Quiz on Benjamin Franklin
1. “God help them that help themselves”is found in A ‘s work.
A.Franklin
B.Freneau
C.Jefferson
D.Paine
2. Which statement about Franklin is not true? D
A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.
B. He was a scientist.
C. He was a master of diplomacy.
D. He was a Unitarian.
3. Poor Richard’s Almanac contained A.
A. many proverbs
B. Franklin’s autobiography
C. voyages to the new land
D. climate and crops
4. In his last years and for a generation after his death, _A__ was more often referred to as “the father of his country”than was George Washington himself
A. Benjamin Franklin
B. Washington Irving
C. Ralph Waldo Emerson
D. Nathaniel Hawthorne
5.__A ____ is outstanding as a tradesman, citizen, scientist, statesman and political revolutionary. He aided Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of the Independence.
A. Benjamin Franklin
B. Washington Irving
C. Ralph Waldo Emerson
D. Nathaniel Hawthorne
6. Benjamin Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece A .
A. Autobiography
B. Poor Richard’s Almanac
C. Common Sense
D. The Way to Wealth
7. Benjamin Franklin also edited the first colonial magazine, which he called C .
A. Time
B. People
C. the General Magazine
D. Redbook
8. If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, represents the lower levels. B
A. Thomas Paine
B. Benjamin Franklin
C. Philip Freneau
D. Washington Irving
Philip Freneau: “The Poet of American Revolution”.
9. The ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of B .
A. Thomas Hood
B. Benjamin Franklin
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. George Washington
10. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome(representative) of the A .
A. American Enlightenment
B. Sugar Act
C. Chartist Movement
D. Romanticist
11. Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after the A of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.
A. Spectator Papers
B. Walden
C. Nature
D. The Sacred Wood
12. Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideal of D .
A. clarity
B. restraint
C. simplicity
D. all the above
13. Franklin’s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his A and A .
A. Poor Richard’s Almanac, Autobiography
B. Common Sense, American Crisis
C. The Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground
D. Rights of Man, The Age of Reason
Philip Freneau（1752-1832）美国殖民时期著名诗人，美国革命战争后期最杰出的作家。生于纽约一酒商家庭。1768年进入普林斯顿大学，次年发起建立北美第一个革命学生组织。他写于内战时期的诗集《内战时期及其他》(1864)，歌颂内战时期反蓄奴制斗争中的英雄主义精神，欢庆黑奴解放，以鼓励士气。1781年发表《英国囚船》一诗，揭露英军虐待战俘的暴行。1786年出版《弗瑞诺诗集》，被誉为“美国独立革命的诗人”。战后，他支持杰弗逊，为美国政府做出巨大贡献
但50岁后，他在贫穷中度过余生。
主要作品
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；
The British Prison Ship英国囚船；
To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----
The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；
The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
14. Which statement is not true about Autobiography? D
A. It is recognized as a classic of its kind.
B. It epitomizes the spirit of Franklin.
C. It is pervaded with a pragmatic philosophy and the teaching of ethical principles.
D. It describes the whole life of Franklin.
Quiz on Ralph Waldo Emerson
1. In the early 19th century The Sketch Book had established _Washington Irving_'s reputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning of American Romanticism.
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson's first book in 1836 _Nature_ brought American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism.
3. The American Transcendeatalists formed a club called _The Transcendental Club_.
4. _Ralph Waldo Emerson_ was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.
5. Emerson's truest disciple门徒, the man who put into practice many of Emerson's theories, was _Henry David
Thoreau___
6. THe American Scholar_was called the "Intellectual Declaration of Independence."
7. Nature_ is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.
1. Transcendentalists took their ideas from __E________.
A. the romantic literature in Europe
B. neo-Platonism
C. German idealistic philosophy
D. The revelation of oriental mysticism
E. All of the above
2. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _B_____ and Thoreau.
A. Jefferson
B. Emerson
C. Freneau
D. Oversoul
3. Philip Freneau__ was considered as the "Poet of American Revolution"?
4. __B___ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.
A. Thoreau
B. Emerson
C. Hawthorne
D. Whitman
5. Transcendentalists recognized _A_____ as the "highest power of the soul".
A. intuition
B.logic
C. data of the sneses
D. thinking
6. A new __C_____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then
came to America early in the 19th century.
