英美文学整理复习上课讲义
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英美文学史复习资料英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫Artistic features:ing alliteration头韵ing metaphor暗喻 and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段:1<The Romaunt of the Rose>玫瑰传奇2<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poe m3<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集:Significance :first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) b y middle EnglishIIThe Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the realmainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14 th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the trans ition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the ke y-note of the Renaissance.1. 1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞1552~1599(后人称之为“诗人(de)诗人”.)The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey.① <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more roman tic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.②<The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of RosalinismMore2. Thomas托马斯莫尔1478~1535One of the greatest English humanists①<Utopia>乌托邦Two books: the social conditions of Englishan ideal communist societyBacon3. Francis弗兰西斯培根1561~1626The first English of english eassy.1<TheAdvancement of Learning>学术(de)推进2.<New Instrument>3<Essays>随笔58 essays4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士(de)悲剧(根据德国民间故事书写成)②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他岛(de)犹太人5. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚1564~1616共37plays①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V;Richard II;Henry VIII②四大喜剧:第二阶段<As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Ven ice>威尼斯商人③四大悲剧:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿1608~1674(失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙.)①Epics:<Paradise Lost>失乐园(亚当Adam夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒旦Satan 诱惑偷尝禁果,被God逐出伊甸园Eden)< RegainedParadise>复乐园②Dramatic poem:<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙.2. John Bunyan约翰班扬1628~1688(代表作天路历程,宗教寓言,被誉为“具有永恒意义(de)百科全书”,是英国文学史上里程碑式着作.与但丁(de)神曲、奥古斯丁(de)忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作.)Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗):(用语)the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.(主题:love, religious, thought)4. John Dryden:革命时期(de)保皇派代表royalistIVThe 18th Century1Enlightment 3位代表Addison,Steele,PopeJohnson2. Samuel塞缪尔约翰逊1709~1784①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特1667~1745①<Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小(de)建议②<The Battle of Books>书战③<A Tale of a Tub>木桶(de)故事④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商(de)书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福1660~1731< CrusoeRobinson>鲁宾逊漂流记5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯1730~1774①poems:<The Deserted Village>荒村②novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传6.感伤主义sentimentalism and pre-romanticism:Blake& Burns7 William Blake威廉布莱克1757~1827①<Songs of Innocence>天真之歌.②<Songs of Experience>经验之歌③ <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱(de)婚姻8 Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯1759~1796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写(de)诗① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生,我(de)爱人② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红(de)玫瑰③ < SyneAuld Long>友谊地久天长④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套⑤ <HighlandsMy Heart’s in the>我(de)心在那高原上VThe Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walt er Scott’s death.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人,who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯1770~1850(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“”诗人. The Lake Poets)① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)②<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey④The Solitary Reaper孤独(de)割麦女② <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治1772~1834The Lake Poets① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦1788~1824①<Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐②<When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱1792~1822①Poetic Drama:<Prometheus Unbound>解放了(de)普罗米修斯②<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰(de)反叛<The Cenci>钦契一家<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论(de)必要性③Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind西风颂<To a Skylark>致云雀A Defense of Poetry ---critical worksSong to Men of England---greatest political lyricKeats5. John约翰济慈1795~1821(“美即是真,真即是美”是他(de)着名诗句.)①Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂<To Autumn>秋颂<Ode On Melancholy>忧郁颂②Five long poems:Endymion, Isabella, The eve of ,Lamia, Hyper ionScott6 Walter沃尔特斯科特1771~1832(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels①<Rob Roy>罗伯罗伊②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫VIThe Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the f ate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯1812~1870(批判现实主义小说家)critical realist writer第一阶段: by Boz特写集2<The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外传3<Oliver Twist>奥利弗特维斯特(雾都孤儿)4Nicholas Nickleby5.<The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店Rudge第二阶段:1Amercian Notes美国札记2,Martin Chuzzlewit宗教色彩,圣诞小说: .3<A Christmas Carol>圣诞颂歌 4 The Chimes 圣诞颂歌 5The Cricket on the Earth 灶上蟋蟀6<Dombey and Son>董贝父子7<David Copperfield>大卫科波菲尔自传体第三阶段1 <Bleak House>荒凉山庄2.<Hard Times>艰难时世dorrit4<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记(London & Paris)5 <Great Expectations>远大前程6 <Our Mutual Friend>我们共同(de)朋友7未完成:Edwin Drood2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷1811~1863①<Vanity Fair>or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an e xcerpt from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>by John Bunyan)②<The Book Of Snobs>3 Jane Austen简奥斯丁1775~1817浪漫主义时期(de)批判现实主义.①<Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapter I)<Emma>爱玛<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特1816~1855① <Jane Eyre>简爱② <Shirley>雪莉③ <Professor>教师4. Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特1818~1854① < HeightsWuthering>呼啸山庄② <Old Stoic>Bronte安妮.勃朗特①Agnes Grey②The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall6.Robert Louis Stevenson①<Treasure Island>金银岛7. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德1856~1900①4 Comedies:<The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真(de)重要<Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人(de)扇子<A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重(de)女人<An Ideal Husband>理想(de)丈夫②Novel:<The Picture Of Dorian Gray>多利安格雷(de)画像③Fairy Stories:<The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集Hardy1 Thomas托马斯哈代1840~1928(小说多以农村生活为背景;自然主义小说家.Wessex novels; novels of character and environment)⑴Novels① <Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家(de)苔丝人物:Angel Clare,A lec② <Jude The Obscure>无名(de)裘德人物:Fawley, Arabella Donnm,(a ll body) Sue Bridehead(all mind)③ <Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下④< The Madding CrowdFar From>远离尘嚣⑤ <The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长⑥<The Return of the Native>还乡⑵PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国2.George Bernard Shaw乔治伯纳萧1856~1950(英国杰出(de)批判现实主义剧作家)critical realistic dramatist ⑴Plays①Plays Unpleasant<Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人(de)职业<Widowers’ Houses>鳏夫(de)房产②Plays Pleasant<Arms And Man>武器与人<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运(de)人③Plays<Man And Superman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁<The Apple Cart>苹果车< JoanSaint>圣女贞德1. David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯男女关系①<Sons And Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)②<The Rainbow>虹③<Women In Love>恋爱中(de)女人④<Lady Chatterley’s Lover>查特莱夫人(de)情人Joyce2. James詹姆斯乔伊斯1882~1941(爱尔兰小说家,意识流小说(de)代表人物)stream-of-consciousness <Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)<A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man>一个青年艺术家(de)肖像<Finnegans Wake>芬尼根(de)苏醒<Dubliners>都柏林人3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅沃尔芙1882~1941(意识流小说(de)代表人物)stream-of-consciousness①Novels< DallowayMrs>达洛维夫人<To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去<The Waves>浪<The Lighthouse><Jacob’s Room>雅各布(de)房间<Orlando>奥兰朵<Between The Acts>幕间Yeats 1. 叶芝1865~1939(爱尔兰诗人,剧作家; The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动; The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴; The Irish Lit erary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团)⑴collections①<The Wind Among The Reeds>苇风<Responsibilities>责任②<The Tower>塔<The Winding Stair>旋转(de)楼梯⑵Poems<Easter 1916>复活节,1916<The Second Coming>第二次来临/再世<Sailing To Byzantium>到拜占庭航行2. Thomas Sterns Eliot(诗人,剧作家,批评家)⑴Poems①<The Waste Land>②<Four Quartets>四个四重奏③<The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock>⑵Plays①<Murder In The Cathedral>大教堂谋杀案美国文学史复习1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德(de)年鉴 2)“The Way to W ealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今(de)自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,the first greatprose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”见闻札记, thefirst modern short storiesand the fi rst great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大(de)青少年文学读物.“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服记A History of New York纽约(de)历史-----美国人写(de)第一部诙谐文学杰作;The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷(de)传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉(de)作家;Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄;Talks of Travellers旅客谈;The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”皮袜子故事集,包括“The Deerslayer”杀鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后(de)莫希干人、“The Pathfind er”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regar d as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗(de)作品.The Spy间谍The Pilot领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇(de)手稿4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引入新英格兰(de)先驱.Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-r eliance自强.作品:“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录“The American Scholar”美国学者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子(de)独立宣言.④his most important works are “Representative Men”代表and “E nglish Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集.5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“In Walden”沃尔登成名作“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 随笔.非暴力不合作6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像“The Scarlet Letter”红字人物:Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingwor th, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”白鲸人物:Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比;Queequeg,捕鲸人奎因奎格Ishmael讲故事(de)人,Starkbuck 星巴克8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼①★free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏,无有规律(de)韵脚②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正(de)史诗Poem’s 特点:most of the poems in “LeavesofGrass”are about man and nature.9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死(诗歌)Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神Theme:死亡是实现永恒Immortality(de)途径“my life closed twice before its close”“mine—by the right of the white election”Allan Poe埃德加.阿伦.坡“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven”乌鸦the title poem of a collection“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述异集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集.“A modern instance一个现代(de)例证“The rise of Silas Lapham”塞拉斯.拉帕姆(de)发迹“The Amercian”美国人“Daisy Miller”黛西,米勒“The portrait of a lady”贵妇人画像“The ambassador”奉使记“The Wings of the Dove”鸽翼“the golden bowl”金碗Twain马克.吐温①美国现实主义文学(de)代表作“Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名(de)作品)②特点:local colorist地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.代表作:“The Gilded Age”70-90年代,镀金时代,贫富分化,财富积累.“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写“Life on the Mississippi”14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞①代表作:“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲②“An American Tragedy”美国悲剧,The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s grea test and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功(de)小说,表达了金钱万能(de)主题.15、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems,holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己(de)审美观点.