1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】sin()sin()x y x ye y xy e x xy ++---【解析】函数()y y x =是一个隐函数,即它是由一个方程确定,写不出具体的解析式.方程两边对x 求导,将y 看做x 的函数,得(1)sin()()0x yey xy xy y +''+++=.解出y ',即sin()sin()x y x ydy e y xy y dx e x xy ++-'==--.【相关知识点】1.复合函数求导法则：如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dyf ug x dx''=⋅或dy dy du dx du dx=⋅.2.两函数乘积的求导公式：[]()()()()()()f x g x f x g x f x g x '''⋅=⋅+⋅.(2)【答案】{}21,2,29-【解析】对函数u 求各个分量的偏导数,有2222u x x x y z ∂=∂++；2222u y y x y z ∂=∂++；2222u zz x y z∂=∂++.由函数的梯度(向量)的定义,有{}2221,,2,2,2u u u gradu x y z x y z x y z ⎧⎫∂∂∂==⎨⎬∂∂∂++⎩⎭,所以{}{}222122,4,41,2,212(2)9Mgradu=-=-++-.【相关知识点】复合函数求导法则：如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dyf ug x dx''=⋅或dy dy du dx du dx=⋅.(3)【答案】212π【解析】x π=是[,]ππ-区间的端点,由收敛性定理—狄利克雷充分条件知,该傅氏级数在x π=处收敛于22111[(0)(0)][11]222f f ππππ-++-=-++=.【相关知识点】收敛性定理—狄利克雷充分条件：函数()f x 在区间[,]l l -上满足：(i)连续,或只有有限个第一类间断点；(ⅱ)只有有限个极值点.则()f x 在[,]l l -上的傅里叶级数收敛,而且01(cossin )2n n n a n n a x b x l l ππ∞=++∑[][] (),(,)()1(0)(0),(,)()21(0)(0),.2f x x l l fx f x f x x l l f x f l f l xl ⎧⎪∈-⎪⎪=++-∈-⎨⎪⎪-++-=±⎪⎩若为的连续点,若为的第一类间断点,若(4)【答案】cos cos ,y x x C x C =+为任意常数【解析】这是标准形式的一阶线性非齐次方程,由于tan 1|cos |xdxe x ⎰=,方程两边同乘1cos x,得111cos cos y y x C xx '⎛⎫=⇒=+⎪⎝⎭积分.故通解为cos cos ,y x x C x C =+为任意常数.(5)【答案】1【解析】因为矩阵A 中任何两行都成比例(第i 行与第j 行的比为ija a ),所以A 中的二阶子式全为0,又因0,0i i ab ≠≠,知道110a b ≠,A 中有一阶子式非零.故()1r A =.【相关知识点】矩阵秩的定义：如果矩阵中存在r 阶子式不为零,而所有的1r +阶子式全为零时,则此矩阵的秩为r.二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】(D)【解析】对于函数在给定点0x 的极限是否存在需要判定左极限0x x -→和右极限0x x +→是否存在且相等,若相等,则函数在点0x 的极限是存在的.11211111lim lim(1)01x x x x x e x e x ----→→-=+=-,11211111lim lim(1)1x x x x x e x e x ++--→→-=+=∞-,0≠∞,故当1x →时函数没有极限,也不是∞.故应选(D).(2)【答案】(C)【解析】对原级数的通项取绝对值后,再利用等价无穷小2111cos()2n n n-→+∞ ,22(1)(1cos )1cos )2nn n n nααα --=-→+∞ ,又因为p 级数：11p n n ∞=∑当1p >时收敛；当1p ≤时发散.所以有22112n nα∞=∑收敛.1(1)(1cos )n n n α∞=⇒-- ∑收敛.所以原级数绝对收敛.应选(C).注：对于正项级数1n n a ∞=∑,确定无穷小n a 关于1n的阶(即与p 级数作比较)是判断它的敛散性的一个常用方法.该题用的就是这个方法.(3)【答案】B【解析】先求出切线的方向向量,再利用方向向量与平面的法向量的数量积为0得切点对应的t 值.求曲线上的点,使该点处的切向量τ与平面24x y z ++=的法向量{}1,2,1n =垂直,即可以让切线与平面平行.曲线在任意点处的切向量{}{}2(),(),()1,2,3x t y t z t t tτ'''==-,0n n ττ⊥ ⇔⋅=,即31430t t -+=,解得11,3t t ==.(对应于曲线上的点均不在给定的平面上)因此,只有两条这种切线,应选(B).(4)【答案】(C)【解析】因33x 处处任意阶可导,只需考查2||()x x x ϕ ,它是分段函数,0x =是连接点.所以,写成分段函数的形式,有33,0,(), 0,x x x x x ϕ⎧-<⎪=⎨≥⎪⎩对分段函数在对应区间上求微分,223,0,()3, 0,x x x x x ϕ⎧-<⎪'⇒=⎨>⎪⎩再考查()x ϕ在连接点0x =处的导数是否存在,需要根据左导数和右导数的定义进行讨论.30(0)()0x x ϕ++=''==,30(0)()0(0)0x x ϕϕ--='''=-=⇒=,即223,0,()3, 0.x x x x x ϕ⎧-≤⎪'=⎨>⎪⎩同理可得6,0,()6, 0,x x x x x ϕ-<⎧''=⎨>⎩(0)0ϕ''=,即6,0()6||6, 0x x x x x x ϕ-≤⎧''==⎨>⎩.对于y x =有(0)1,(0) 1.y y +-''==-所以y x =在0x =不可导,(0)ϕ'''⇒不存在,应选(C).(5)【答案】(A)【解析】1ξ,2ξ向量对应的分量不成比例,所以1ξ,2ξ是0Ax =两个线性无关的解,故()2n r A -≥.由3n =知()1r A ≤.再看(A)选项秩为1；(B)和(C)选项秩为2；而(D)选项秩为3.故本题选(A).【相关知识点】对齐次线性方程组0Ax =,有定理如下:对矩阵A 按列分块,有()12n A ,,,ααα= ,则0Ax =的向量形式为11220n n x x x .ααα+++= 那么,0Ax =有非零解12n ,,,ααα⇔ 线性相关()12n r ,,,nααα⇔< ()r A n.⇔<三、(本题共3小题,每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)【解析】由等价无穷小有0x →时,22111()22x x ---= ,原式=0021sin lim 12x x x x e xx →→--=,上式为“0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,所以连续应用两次洛必达法则,有原式00cos sin lim lim1x x x x e x e x x →→-+洛必达洛必达1011+==.