A. Realism
B. Critical realism
C. Romanticism
D. Naturalism
7. Which one is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson? D
A. Nature
B. Self-Reliance
C. The Oversoul
D. Walden
8. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson? A
A. Of Studies
B. Slef-Reliance
C. The American Scholar
D. The Divinity School Address
9. There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually _A______ on the Puritan soil.
A. Romanticism
B. Puritanism
C. Mysticism
D. Unitarianism
10. Following the rise of Romanticism, Transcendetalism appeared after 1830 in the works of such man of letters as ___ E___, ______ and Margaret Fuller.
A. Ralph Waldo Emerson
B. Henry Thoreau
C. Mark Twain
D. Nathaniel Hawthorne
E. Both A and B
F. Both C and D
Quiz on Nathaniel Hawthorne
1.Which statement expresses a central theme of the story, The Minister's Black Veil? C
a.) People are attracted by unsolved mysteries.
b.) People with faith can overcome any hardship.
c.) People are often unwilling to face the truth about themselves.
d .) Peopl
e who sin should not be forgiven.
2. What message about human nature is most strongly conveyed by Elizabeth's nursing of Mr. Hopper on his deathbed? A
a.) Love for someone endures despite what the person does.
b.) Curiosity leads people to do odd things
c.) Loyalty always leads to learning the truth.
d.) Hard work is seldom rewarded in this lif
e.
3. What can you infer about the author's attitude toward his Puritain ancestors? A
a.) He considered them hypocritical.
b.) He admired their fortitude. disaprproved of their immorality.
c.) He dissaprproved of their immorality.
d.) He envied their piety.
4. Over what group does the veiled minister seem to have the most power? B
a.) his congregation
b.) souls in agony for sinning
c.) other clergymen in the area.
d) his fiancee Elizabeth
5. Hawthorne subtitled his story 'A Parable" to suggest that readers will find in it A
A. a moral lesson
B. a Gothic mystery
C. witty sayings
D. vivid imagery
6. Hawthorne portrays the veil as C
A. a punishment
B. a joke
C. a symbol
D. a whim异想天开
7. Hawthorne based "The Minister's Black Veil" on the life of D
A. Jonathan Edwards
B.Franklin Pierce
C.a Salem witch
D.a New England clergyman
8. The climax of the story occurs when C
A. Elizabeth decides not to marry Hooper
B.Reverend Clark tries to remove the veil
C.Hooper utters his dying words
D. Hooper is buried
9. Hawthorne presents Hooper's character as C
A. happy and contented
B. evil and dangerous
C. lonely and tormented
D. witty and charming
10. The best meaning for perturbation is D
A. wise
B. imitation
C. strong dislike
D. a troubled or agitated condition
11. The best meaning for vagary is A
A. an extravagant notion or act
B. showiness or pretentiousness to attract attention
C. strong dislike
D. imitation
T or F questions
1. Mr. Hooper's parishoners are amazed when he appears with a veil over his face.
2. At first, some people assume that the parson is crazy.
3. There is a movement to have Hooper dismissed from his post.
4. The church sends a delegation to the parson to inquire about the reason for the veil.
5. Hooper confides his guilty secret to Elizabeth.
6. The parson is relieved to break his engagement with Elizabeth.
7. Children flee from Hooper in fright.
8. The veil enables Hooper to become a more effective minister.
9. As Hooper lies dying, he agrees to remove the veil.
10. Only at the minister's burial is the veil finally removed.
1-5 T T F T F
6-10 F T T F F
1. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne's novel __The Scarlet Letter_______.
2. The House of Seven Gables is a famous mystery-haunted novel written by A
A. Nathaniel Hawthorne
B. Allan Poe
C. Mark Twain
D. Ernest Hemingway
3. Which is not Nathaniel Hawthorne's long novel? D
A. The Scarlet Letter
B. The Marble Faun
C. The Blithedale Romance
D. Young Goodman Brown
Quiz on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's first collection of poems entitled __Voices of the Night____ appeared in 1838.