“The Waste Land”荒原现代主义(de)标志“Four Quartets”四个四重奏poem“Murder in the Cathedral”,poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama (戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力(de)戏剧Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人 poet“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然,想逃避社会;死亡、迷惑17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家诺贝尔代表作:“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman fo r “a lost generation”“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳诺贝尔①作品(de)主题:the universal theme of “the problems of the hum an heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒(de)主题.②作品:“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom”、“Go Down, Moses”Steinbeck约翰.斯坦贝克诺贝尔“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship betw een two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒(de)葡萄regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作.20. Eugene O’Neill诺贝尔“The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿“Long days’Journey”自传21.Saul Bellow犹太人诺贝尔从1941年到1987年(de)4O余年间,贝娄共出版了9部.早期创作有结构优美(de)挂起来(de)人“Danglin Man”(1944)、受害者“The victim”(1947),颇为评论界注目.(1953)(de)出版,一举成名,奠定了他(de)文学地位.由于把“丰富多彩(de)流浪汉小说与当代文化(de)精妙分析结合在一起”,这部小说成为当代美国文学中描写自意识和个人自由(de)典型之作.陆续出版了雨王汉德逊“Hederson the Rain King”(1959)、“H erzog”获得4项奖(1964)、赛姆勒先生(de)行星Mr Sammlers Plann et”(1970)、洪堡(de)礼物(1975)、系主任(de)十二月(1981)、而今更见伤心死(1987)、偷窃(1989)等.这些作品袒露了中产阶级知识分子(de)苦闷,从反映了美国当代“丰裕社会”(de)精神危机.成为美国轰动一时(de)畅销书.此外,贝娄还出版过中短篇小说集且惜今朝(195 6)和莫斯比(de)回忆(1968),剧本最后(de)分析(1965)以及游记去来(1976)、散文集集腋成裘(1994)等.犹太人Jewish“The Catcher of the Rye”麦田里(de)守望者名词解释romanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the roman ticists split into two romantic writers expressed the aspirati ons of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one,of a feature society free from oppression an d were the younger generation of romanticists represented by B yron,Shelley and Keats.Ronmanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the roman ticists split into two romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgoisie,and by the way of protesti ng against capitalist development turned to the feudal were th e elder generation of romanticists,sometimes called escapist ro manticists,including Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey.Critical Realism:English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists decribe d with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system fr om a democratic critical realists included Charles Dickens,Tha ckeray,the Bronte Sisters and so on..4、Lost Generation:Writers of the first postwar era self-consci ously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Am ericans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in se mipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their nat ive land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar c hanging famous writers were Hemingway,Fitzgwrald.:Imagism was an Anglo-Amercian poetic movement flourishing in t he 1910s. Its program was formulated about 1912 by the Amercian poet,Ezra Pound and the movement soon broke up in about 1917. The imagist poetry was a kind of free verse shaking off the con ventional metres and emphasizing on the use of common speech,new rhythms and clear images. The two most important English poet s of the first half of 20th century were Yeats and Eliot.: It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. It means revival , revival of interest in ancient Greek and Ro man culture. Renaissance, in essence , was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attem pts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduc e new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoi sie , to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church is the key-note of the Renaissance.The greatest humanist was Thomas More.colourism:Local Colourism is a type of writing that was popula r in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the Sou th of the U.S.. This style relied heanvily on using words, phra ses, and slang that were native to the particular region in whi ch the story take place. The term has come to mean any device w hich implies a special focus. Whether it be geographical or tem poral. A well-known loca colourism author was Mark Twain with h is books Tom Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.。
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓,对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时,我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家,以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先,我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪,最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事,强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天,影响了许多作家,如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧,涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节,他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示,被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面,最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学,反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》,它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪,这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视,对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作,对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温,还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如,英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀,美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格,从社会问题到个人成长,从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时,我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品,还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观,它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
(完整word版)美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England:Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination(命运神定), original sin(原罪), total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style:fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility;the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style:hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work:Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin(本杰明·富兰克林)Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics:①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史,涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中,早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表,中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表,文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派,包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力,关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派,出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题,关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派,代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑,追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀(Jane Austen)简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家,被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(F. Scott Fitzgerald)弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家,代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