(2)【解析】这是带抽象函数记号的复合函数的二阶混合偏导数,重要的是要分清函数是如何复合的.由于混合偏导数在连续条件下与求导次序无关,所以本题可以先求z x ∂∂,再求()z y x∂∂∂∂.由复合函数求导法则得221212(sin )()sin 2x x z f e y f x y f e y f x x x x ∂∂∂''''=++=⋅+⋅∂∂∂,212(sin 2)x z f e y f x x y y∂∂''=+∂∂∂111212122(cos 2)sin cos (cos 2)2x x x x f e y f y e y f e y f e y f y x '''''''''=++++21112221sin cos 2(sin cos )4cos x x x f e y y f e y y x y f xy f e y '''''''=⋅+⋅++⋅+⋅.【相关知识点】多元复合函数求导法则：如果函数(,),(,)u x y v x y ϕψ==都在点(,)x y 具有对x 及对y 的偏导数,函数(,)z f u v =在对应点(,)u v 具有连续偏导数,则复合函数((,),(,))z f x y x y ϕψ=在点(,)x y 的两个偏导数存在,且有12z z u z v u vf f x u x v x x x ∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂；12z z u z v u v f f y u y v y y y∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂.(3)【解析】分段函数的积分应根据积分可加性分段分别求积分.另外,被积函数的中间变量非积分变量,若先作变量代换,往往会简化计算.令2x t -=,则.dx dt =当1x =时,1t =-；当3x =时,1t =,于是()31121110(2)()1t f x dx f t dt t dt e dt ----=++⎰⎰⎰⎰分段01301171.33t t t e e --⎛⎫=+-=- ⎪⎝⎭四、(本题满分6分.)【解析】所给方程为常系数的二阶线性非齐次方程,所对应的齐次方程的特征方程223(1)(3)0r r r r +-=-+=有两个根为11,r =23r =-,而非齐次项2,3x e r αα=-=为单特征根,因而非齐次方程有如下形式的特解3xY x ae -=⋅,代入方程可得14a =-,故所求通解为33124xxx xy C e C ee --=+-,其中12,C C 为常数.【相关知识点】1.二阶线性非齐次方程解的结构：设*()y x 是二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解.()Y x 是与之对应的齐次方程()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=的通解,则*()()y Y x y x =+是非齐次方程的通解.2.二阶常系数线性齐次方程通解的求解方法：对于求解二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解()Y x ,可用特征方程法求解：即()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=中的()P x 、()Q x 均是常数,方程变为0y py qy '''++=.其特征方程写为20r pr q ++=,在复数域内解出两个特征根12,r r ；分三种情况：(1)两个不相等的实数根12,r r ,则通解为1212;rx r x y C eC e =+(2)两个相等的实数根12r r =,则通解为()112;rxy C C x e =+(3)一对共轭复根1,2r i αβ=±,则通解为()12cos sin .xy e C x C x αββ=+其中12,C C 为常数.3.对于求解二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解*()y x ,可用待定系数法,有结论如下：如果()(),xm f x P x e λ=则二阶常系数线性非齐次方程具有形如*()()kxm y x x Q x eλ=的特解,其中()m Q x 是与()m P x 相同次数的多项式,而k 按λ不是特征方程的根、是特征方程的单根或是特征方程的重根依次取0、1或2.如果()[()cos ()sin ]xl n f x e P x x P x x λωω=+,则二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程()()()y p x y q x y f x '''++=的特解可设为*(1)(2)[()cos ()sin ]k x mm y x e R x x R x x λωω=+,其中(1)()m R x 与(2)()m R x 是m 次多项式,{}max ,m l n =,而k 按i λω+(或i λω-)不是特征方程的根、或是特征方程的单根依次取为0或1.五、(本题满分8分)【解析】将原式表成I Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy ∑=++⎰⎰,则2223()P Q R x y z x y z∂∂∂++=++∂∂∂.以考虑用高斯公式来求解,但曲面∑不是封闭的,要添加辅助面.如果本题采用投影法计算是比较复杂的,故不采用.添加辅助面222:0()S z x y a =+≤,法向量朝下,S 与∑围成区域Ω,S 与∑取Ω的外法向量.在Ω上用高斯公式得323232222()()()3()SI x az dydz y ax dzdx z ay dxdy x y z dV Ω++++++=++⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰.用球坐标变换求右端的三重积分得222222203()3sin ax y z dV d d d ππθϕϕρρρΩ++=⋅⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰4552001632sin 32155a d d a a ππϕϕρρππ=⨯=⨯⨯⨯=⎰⎰.注意S 垂直于平面yOz 与平面xOz ,将积分投影到xOy 平面上,所以左端S 上的曲面积分为SPdydzdx Qdzdx Rdxdy++⎰⎰2200(,,0)xySSD R x y dxdy ay dxdy a y dxdy=++==-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰2220sin aa d r rdrπθθ=-⋅⎰⎰(极坐标变换)422350sin 44aa a d r dr a ππθθπ=-=-⨯⨯=-⎰⎰.