2. The most scholarly of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's writings is his translation of Dante's __Divine Comedy_____
3. After his death, _Henry Wadsworth Longfellow______ became the only American to be honored with a bust in the
Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.
4. With the appearance of ____C___ in 1855, which is about American Indians, Longfellow's poetical reputation was established.
A. Evangeline
B. The Courtship of Miles Standish
C. Song of Hiawatha
D. Michael Angelo
5. What are the artistic achievements of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poetry?
1) Longfellow was the best known of the Fireside poets, it was with him that American poetry began its emergence from the shadow of the British parentage.
2) His poetic narrative helped create National historical myth, transforming colorful aspects of the American past into memorable romance. They include Evangeline, which concerns lovers who are separated during the French and Indian War. (1754-1763)
Song of Hiawatha derives its theme from native American folklore.
3) No Amerian poet before or since was as widely celebrated during his or her lifetime as Longfellow.
4) He became the first and only American poet to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London, England.
fire-side poets
REPRESENTATIVES:
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
William Cullen Bryant,
John Greenleaf Whittier,
James Russell Lowell,
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of British poets, both at home and abroad.
The name "Fireside Poets" is derived from that popularity: The Fireside Poets' general adherence to poetic convention—standard forms, regular meter, and rhymed stanzas—made their body of work particularly suitable for memorization and recitation in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire.
The poets' primary subjects were the domestic life, mythology, and politics of America, in which several of the poets were directly involved. The Fireside Poets wrote for the common people. They meant to have their stories told for families.
Quiz on Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman
Define the following terms
fireside poets
free verse
questions
The significance of the collection Leaves of Grass
Why did Whitman entitle the collection of poems "Leaves of Grass"?
1. _Edgar Allan Poe_is called the father of detective stories.
2. __Edgar Allan Poe_ is called "the jingle man" by Ralph Emerson.
3. _Walt Whitman_was the first man in America to use the free verse.
4. __Leaves of Grass is Whitman's masterpiece.
5. Leaves of Grass is called "the Bible of Democracy"
Quiz on Emily Dickinson
1.The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except__D_.
A. religion
B. love and marriage
C. life and death
D. war and peace
2. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for the following except__D_.
A. brevity
B. directness
C. plainest words
D. obscure
3.which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickinson’s? C
A. This is my letter to the world
B. I heard a Fly buzz-when I died
C. The road not taken
D. I like to see it lap the miles
4. Emily Dickinson’s poems “this is my letter to the world”expresses the poet’s __C_ about her communication with the outside world.
A. indignation
B. joy
C. anxiety
D. indifference
5.American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was __C____.
A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways,
Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used
imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and
punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced
greatly divergent interpretations over the years.
Quiz on Theodore Dreiser
1. _A___ is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.
A. An American Tragedy
B. Sister Carrie
C. The Financier
D. The Titan
2. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of American’s _A_____.
A. naturalists
B. realists
C. modernists
D. romanticists
3. Dreiser’s trilogy of desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and __A____.
A. The Stoic
B. The Giant
C. The Tycoon
D. The Genius
4. The centre character of the novel An American tragedy is_A_____.
A. Clyde Griffiths
B. Samuel Griffiths
C. Roberta Alden
D. Sondra
5. Which of the following is NOT Theodore Dreiser’s work? D
A. An American Tragedy
B. Free And Other Stories
C. Sister Carrie
D. The Black Riders
The Black Riders was written by Stephen Crane
6.The story in An American Tragedy happened in _B____ century.
A.19th
B. 20th
C. 18th
D. 17th
7.In Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser described a ___C__’s fortune.
A. boy
B. male
C. female
D. old man
8.The stories both in Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt are based on the experience of Theodore Dreiser’s __B___.
A. mother
B. sister
C. brother
D. Aunt
9. Which of the following is NOT Dreiser’s work? D
A. Jennie Gerhardt
B. The Titan
C. The Financier
D. The Call of the Wild
10. Maggie, a Girl of the Streets is the first Naturalistic novel written by Stephen Crane.
11. Define the term Naturalism
12. Analyze the characters of Clyde?
13. Why did Dreiser call it an American tragedy?
Quiz on Robert Lee Frost
1. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms-the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse-with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of __D__ farmers with its idiosyncratic 特有的diction and syntax.