英美文学鉴赏复习资料英美文学复习材料Jeffery ChaucerFather/founder of English PoetryMajor works:The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》Troilus and Criseyde 《特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德》The Legend of Good Women《好女人传》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury TalesThe story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.A rich, tapestry (织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.London dialectThe General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to Canterbury.The Canterbury TalesSome of the charactersThe Knight :the first story tellerThe Prioress 女修道院副院长The MerchantThe Wife of Bath 巴斯妇: the first female figure in British literaturePoor PriestWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)RenaissanceMeaning: rebirth or revivalTime: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century.Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England.A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.Essence: humanismWilliam ShakespeareWorks37 plays2 long narrative poems154 sonnetsWilliam ShakespeareDrama:Tragedies- Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and JulietComedies-As You Like It, The Merchants of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Taming of the Shrew,Twelfth NightHistories-Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III, Romances/tragicomedie s: Cymbeline, The TempestRomeo and JulietCharacters: The Montagues / The CapuletsPlotThemeAct II, Scene IIThe balcony sceneOne of the romantic peaks of the play.In this scene, Romeo has employed three comparisons toexpress his admiration for Juliet: the sun, twinkling stars, a bright angel.William Shakespeare :SonnetA sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律.Three types of sonnet1) Petrarchan sonnet (彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2) Spenserian Sonnet(斯宾塞体十四行诗)3) Shakespearian Sonnet(莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗Shakespearian Sonnet3 quatrains + a coupletabab cdcd efef ggSonnet 18―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry, of art and love. ?Sonnet 29 Theme: The power of love can overcome all the difficulties and obstacles in one’s lifetime.RomanticismBegins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) and ends with the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).Pre-romantic poets: William Blake, Robert BurnsActive romantic poets: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats ?Passive romantic poets / Lake Poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.Robert BurnsFarmer poet/national poet of ScotlandWrite in Scottish dialectThemes of poetry are life of the common Scotch, love, friendship, ect.―A Red, Red Rose": four stanzas; a ballad form; love; figures of speech―Auld Lang Syne‖: friendship, parting-songWilliam WordsworthPoet Laureate 桂冠诗人Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads: a declaration of romanticism ?Define Poetry as ―the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility‖.A worshipper of nature― I Wandered Lonely as Cloud‖: four six-line stanzas; iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme: ababcc; theme: the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/ Nature' s beauty uplifts the human spirit.―Composed Upon Westminster Bridge‖: a Petrarchan sonnet; abbaabba cdcdcd ;describing London in an early morning; figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personificationPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)one of the leading romantic poetsloved people and hated the oppressors and exploitersHis wife: Mary Shelley Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》Major works:The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》Ode to a Skylark 《云雀颂》A Defence of Poetry 《诗辩》The Masque of Anarchy 《暴政的行列》Ode to the West WindOde: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its structure. It is written to praise and glorify somebody or to eulogize something. ?Form: 1. Every stanza is a sonnet; five stanzas of iambic pentameter.2. Every stanza consists of 4 terza rima(三行诗隔句押韵法)+ couplet. ?Structure: stanza 1-3: activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea. Stanza 4-5: the poet’s wish to be free like the wind.Ode to the West WindTheme: 1. Revolutionary spirit; 2. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new world. ?The art of language:1. The use of alliteration, capitalization, end rhyme, ect.2. many figures of speech: simile /metaphor / personificiton / allusion / symbolJane Austen (1775-1817)The first important English woman novelistWriting style:Theme: mostly about love and marriageLanguage: simple, humorous, witty, ironicPlot: straightforward, little actionCharacters: like real living personsDialogues: true to lifeShe called her work ―a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square‖ (―两寸牙雕‖)A very narrow literary fieldBut within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rural England of her timeJane AustenMajor works:Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》(1818)Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(1811)Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(1813)Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》(1814)Emma 《艾玛》(1816)Persuasion 《劝导》(1818)Pride and Prejudice―It is a truth universally ack nowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.‖Main characters/plot/themeDialoguesCharacter analysis: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. BingleyPride/prejudiceCharles Dickens (1812 –1870)Victorian novelistRepresentative writer of critical realismcritical realism:1. Objectivity :truly reflected the life of the Capitalist Society2. Criticalness: deeply exposed and criticized Feudal aristocracy and the capitalists; advocated humanism & pursue the truth3. Typicality :Use typical characters in a certain environment.Charles DickensMajor works:《匹克威克外传》(The Pickwick Papers)《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)《老古玩店》(The Old Curiosity Shop)《美国纪行》(American Notes)《圣诞颂歌》(A Christmas Carol)《董贝父子》(Dombey and Son)《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)《荒凉山庄》(Bleak House)《艰难时世》(Hard Times)《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)《我们共同的朋友》(Our Mutual Friend)A Tale of Two CitiesTwo cities: Paris and LondonSet in London and Paris before and during the French RevolutionThree groups of people:The feudal aristocrat:Marquis(侯爵)Evremond 封建贵族The revolutionary masses:Ms Defarge 革命群众Ideal persons: Doctor Manette; Lucy Manette; Charles Darney; Sydney Carton 理想化人物A Tale of Two CitiesIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, i it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way。