因此5556295420I a a a ππ=+=.【相关知识点】1.高斯公式：设空间闭区域Ω是由分片光滑的闭曲面∑所围成,函数(,,)P x y z 、(,,)Q x y z 、(,,)R x y z 在Ω上具有一阶连续偏导数,则有,P Q R dv Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy x y z Ω∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰或()cos cos cos ,P Q R dv P Q R dS x y z αβγΩ∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 这里∑是Ω的整个边界曲面的外侧,cos α、cos β、cos γ是∑在点(,,)x y z 处的法向量的方向余弦.上述两个公式叫做高斯公式.2.对于球面坐标与直角坐标的关系为：sin cos ,sin sin ,cos ,x r y r z r ϕθϕθϕ=⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩其中ϕ为向量与z 轴正向的夹角,0ϕπ≤≤；θ为从正z 轴来看自x 轴按逆时针方向转到向量在xOy 平面上投影线段的角,02θπ≤≤；r 为向量的模长,0r ≤<+∞.球面坐标系中的体积元素为2sin ,dv r drd d ϕϕθ=则三重积分的变量从直角坐标变换为球面坐标的公式是：2(,,)(sin cos ,sin sin ,cos )sin .f x y z dxdydz f r r r r drd d ϕθϕθϕϕϕθΩΩ=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰六、(本题满分7分)【解析】证法一:用拉格朗日中值定理来证明.不妨设210x x >>,要证的不等式是1221()()()(0)f x x f x f x f +-<-.在1[0,]x 上用中值定理,有111()(0)(),0f x f f x x ξξ'-=<<；在212[,]x x x +上用中值定理,又有1221212()()(),f x x f x f x x x x ηη'+-=<<+由()0,f x ''<所以()f x '单调减,而12x x ξη<<<,有()()f f ξη''>,所以12211()()()(0)()f x x f x f x f f x +-<-=,即1212()()()f x x f x f x +<+.证法二：用函数不等式来证明.要证11()()(),0f x x f x f x x +<+>,构造辅助函数11()()()()x f x f x f x x ϕ=+-+,则1()()()x f x f x x ϕ'''=-+.由()0,()f x f x '''<单调减,1()(),()0f x f x x x ϕ'''>+>.由此,11()(0)()(0)()0(0)x f x f f x x ϕϕ>=+-=>.改x 为2x 即得证.【相关知识点】拉格朗日中值定理:如果函数()f x 满足在闭区间[,]a b 上连续,在开区间(),a b 内可导,那么在(),a b 内至少有一点()a b ξξ<<,使等式()()()()f b f a f b a ξ'-=-成立.七、(本题满分8分)【解析】(1)先求出在变力F 的作用下质点由原点沿直线运动到点(,,)M ξηζ时所作的功W 的表达式.点O 到点M 的线段记为L ,则LLW F ds yzdx zxdy xydz =⋅=++⎰⎰.(2)计算曲线积分：L 的参数方程是,,,x t y t z t ξηζ===t 从0到1,1122220()3W t t t dt t dt ηζξξζηξηζξηζξηζ⇒=⋅+⋅+⋅==⎰⎰.化为最值问题并求解：问题变成求W ξηζ=在条件2222221(0,0,0)a b cξηζξηζ++=≥≥≥下的最大值与最大值点.用拉格朗日乘子法求解.拉格朗日函数为222222(,,,)1F a b c ξηζξηζλξηζλ⎛⎫=+++- ⎪⎝⎭,则有22222222220,20,20,10.Fa Fb F cF a b cξηζλξηξζληζξηλγξηζλ∂⎧=+=⎪∂⎪∂⎪=+=⎪∂⎪⎨∂⎪=+=⎪∂⎪∂⎪=++-=⎪∂⎩解此方程组：对前三个方程,分别乘以,,ξηζ得222222,a b cξηζ==(0λ≠时)代入第四个方程得,,ξηζ===.相应的39W abc ==.当0λ=时相应的,,ξηζ得0W =.因为实际问题存在最大值,所以当(,,),ξηγ=时W 取最大值39abc .【相关知识点】拉格朗日乘子法：要找函数(,)z f x y =在附加条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的可能极值点,可以先作拉格朗日函数(,)(,)(,),L x y f x y x y λϕ=+其中λ为参数.求其对x 与y 的一阶偏导数,并使之为零,然后与附加条件联立起来：(,)(,)0,(,)(,)0,(,)0.x x y y f x y x y f x y x y x y λϕλϕϕ⎧+=⎪+=⎨⎪=⎩由这方程组解出,x y 及λ,这样得到的(,)x y 就是函数(,)f x y 在附加条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的可能极值点.八、(本题满分7分)【解析】(1)1α能由23αα、线性表出.因为已知向量组234ααα、、线性无关,所以23αα、线性无关,又因为123ααα、、线性相关,故1α能由23αα、线性表出.(2)4α不能由123ααα、、线性表出,反证法：若4α能由123ααα、、线性表出,设4112233k k k αααα=++.由(1)知,1α能由23αα、线性表出,可设11223l l ααα=+,那么代入上式整理得411221233()()k l k k l k ααα=+++.即4α能由23αα、线性表出,从而234ααα、、线性相关,这与已知矛盾.因此,4α不能由123ααα、、线性表出.【相关知识点】向量组线性相关和线性无关的定义：存在一组不全为零的数12m k ,k ,,k ,使11220m m k k k ααα+++= ,则称12m ,,,ααα 线性相关；否则,称12m ,,,ααα 线性无关．九、(本题满分7分)【解析】(1)设112233x x x βξξξ=++,即是求此方程组的解.对增广矩阵123(,,,)ξξξβ作初等行变换,第一行乘以()1-分别加到第二行和第三行上,再第二行乘以()3-加到第三行上,第三行自乘12,有111111111111123101200120149303820011 ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪→→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭,第三行乘以()2-、()1-分别加到第二行和第一行上,再第二行乘以()1-加到第一行上,有增广矩阵10020102001 1 ⎛⎫ ⎪→- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.