A. southern
B. western
C. New Hampshire
D. New England
2.”Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…”
In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet , by implication, was referring to ___D__.
A. a travel experience
B. a marriage decision
C. a middle-age crisis
D. one’s course of life
3. In the Thirties, poets like Archibald Macleish and __C____wrote compassionately about common people, workers and farmers.
A. Emily Dickinson
B. Ezra Pound
C. Robert Frost
D. Ezra Pound
4.When Robert Frost was eighty-seven, he read his poetry at the inauguration of President __D_____.
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. Theodore Roosevelt
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. John F. Kennedy
5.Which of the following was NOT written by Robert Frost ? A
A. “Success”
B. “A Witness Tree”
C. “Mending Wall”
D. “In the Clearing”
6. Robert Frost is famous for his lyric poems. Which of the following lyric poems was NOT written by Robert Frost ? D
A. “Birches”
B. “after Apple-picking”
C. “The Road Not Taken”
D. “In a Station of the Metro"
7. Which of the following is Robert Frost’s first book of poems? A
A. A Boy’s Will
B. North of Boston
C. In the Clearing
D. A Witness Tree
8.As a national poet, Frost won _B___ Pulitzer Prizes.
A. five
B. four
C. six
D. seven
9.In Frost’s view, a poem “begins in ___A__ and ends in ___A__.”
A. delight , wisdom
B. wisdom, delight
C. wisdom, beauty
D. delight, beauty
10.The words “Good fences make good neighbors.”are from___B___.
A. The Pasture
B. Mending Wall
C. The Road Not Taken
D. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
11.The famous poem “Mending Wall”is from __A___.
A. North of Boston
B. A Boy’s Will
C. Mountain Interval
D. New Hampshire
12. The famous poem “The Road Not Taken”is from ___C__.
A. North of Boston
B. A Boy’s Will
C. Mountain Interval
D. New Hampshire
13. The poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”is from __D__.
A. North of Boston
B. A Boy’s Will
C. Mountain Interval
D. New Hampshire
Quiz on Eugene O'Neill
1. As an autobiographical play, O'Neill's ___ A__(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.
A. Long Day’s Journey Into Night
B. The Hairy Ape
C. Desire Under the Elms
D. The Iceman Cometh
2. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature , if not the most successful in all his experiments, is ___D__.
A. Arthur Miller
B. Tennessee Williams
C. Robert Frost
D. Eugene O’Neill
Tennessee Williams(March 26, 1911 –February 25, 1983)
He was an American playwright who received many of the top theatrical awards for his works of drama.
He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire 《欲望街车》》in 1948 and for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 《热铁皮屋顶上的猫in 1955. In addition, The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》(1945) and The Night of the Iguana (1961) received New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards. 大蜥蜴之夜》获纽约戏剧评论奖His 1952 play The Rose Tattoo received the Tony Award for best play.《玫瑰刺青》获得东尼奖最佳戏剧的殊荣。
3. From Eugene O’Neill’s works, we can see he is ___B__.
A. a man of optimism
B. a man of pessimism
C. a man of apathy冷漠
D. a man of inactivity
4. ___B__ is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama in the modernistic period.
A. Sinclair Lewis
B. Eugene O’Neill
C. Arthur Miller
D. Tennessee Williams
Sinclair Lewis(February 7, 1885 –January 10, 1951)
In 1930, he became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
《大街》（Main Street，1920），《巴比特》（Babbitt，1922）对资本主义社会的辛辣讽刺。
5.Most of Eugene O’Neill’s plays are tragedies, dealing with ___B__.
A.class conflicts
B. human existence and predicament 困境
C. racial discrimination
D. domestic affairs
6．Yank’s sense of belonging nowhere , hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s ___C__.
A. love
B. homey relations
C. identity
D. development
7.His first long play is __A___.