英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。
它具有以下几个特点:1.多元化:英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。
从古典主义到浪漫主义,从现代主义到后现代主义,英美文学不断演变和发展,展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。
2.自由和开放性:英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考,在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。
自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。
3.注重个人感受和情感表达:英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达,通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑,展示了人性的复杂和多样性。
二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期(16世纪)文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑,代表作品有:•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。
•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》,通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写,揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。
2. 浪漫主义时期(18世纪末至19世纪初)浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段,代表作品有:•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》,强调对自然和个人感受的表达,展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。
•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》,通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写,呈现了封建社会的弊端。
3. 现代主义时期(20世纪初至中期)现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期,代表作品有:•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》,以流动的意识流体式叙述,探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。
•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》,通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索,反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。
三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一,代表作品有:•《哈姆雷特》:探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常,是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。
一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音,类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗,anaphora首语重复法,repetition, juxtaposition并列,oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone:Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis :In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青,是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先,奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散,不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助,没有得到一句鼓励,没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇,因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识,这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。
Old English Literature 古英语文学(450-1066 年)Beowulf (贝奥武甫)---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学(1066-1500)Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟,c. 1343–1400)was an English poet. He is remembered for his Theture 英―国文学之父‖Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literaWilliam Langland (朗格兰,1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》文艺复兴(16-17 世纪)William Shakespeare (莎士比亚,1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving.《维拉斯和works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece. 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare ‘s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》‘s Dre《am仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》great comedies: A Midsumme r NightMerchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》,The《第十二夜》, Twelfth Night《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五great historical plays: Richard III世》, Henry VII John Milton 《亨利八世》( 弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for theCommonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost 《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18 世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 )is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet 英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Manon Criticism 《论批评》《人论》and An Essay Daniel Defoe ( 笛福,1660—1731) was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding ( 菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ,an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift ( 斯威夫特,1667-1745) , was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is rememberedfor novel such as Gulliver‘s Tr a《v e格ls列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹,1751—1816) , Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal( 造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy (《商第传》).Oliver Goldsmith (哥尔德斯密斯,1728-1774 )English novelist, known for his novel Vicar ofWakefield ( 《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 ),an English poet, author of Elegy Writtenin a Country Churchyard(《墓畔哀歌》), writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义(18 世纪末19 世纪初)William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Songof Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience 《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth?s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge( 柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and oneof the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦,1788—1824 ) was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron?s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley ( 玛丽? 