province，northeast China，is back in the news after several recent sightings.The director of a local tourist office，Meng Fanying，said the monster，which seemed to be black in color，was ten meters from the edge of the lake during the most recent sighting.“It jumped out of the water like a seal—about 200 people on Changbai's western peak saw it，”he said.“Although no one really got a clear look at the mysterious creature，Xue Junlin，a local photographer，claimed that its head looked like a horse.”In another recent sighting，a group of soldiers claim they saw an animal moving on the surface of the water.“It was greenish­black and had a round head with 10­centimeter horns”，one of the soldiers said.Mike Taylor，a university student in the study of prehistoric life forms for his Ph.D.，discovered a brand­new species of dinosaur，while conducting research at the Natural History Museum in the United Kingdom.This new species was identified as part of the sauropod family of dinosaurs.The sauropods were four-legged，vegetarian dinosaurs，with very long necks and tails，and relatively small skulls and brains.One of their most unusual characteristics was their nostrils，which were higher up in their head，almost near the eyes.So far，the sauropod bones have been found in every continent except Antarctica，and they are one of the longest living group of dinosaurs，spanning over 100 million years.This new species，named Xenoposeidon proneneukos，which means forward sloping，lived about 140 million years ago.Mike Taylor，who has spent five years studying sauropod vertebrae，immediately knew that this was the backbone of a sauropod.However，he had never seen one like this before.Further research proved this was indeed a new kind of sauropod.The bone，which had been discovered in the 1890s，had never been examined.[探究发现]1．Find out the main idea of the passage.Mike Taylor discovered a brand-new species of dinosaur.2．Find out the new dinosaur's most obvious characteristic.Nostril.3．Find out the time that the bone was discovered.In the 1890s.Ⅰ.匹配词义A．单词匹配()1.intrigue A．n.气旋；旋风()2.pyramid B．n.金字塔()3.astronomy C．n.衰败()4.tropical D．adj.来自热带的；产于热带的()5.cyclone E．v.(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴()6.downfall F．n.天文学()7.megadrought G．n.超级干旱[答案]1－5EBFDA6－7CGB．短语匹配()1.fall into ruin A．相当于()2.make a discovery B．收回()3.correspond to C．做出发现；发现()4.take back D．将……应用于……()5.apply...to... E．(因无人照料而)衰落，败落[答案]1－5ECABDⅡ.默写单词1．civilisation n．文明(社会)2．bury v. 将……埋在下面3．canal n. 运河4．ruin n. 残垣断壁，废墟5．abandon v. 离弃，逃离6．dismiss v. 拒绝考虑，否定7.expansion n. 扩大；增加Ⅰ.语境填词astronomy；dismiss；expansion；abandon；civilisation；was buried；canal；ruin The Victorians regarded the railways as bringing progress and civilisation．2．The truth has been buried in her memory since then.3．Astronomy is the scientific study of the sun，moon，stars，planets，etc. 4．A canal is a passage dug in the ground for boats and ships to travel along. 5．The old mill is now little more than a ruin．6．The cold weather forced us to abandon going out.7．I think we can safely dismiss their objections.8．Despite the difficulties the company is confident of further expansion．Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词1．Hunger and drought led to the collapse of Mayan civilisation(civilise)a millennium ago.2．The child was found abandoned(abandon)but unharmed.3．The buildings were in a ruinous (ruin)condition.4．Expansionism(expansion)was advocated by many British politicians in the late 19th century.5．There are no previous statistics for comparison(compare)．6．They questioned the accuracy(accurate)of the information in the file.7．The test can accurately (accurate)predict what a bigger explosion would do.8．Her dismissal(dismiss)of the threats seemed irresponsible.1．Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars，it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.虽然他的理论已经被学者们所否定，但它显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是多么的有影响力。