A. Beyond the Horizon
B. The Hairy Ape
C. Desire Under the Elms
D. Anna Christie
8. Which of the following works is NOT rewarded Pulitzer Prize? B
A. Anna Christie
B. The Emperor Jones
C. Long Day’s Journey Into Night
D. Strange Interlude
9. What is the tone of The Hairy Ape? A
A. sympathetic
B. negative
C. sarcastic
D. positive
10. The Hairy Ape tells about Yank, a __A___, proud , brutish coal-stoker in the engine room of a passenger ship.
A. strong
B. weak
C. healthy
D. ill
11. Confused and disappointed, Yank goes to the zoo to see the ___D___, the only creature with whom he can now feel kinship.
A .panda B. zebra
C. tiger
D. gorilla
12.What’s the real name of Yank? A
A. Bob Smith
B. John Smith
C. Bob White
D. John White
13.How many scenes does The Hairy Ape have? C
A. six
B. five
C. eight
D. seven
O’Neil was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. He paid little attention to the division of scenes. He introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic into the American theatre.
Questions
Why did the writer call Yank "The Hairy Ape"?
Quiz on Ezra Pound
1. Which poet was a protege门生of Pound? B
A. Robert Frost
B. T.S. Eliot
C. W.B. Yeats
D. Ernest Hemingway
2. Pound identified with this movement, angering his home country: D
A. Imagism
B. Pacifism和平主义
C. Expansionism
D. Fascism
3. Imagist poems are mainly composed in the form of ___B_____.
A. blank verse
B. free verse
C. heroic couplet
D. sonnet
4. Pioneer of modern American poetry, __C____ did not only produce great poetry himself but also helped his contemporary poets including T.S. Eliot and Robert Frost with their literary careers.
A. Walt Whitman
B. Edagar Allan Poe
C. Ezra Pound
D. William Carlos Williams
5. Which of the following poets is a Nobel Prize winner? C
A. Ezra Pound
B. Robert Frost
C. T.S. Eliot
D. Allan Poe
6. The imagist poets followed three principles, they are __B___ , direct treatment and economy of expression.
A. blank verse
B. clear rhythm
C. terza rima
D. everyday speech
7. ___T.S.Eliot ____called Ezra Pound "the man who
discovered Chinese poetry for the
contemporary age."
艾略特于1948年获诺贝尔文学奖。
8. Name at least three imagist poets.
Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, William Carlos Williams
9. Literary term: Imagism
The Beat Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired.
Beat: beaten down, beatitude(great happiness)
The Beatniks rejected materialism, experimented with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and had an interest in Eastern religion.
The major works of Beat writing are Allen Ginsberg's Howl 艾伦金斯堡《嚎叫》(1956), William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch (1959) 威廉·博罗斯《裸体午餐》and Jack Kerouac's 杰克·克鲁亚克<在路上》On the Road (1957)
Literary Sources of Imagism:
The Imagist Movement drew from a variety of poetic traditions—Greek, Provencal, Japanese and Chinese poetry. The ideographic and pictographic nature of Chinese language, and virile laconism and austere pregnancy which characterize
ancient Chinese poetry fascinated the Imagists.
Cathay, a collection of Chinese translations, based on the manuscripts of Ernest Fennellosa
Imagism (1908-1917)
1. Time: 1908-1917
1) first began in 1908-1909 T.E. Hulme founded a Poet's Club discussed the techniques of writing poetry.
2) 1912-1914 Ezra Pound headed the movement. He and Flint laid down three Imagist principles
3)1914-1917: Amy Lowell pushed the movement into the period of "Amygism"
three Imagist Principles
1). economy of expression(exclusion of redundant words)
2). metrical freedom（free verse form and the rhythm of metrical phrase(讲究自由诗歌形式,使用音乐性短语的节奏而不按节拍器的节奏
3). produce a dominant and clear visual image or a series of related images (no symbolic meaning of images, avoidance of romantic or mystical themes)
3. Representatives
Ezra Pound,
Amy Lowell,
Hilda Doolittle,
Carlos Williams
The Lost Generation
1. Time: a term coined by Gertrude Stein after the WWI (1920s)
2. Ideas: a group of American intellects, artists and writers fled to France to reject the values of American materialism. They were disillusioned and frustrated with the war and were spiritually bitter and lead aimless life.
3. Representatives: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzegerade, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein etc.
American Puritanism
Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. The American puritans, like their English brothers, are idealists. They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion and grace from God. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical. American puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.