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775 —1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility ( 《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice ( 《傲慢与偏见》), Emma ( 《爱玛》). Walter Scott ( 司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期(V ictorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901), 1818 –1848) and Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte ( 夏洛蒂, 1816 –1855), Emily ( 艾米丽Anne (安妮, 1820 –1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte?s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily ‘s Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot ( 乔治-爱略特,1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novelsinclude:The Mill on the Floss 《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》 Middlemarch 《米德尔玛契》 .Charles Dickens (1812 –1870) :one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His《双城记》 ,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》 major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities ,DavidCopperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》 , Great Expectation 《远大前程》 , Hard Times 《艰难时世》Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷, 1811— 1863) was an English novelist of the 19thWilliam century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair 《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell ( 盖斯凯尔夫人 , 1810-1865) was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Hermajor novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽 ? 巴顿》Thomas Hardy( 哈代 , 1840 –1928) , an English novelist of the naturalism 自然主义 . His majornovels include: Tess of the d?Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》 现实主义时期诗歌Most of his novels are set in Wessex (威塞克斯) .Robert Browning ( 布朗宁 , 1812 –1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery ofdramatic monologues 戏剧独白 , made him one of the foremostdramatic verse, especially Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson ( 丁尼生, 1809 –1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remainsone of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including"Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde ( 王尔德 , 1854 –1900)唯美主义 (art for art ‘为s s 了a 艺k e 术而艺playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism 术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林 -格雷的画像》20 世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳 , 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of 《不可儿戏》 ; His major novel is the greatest dramatist in Englishrealism, writing plays as a way todiscuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, MrsWarren ‘ s Profess i 《on 华伦夫人的情人》 , Major Barbara 《芭芭拉少校》 , Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》 and Saint Joan 《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy ( 高尔斯华绥 , 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20thcentury , a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》 which comprisesthree novels:The Man of Property 《有产业的人》 , In Chancery 《衡平法院》 To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德 , 1857-1932) Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. Hismajor novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》 and The Heart of Darkness 《黑暗的心》 .James Joyce (乔伊斯 , 1882-1941): An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of thestream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》 ;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》 夜祭》 Dubliners 《都柏林人》Finnegan ‘ s W a ; k 《e 芬尼根彻E. M. Forster (福斯特 , 1879-1970 ) an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S. 艾略特 , 1888-1965) :American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》 , 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H. 劳伦斯 , 1885-1930), an English novelist. His most importantnovels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》 of consciousness 意识流 .and Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》 . He is the founder of streamWilliam Butler Yeats ( 叶芝 , 1865-1939) an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium 《驶向拜占庭》 和天鹅》 .and Leda and Swan 《利达Samuel Beckett ( 贝克特, 1906-1989) , an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature.His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot 《等待戈多》 . He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd荒诞派戏剧 .Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克 , 1919-1999) , English female Black Prince 《黑王子》 , The Sea, the Sea 《大海啊,大海》 novelist, her major novels includeand Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing ( 莱辛 , 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass isSinging. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark ( 斯帕克 , 1918-2006)English female novelist, best known for her novel The Primeof Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫 , 1882-1941) Woolf is important female novelists. Her major works Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》 .美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin ( 富兰克林 , 1706-1790): an exponent of modernism and one of the mostinclude Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛威夫人》 , To theone of American founding fathers ( 建国之父 )Autobiography 《自传》 Poor Richard ‘ s Almana 《ck 穷人理查历书》 Major works: Jonathan Edwards ( 爱德华兹, 1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work isoften associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an AngryGod," 《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》 is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩 , 1737-1809) :British (1776 )works: Common Sense 《常识》pamphleteer. Major Federalists P ’a p e rs 《联邦党人文集》 Madison 曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period ( 1790-1865 ):Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)汉密尔顿 John Jay 杰伊 James: Alexander HamiltonWashington Irving ( 华盛顿? 欧文, 1783-1859): American romantic novelist. He was bestknown for his short stories―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ‖and―Rip V a h n i cW h inkle‖, both of w appear in his book The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gainedinternational fame.James Fenimore Cooper ( 库珀, 1789-1851): American romantic novelist , best remembered forhis Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》,Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuringfrontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists(超验主义):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman ( 惠特曼,1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse( 自由诗) , bestknown for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson ( 爱默生,1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar 《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence ‖.Henry David Thoreau ( 梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his bookWalden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman for his novelMelville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist,best knownMoby-Dick 《白鲸》Hawthorne ( 霍桑, 1804–1864):Nathaniel American novelist, best known for his fourromances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森,1830 –1886)American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life,death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe ( 斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896American female novelist,whose novel Uncle Tom?s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery. )Realism 现实主义Mark novelist. most noted for his novels The Twain ( 马克?