FLUENT软件操作界面中英文对照

FLUENT软件操作界面中英文对照

FLUENT 软件操作界面中英文对照File 文件Read 读取文件：scheme 方案journal 日志 profile 外形 Write 保存文件 Import :进入另一个运算程序 Interpolate :窜改，插入Hardcopy :复制，Batch opti ons —组选项Save layout 保存设计 Grid 网格| F 屆 Grid Define Solve i-Read► Write►Import ► Export-, Interpolate —Hardcopy...Batch Options.^Save LayoutRun...RSF...ExitDefine Models模型：solver解算器Pressure based 基于压力Den sity based基于密度末解用丁 pressure based,雀改用Censity based 岀观不苻合秦相36的摄不，请甸pres 羊WE base d Al density based 慎仆则迢.41刊卜 IS 况？北外.血OC ・EHU ^ cotipled ＞（/^ ptiaw ccupl ed simple 可这孔 & pimple ijEpiso 逞划.--■轟=Sortg 冲-丸布时制* ^jfe-5-6 1844DOden ba&ed 亘工F 吋.压聲血ptessurt ba$«i 适可于那可乐册斤"dens Ply based 把丸“河悴掏t ：至殳嗟之一.刑牛可爪門d 的创R 监當歎1一，般如人锻暮叫人丄有用 轴怀，火薩墟迭牛才H5）-0 程：yje8D8-丸布门 1叫；20GS-3-7 10-2ODQ歆；I ：谢PrflSsdrfl-Bawd Soker ^Fluflnt 它星英于压力快的束解孤便丹的圮压力修止畀法"求释旳控制片悝足标联式的，擅K 家鮮不町压縮舐Mb 对于町压砂也可旦索麟；Fk«nl 6-3 tl 前的I 板』冷孵臥 B fjS4^r«^at«d &Olvar fli Cfruptod Solvtr,的实也fltje Pr#4iurft-ea5<KJ ScFvAi 约两种虽幵方ib应理拈Fluent 氐J 眇坝犢型小的.它拈垒于曲喪红旳求聲塞，最辑的出H .也桿 艮先■那式的.丰誓■載密式冇Roz AU$hk>谏方法的初和&让Fhwrt 耳有比我甘的求IT 可压胃（说 劫謹力，們耳帕榕式淮冇琴加IF 科限闾辉，倒比还丰A 完荐匚Coupted 的算送t 对子慨站何Hh 地们足便用円匕口讷油皿购 加£未处為 性上世魅端计棒低逢刈趾.擁说的DansJty-Bjiwd Solver F ft St SiMPLEC, P 怡DE 些选以的.闪为進些ffliQl ；力修止鼻袪・不金在这种类崖的我押■中氏现泊I 建址祢匹足整用Fw»ur 护P.sed Solver 堺决昧的利底*implicit 隐式， explicit 显示Space 空间：2D , axisymmetric （转动轴）， axisymmetric swirl （漩涡转动轴）；Time 时间 :steady 定常，unsteady 非定常 Velocity formulatio n 制定速度： absolute 绝对的；relative 相对的Gradient option 梯度选择：以单元作基础；以节点作基础；以单元作梯度的最小正方形。

普适计算人本计算

普适计算人本计算

［(］ 分散精力进行干预 。 ^K.W >4?/4. 为人们描绘了一个美好
"! 对普适计算的理解
"* (! 普适计算是人本计算 计算机 （ 电子计算机） 从出现到现在不过短短五十多年 的时间， 但它却彻底改变了人们的生活。首先回顾一下计算 技术的发展历程： 在主机计算 （ _.KM4-L.W ]LMN3O?6P） 时代， 计 算机仅仅是一种计算工具， 应用局限于需要大量数学运算的 军事和科研领域， 体积庞大， 能耗高， 故障多， 价格高昂， 使用 困难。在这个时期， 很少人能够真正操作和使用计算机， 即使 能够使用的人也需要很高的专业知识。 8] 的出现加速了计算机技术发展， 人们由此进入桌面计 算 （ ‘4/WOLN ]LMN3O?6P） 时代， 计算机进入了普通人的生活， 并 且随着软件技术和网络技术的发展， 计算机也不仅仅是简单 的计算工具， 而成为了人们获取信息和进行信息处理的重要 工具。但是在桌面计算时代， 计算模式仍然是以计算机为中 心， 计算机的使用仍然需要一定的专业知识， 很多时候是计算 机本身而不是用户要完成的任务占据了用户的注意力。同
［$］ 林中散步般清馨自然” 。
在没有 为她准备好咖啡； 当 .’/ 通过向导系统了解路况时， .’/ 显式指示的情况下， 向导系统通过自发推导为 .’/ 寻找一 处合适的停车位置。 在寻找到合适的解之后， 接下来的问题就是寻找解的合 适的表示方式和表示设备： 普适计算环境下存在多种多样的 信息表示方法和设备， 那么如何选择恰当的表示方法和计算 设备与人进行交互就成为一个重要的问题： 在 .’/ 的生活中， 大部分信息是通过各种各样的显示设备来向用户提供的， 其 中包括 “ 0,1230-” ， “ 43(+5,+0 6,((3(” ， “ 7+//7’/+” 和 “ 7’8 ” 等不同 形状的显示设备。同时， 在普适计算环境下， 计算设备之间存 在着紧密的信息交互和协作， 如何使这些计算设备能够协调 地向用户提供信息服务也成为一个技术挑战： 在 .’/ 的卧室 周围放置了多个可以显示信息的 “ 0,1230- ” ， .’/ 需要获取的 信息通过这些显示设备充分地表示出来， 并且不会出现信息 冲突或重复的情况； 当 .’/ 在早餐读报时， 她手中的笔能将勾 画出的那些新闻内容传送到她的办公室； 当 .’/ 在驾车上班 的途中， 车上的向导系统通过与周围的停车管理系统进行交 互来获取合适的停车位置。从上面的场景分析中可以归纳出 普适计算系统具有以下一些特性： 普适性# 数量众多的计算设备被布置和嵌入到环境中， 通过这些设备， 用户可以随时随地得到计算服务。 透明性# 在普适计算环境下， 计算过程对于用户是透明 的， 一般不需要用户的直接操作。如果计算系统返回的结果 无法满足用户的需求， 用户也可以直接调节系统使之工作在 更好的状态。在用户进行调节的同时， 整个计算系统也在不 断地更新和学习。整个计算和学习过程对于用户来说是不可 见的， 这就可以使用户最大程度地将注意力放在要完成的任 务上。 动态性# 在普适计算环境中， 用户通常处于移动状态， 这 导致在特定的空间内用户集合将不断变化； 另一方面， 移动设 备也会动态地进入或退出一个计算环境， 这导致计算系统的 结构也在发生动态变化。 自适应性# 计算系统可以感知和推断用户需求， 自发地 提供用户需要的信息服务。 永恒性# 计算系统不会关机或者重启， 计算模块可以根据