Iceberg Theory
1) In his non-fiction work Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway said "the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only
1/8 of it being above water ,7/8 is under the water. " “冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”
2) It is a combination of briefness in form and connotations in content.
Interior Monologue内心独白
It is a narrative technique that exhibits the thoughts, feelings, and associations passing through a character’s mind.
Modernism
Time: the late 19th century and extended to the whole 20th century.
Ideas: characterized by such movement as Symbolism, Imagism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism, existentialism, theatre of the absurd, and black humor.
Representatives
In Fiction: James Joyce Ulysses(novel), Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse technique of "stream of consciousness", D.H. Lawrence's "Sons and Lovers". William Faulkner's Sound and the Fury, Ernest Hemingway "Farewell to Arms"
In Poetry: (Ireland) William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. In the USA, Ezra Pound
Naturalism
1) Time: Later 19th and early 20th century
2) Definition: It was a term created by French novelist, Emile Zola. Naturalists accept the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. Man was a weak and incompetent animal and man himself could not master his own fate, man was no longer free. In a word, Naturalism is literary approach of French origin vividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings helpless victims of heredity and environment.
3) Characteristics
1. Human beings were overwhelmed by the forces of environment and by the forces of heredity
2. more naked and wicked邪恶的than realism
3. Less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic in writing
4) Representatives
1. Stephen Crane (1871—1900)
Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893)(the first naturalist novel)
2. Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945)
An American Tragedy
Jack London(1876-1916)
The Call of the Wild
Realism
1) Time: late 19th and early-20th century
2) Ideas: It called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life. “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.”(W.D. Howells)
3) Some French representatives:
Zola
Les Rougon-Macquart
Flaubert
Madame Bovary
Balzac
Comedie Humaine
American representatives:
W.D. Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham,
Henry James The Portrait of a Lady,
Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Transcendentalism
1) Time: after 1830s
2) Definition: it marked the maturity of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. The term derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits. It laid emphasis on spirit, intuition individual and nature.
3) Representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature
Free verse
Definition: a kind of poetry that lacks regular meter or pattern and may not rhyme. The poem depends on natural speech rhythms.
Representatives: Walt Whitman I Sit and Look Out
Jazz Age
1) Definition: it describes the period from 1918-1929; the years after the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the Great Depression in America. Among the prominent concerns and trends of the period are the public embrace of technological development as well as new modernist trends in social behavior, the arts, and culture.
2) Representative: F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby
Fireside Poets
1) Definition: their poems are suitable for memorization and recitation in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire.
2) Characteristics: Fireside Poets insist poetic convention—standard forms, regular meter, and rhymed stanzas.
3) primary subjects: the domestic life, mythology, and politics of America.
4) Representatives:
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗
William Cullen Bryant布莱恩特
John Greenleaf Whittier惠蒂尔
James Russell Lowell洛厄尔
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ . the Transcendental Club 2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Washington Irving 3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life. 4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book 5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper 6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy 7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot 8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by an eminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant 9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature. 10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in the English language.The Bells 11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of a collection. The Raven 12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______. Civil Disobedience By the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant. In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical. The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists. At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3 I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。 12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。 13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。 16. He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。 17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at on ce made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。 (II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。 21. Emerson id a ffirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
1. The History of American literature The literature of Colonial American (1607-1765) The literature of Reason and Revolution(1765 — 18 世纪末） The literature of Romanticism （ 1800— 1865） The literature of Realism （ 1865— 1918） The literature of Modernism （ 1918－ 1945） The contemporary literature (1945 －Now) 2.Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography That good fortune, when I reflected on it, which is frequently the case, has induced me something to say that were it left to my choice, I should have no objection to go over the same life from its beginning to the end, only asking the advantage authors have of correcting in a second edition some faults of the first. 3.Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. 4.Edgar Allan Poe The Cask of Amontillado I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong. 5.Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle ( The Sketch Book ) “ Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.” Interpretations of Rip Van Winkle A New Critical Approach : A peaceful village before Revolution Natural world in the mountains ; A noisy world after revolution ------Irving was unwilling to accept a modern democratic America------both Rip and Irving prefer the past and a dream-like world A Feminist Approach : Rip is a good person with more advantages than disadvantages, and readers always show sympathy on him because he has such bad-tempered wife. It seems that he has good reason to go out from his family. He was forced to go out . In fact , Rip: a lazy ,foolish man,an irresponsible father,a hard-hearted husband.His wife :a hard-working ,thrift woman, a kind ,responsible mother, an able, brave woman. 6.Summit of Romanticism (American Transcendentalism) Emerson Nature & Self-Reliance Thoreau Walden