吐温1835 –1910), AmericanAdventures of Tom Sawyer(《汤姆索亚历险记》)and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River 《密西西比河上的生活》《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur?s CourtThe Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利?詹姆斯1843-1916),American realist novelist, founder of international novel(国际题材小说)Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862O. Henry 欧亨利–1910). O. Henry?s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie ( 《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯? 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy 《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist (自然主义)1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane ( 克莱恩, 1871–1900)was an American novelist.He won international acclaimfor his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage 《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris ( 诺瑞斯1870–1902)American novelist.His notable works include McTeague《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3)Jack London ( 杰克? 伦敦, 1876–1916)American novelist,known for his novel Martin Eden《马丁? 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20 世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S. 艾略特, 1888-1965) :American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound(庞德): American imagist poet 意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》,Hugh Selwyn Maubery ( 莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems)Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874 –1963) American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquialspeech. Hiswork was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens(斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955)American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote forthe Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg ( 金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation ( 垮掉的一代), bestknown for his poem How―l‖《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961) American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》―Meditation XVII ‖, an essay by metaphysical poet John D多o n恩ne―any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind,and therefore never send to‖know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.Fitzgerald ( 菲茨杰拉德, 1896 –1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative ofthe Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the―Lost Generation ―. Most important works is The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream.Lost Generation 迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his firstpublished novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" includeauthors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of hisworks was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧,莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙,押沙龙!》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902 –1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known forhis novel The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow(贝缕, 1915-2005)American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for hisnovel such as The Adventures of AugieMarch, 《奥吉?玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day,Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin (鲍德温, 1924-1987 ), black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison (艾里森, 1913-1994 ), black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Alex Harley (1936-1969),Toni Morrison( 莫里森, 1931-) Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American n ovelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved 《宠儿》.20 世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil (尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953 )American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day‘s Journey Into Nigh《t 长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》,The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller (亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ),American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who?s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?( 《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett 贝克特.。
一.学习目的和要求通过本章的学习,对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治,经济,历史,文化背景,对维多利亚时代的诗歌,散文,小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革,以及对该时代主要作家的生平,观点,创作旨意,艺术品特点及其代表作的主题,结构,语言,人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受,增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二.考核要求(一)维多利亚时期概述1.识记:(1)维多利亚时期的界定(2)社会政治,经济,文化背景。
2.领会:(1)维多利亚时期的文学特点(2)批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。
3.应用:宪章运动,功利主义,批判现实主义,戏剧独自等名词的解释(二)该时期的重要作家1.一般识记:重要作家的生平与创作生涯2.识记: 重要作品及主要内容3.领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想,人物塑造,语言风格,社会意义等。
4.应用:(1)狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法,艺术特色。
(2)小说《简·爱》,《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。
(3)"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。
(4)乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境,氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。