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf(national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。 3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society.Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵 2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由） 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言) 3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
1、The first American writer is Captain John Smith. The first governor of Plymouth is William Bradford.（第一位殖民地女诗人） 2、Puritan thoughts: as the world itself hints, Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. The Puritan was a “would-be purifier.”The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. 3、The literature of reason--- Enlightenment. Enlightenment was originated in Europe in the 17th century, to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, authority, and oppression. (1)The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. (2)Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. (3)The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason; they were ambitious, inquisitive, optimistic, practical, politically astute, and self-reliant.(4)Colony----State Enlightenment in religion—DEISM
American romanticism（美国浪漫主义）: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism. and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Transcendentalism（超验主义）is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about the early 19th century. It is the summit of American Romanticism. It holds that one must transcend, in a sense go beyond, logic and experience through intuition in order to find the deepest truths. The Transcendentalists stressed spirit or the Over soul. They affirms the role of individual and saw nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. The main representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Magyar Fuller. Realism（现实主义）: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details. Naturalism（自然主义）: An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity. Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. Imagism意象派: is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. Lost generation（迷失的一代）: It defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid—they were “Lost The Beat Generation（跨掉的一代）: The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s. The member of the beat generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity. The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style. The major writing are jack Kerouac?s on the road and Allen Ginsberg?s Howl. Iceberg Theory of Writing: 1/8 is above the water. All of the rest is under the water. The same is true with Hemingway?s writing. His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Hemingway Code Hero（海明威式英雄）：Hemingway Code Hero，also called code hero，is one who，wounded but strong more sensitive，enjoys the pleasures of life in face of ruin and death，and maintains，through some notion of a code，an ideal of himself. Stream of consciousness（意识流）: it is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. Local color/regionalism: local color is a term applied to literature which emphasizes its settings, being concerned with the character of a district or of an area, as marked by its customs, dialects, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文 1.A History of New York《纽约外史》 2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 3."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普.凡.温克尔》 4."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.艾伦.坡 1.The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府的倒塌》代表作 2.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》 3..The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》 4.《The Raven》乌鸦 5.《To Helen》致海伦 6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔?李》 Henry David Thoreau亨利?戴维?梭罗 1. Walden《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑 1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》 Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文 1.A History of New York《纽约外史》 2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 3."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普.凡.温克尔》 4."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.艾伦.坡 1.The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府的倒塌》代表作 2.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》 3..The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》 4.《The Raven》乌鸦 5.《To Helen》致海伦 6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔?李》 Henry David Thoreau亨利?戴维?梭罗 1. Walden《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑 1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》 2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》 3.The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 4.The Scarlet Letter《红字》 5. The House of. the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子》 6.The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 7.The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》 8."Young Goodman Brown,"《小伙子布朗》 Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔 1.Moby-Dick《白鲸》 2.Billy Budd《比利.伯德》 3.Typee《泰比》 4. Omoo《奥穆》 5. Mardi《玛地》 6.Redburn《雷得本》 7. White Jacket《白外衣》 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利?沃兹沃斯?朗费罗 1. V oices of the Night《夜吟》 2. Evangeline《伊凡吉》 3.ballads and other poem 《歌谣及其他》 4.the psalm of life 《人生颂》 5.the song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》 Walt Whitman 华尔特.惠特曼 1. Leaves of Grass《草叶集》 2."Song of Myself.《自我之歌》 3.Drum Taps《鼓点》 Mark Twain 马克.吐温 1.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 2. Life on the Mississippi《密西西比河上的生活》 3."The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," 4.Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》 5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆。索娅历险记》 6.The Gilded Age《镀金时代》 7. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court《亚瑟王宫