A. Introduction to the Victorian Period1. 识记(1) Definition: the Victorian PeriodChronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.(2) Political, Economical & Cultural BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science& technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.2. 领会(1) Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.(2) Features of Victorian novelsIn this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.3. 应用 Definitions of several terms1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2) UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.3) Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrumentof human progress.4) Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.>> 点击下载资料/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-83743-php-1B. Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用 Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that "impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary CreationCharlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.3. 应用 Selected ReadingsExcerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte BronteThe work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience. The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine. Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1) Emily's subject matterAs far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2) The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3) The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.III. Alfred Tennyson1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme1) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.3.领会Artistic Features of His PoetryTennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.4. 应用 Selected Readings(1) Break, Break, Break (1)This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.(2) Crossing the Bar (1)This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.(3) Ulysses(1)In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.IV. Robert Browning1.一般识记His life &Literary CareerRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.2.识记His major worksDramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M onologueIn this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.5. 应用 Selected Readings:1) My Last Duchess (1)"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.2) Meeting at Night (1)Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker。
精品文档 精品文档 Quiz on Benjamin Franklin
1. “God help them that help themselves” is found in A ‘s work. A.Franklin B.Freneau C.Jefferson D.Paine 2. Which statement about Franklin is not true? D A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer. B. He was a scientist. C. He was a master of diplomacy. D. He was a Unitarian. 3. Poor Richard’s Almanac contained A. A. many proverbs B. Franklin’s autobiography C. voyages to the new land D. climate and crops 4. In his last years and for a generation after his death, _A__ was more often referred to as “the father of his country” than was George Washington himself A. Benjamin Franklin B. Washington Irving C. Ralph Waldo Emerson D. Nathaniel Hawthorne 5.__A ____ is outstanding as a tradesman, citizen, scientist, statesman and political revolutionary. He aided Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of the Independence. A. Benjamin Franklin B. Washington Irving C. Ralph Waldo Emerson D. Nathaniel Hawthorne 6. Benjamin Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece A . A. Autobiography B. Poor Richard’s Almanac C. Common Sense D. The Way to Wealth 7. Benjamin Franklin also edited the first colonial magazine, which he called C . A. Time B. People C. the General Magazine D. Redbook 8. If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, represents the lower levels. B A. Thomas Paine B. Benjamin Franklin C. Philip Freneau D. Washington Irving Philip Freneau: “The Poet of American Revolution”. 9. The ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of B . A. Thomas Hood B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington 10. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome(representative) of the A . A. American Enlightenment B. Sugar Act C. Chartist Movement D. Romanticist 11. Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after the A of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. A. Spectator Papers B. Walden C. Nature D. The Sacred Wood 12. Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideal of D . A. clarity B. restraint C. simplicity D. all the above 13. Franklin’s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his A and A . A. Poor Richard’s Almanac, Autobiography B. Common Sense, American Crisis 精品文档 精品文档 C. The Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground D. Rights of Man, The Age of Reason Philip Freneau(1752-1832)美国殖民时期著名诗人,美国革命战争后期最杰出的作家。生于纽约一酒商家庭。1768年进入普林斯顿大学,次年发起建立北美第一个革命学生组织。他写于内战时期的诗集《内战时期及其他》(1864),歌颂内战时期反蓄奴制斗争中的英雄主义精神,欢庆黑奴解放,以鼓励士气。1781年发表《英国囚船》一诗,揭露英军虐待战俘的暴行。1786年出版《弗瑞诺诗集》,被誉为“美国独立革命的诗人”。战后,他支持杰弗逊,为美国政府做出巨大贡献 但50岁后,他在贫穷中度过余生。 主要作品 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲; The British Prison Ship英国囚船; To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士----- The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花; The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 14. Which statement is not true about Autobiography? D A. It is recognized as a classic of its kind. B. It epitomizes the spirit of Franklin. C. It is pervaded with a pragmatic philosophy and the teaching of ethical principles. D. It describes the whole life of Franklin.
Quiz on Ralph Waldo Emerson
1. In the early 19th century The Sketch Book had established _Washington Irving_'s reputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning of American Romanticism. 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson's first book in 1836 _Nature_ brought American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism. 3. The American Transcendeatalists formed a club called _The Transcendental Club_. 4. _Ralph Waldo Emerson_ was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England. 5. Emerson's truest disciple门徒, the man who put into practice many of Emerson's theories, was _Henry David Thoreau___ 6. THe American Scholar_was called the "Intellectual Declaration of Independence." 7. Nature_ is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. 1. Transcendentalists took their ideas from __E________. A. the romantic literature in Europe B. neo-Platonism C. German idealistic philosophy D. The revelation of oriental mysticism E. All of the above 2. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _B_____ and Thoreau. A. Jefferson B. Emerson C. Freneau D. Oversoul 3. Philip Freneau__ was considered as the "Poet of American Revolution"? 4. __B___ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club. A. Thoreau B. Emerson C. Hawthorne D. Whitman 5. Transcendentalists recognized _A_____ as the "highest power of the soul". A. intuition B.logic C. data of the sneses D. thinking 6. A new __C_____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then