解出31x =,22x =-,12x =,故12322βξξξ=-+.(2)由λ为A 的特征值可知,存在非零向量α使A αλα=,两端左乘A ,得22()()A A A A A ααλαλαλα====,再一直这样操作下去,有n n A αλα=.因为0α≠,故0λ≠.按特征值定义知nλ是nA 的特征值,且α为相应的特征向量.所以有,(1,2,3)nni i i i i i A A i ξλξξλξ===,据(1)结论12322βξξξ=-+,有123123(22)22A A A A A βξξξξξξ=-+=-+,于是123123112233(22)2222n n n n n n n n A A A A A βξξξξξξλξλξλξ=-+=-+=-+121322231112122233223149223n n n n n n n n +++++⎡⎤-+⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=-⋅+=-+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-+⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦.【相关知识点】矩阵特征值与特征向量的定义：设A 是n 阶矩阵,若存在数λ及非零的n 维列向量X 使得AX X λ=成立,则称λ是矩阵A 的特征值,称非零向量X 是矩阵A 的特征向量.十、填空题(本题满分6分,每小题3分.)【解析】由条件概率和乘法公式：从()0P AB =,可知()()(|)P ABC P AB P AB C =0=,由加法公式：()()()()()()()()P A B C P A P B P C P AB P AC P BC P ABC =++---+ 1111150044416168=++---+=,故3()()1()8P ABC P A B C P A B C ==-=.(2)【解析】依题意,随机变量X 服从参数为1λ=的指数分布,故X 的概率密度为,0,()0,0,x e x f x x -⎧ >=⎨≤⎩根据连续型随机变量函数的数学期望的求法,得出2220()()()()X x x x E X e x e f x dx x e e dx+∞+∞-----∞+=+=+⎰⎰3014133xx xe dx e dx +∞+∞--=+=+=⎰⎰.十一、(本题满分6分)【解析】方法一：利用分布函数求密度函数：首先,因2(,)X N μσ ,所以X 的密度函数为22()()x X f x μσ--=,因Y 服从[,]ππ-上的均匀分布,故Y 的密度函数为11()()2Y f y πππ==--.因为随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,所以二维随机变量(,)X Y 的联合概率密度为(,)()()X Y f x y f x f y =.要求Z 的密度函数,先求Z 的分布函数()()()Z F z P Z z P X Y z =≤=+≤(,)x y zf x y dxdy+≤=⎰⎰()()X Y x y zf x f y dxdy+≤=⎰⎰22()12x x y zμσπ--+≤=⋅⎰⎰.2222()()1122x x z yz ydy dx dy dxμμππσσππππ--------∞--∞=⋅=⎰⎰⎰⎰12z y dy ππμπσ---⎛⎫=Φ ⎪⎝⎭⎰(由标准正态分布来表示一般正态分布)求出Z 的分布函数,因此,对分布函数求导得密度函数,Z 的密度函数为11()()2Z Z z y f z F z dy ππμϕπσσ---⎛⎫'==⎪⎝⎭⎰其中()x ϕ 是标准正态分布的概率分布密度.由于()x ϕ 是偶函数,故有z y y z μμϕϕσσ--+-⎛⎫⎛⎫= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭于是111()22Z y z z z f z dy ππμπμπμϕπσσπσσ-+-⎡+--+-⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫==Φ-Φ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦⎰.最终用标准正态分布函数()x Φ表示出来Z X Y =+的概率分布密度.方法二：用卷积公式直接计算：直接应用相互独立随机变量之和密度的卷积公式,求()Z f z 更为简单.因为随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,由卷积公式1()()()2Z X Y f z f z y f y dyπ+∞-∞=-⎰2222()()1122z y z y dy dyμμππσσππππ--------==⎰⎰22()12y z μπσππ+---=⎰12y z dy ππμπσ-+-⎛⎫=Φ ⎪⎝⎭⎰112y z dy ππμϕπσσ-+-⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭⎰12z z πμπμπσσ⎡+--+-⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫=Φ-Φ ⎪ ⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦.最终用标准正态分布函数()x Φ表示出来Z X Y =+的概率分布密度.。

最新2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题及答案2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of English1. C for2. A faith3. D price4. B Then5 . D When6. B produce s7 . C connect8. D to9. B mood10 . A counterparts1 1. B Lucky1 2. B protect1 3. A between1 4. C introduced1 5 D inside1 6. A discovered1 7 . C fooled1 8. B willing1 9. A In contrast20 . C unreliableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. Who will be most threatened by automationD Middle-class workers22. Which of the following best represent the author’s viewC Issues arising from automation need to be tackled23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on______.A creative potential24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____D preventing the income gap from widening25. In this text, the author presents a problem with______B possible solutions to itText 226. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on_____D social media as a reliable source of news27. The phrase “bee f up 〞 (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to_____A sharpen28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people_____B verify news by referring to diverse sources.29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isC readers ’ misinterpretation30. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineText 331. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMindB It failed to pay due attention to patients ’ rights.32. The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with_____C necessary adjustments.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that_____D the value of data comes from the processing of it.34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is_____D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35. The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare isB cautiousText 436. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by____ _B its rigid management37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to_____ ?A the interference from interest groups38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by ?A removing its burden of retiree health care39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with ?C discontent40. Which of the following would be the best title for the textD The Postal Service Needs more than a Band-AidPart B4 1. E The Eisenhower Executive Office Building…4 2. G The history of the EEOB began long…4 3. A In December of 1869…4 4. B Completed in 1875…4 5 . D Many of the most celebrated national figures…Part C46 . By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. 在其出生之时， ZJ 戏剧在欧洲逐渐消逝，在古典悲剧和喜剧的激发下，还产生了各种新形式的戏剧。

考研英语（二）十年真题及答2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (1)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (10)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (12)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (22)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (24)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (34)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (36)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (45)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (47)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (56)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (58)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (68)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (70)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (80)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (82)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (92)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (94)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (104)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (106)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (117)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June11,2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic1by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising3in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is"4"in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organization's director general,5the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global7in late April2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths8healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to9in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade10warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009, officials reported there was11flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the12tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has13more than one million people,and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began15orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is16ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009, though most of those17doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not18for pregnant women, people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other19.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people20infants and healthy young people.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice8.[A]over[B]for[C]among[D]to9.[A]stay up[B]crop up[C]fill up[D]cover up10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20.[A]involved in[B]caring for[C]concerned with[D]warding offSectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of56works by Damien Hirst,"Beautiful Inside My Head Forever",at Sotheby's in London on September15th2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare Mc Andrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:"I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as"a last victory"because________.[A]the art market had witnessed a succession of victories[B]the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids[C]Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces[D]it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying"spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable"(Line1-2,Para.3),the author suggeststhat________.[A]collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions[B]people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries[C]art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent[D]works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A]Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.[B]The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C]The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D]Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are________.[A]auction houses'favorites[B]contemporary trends[C]factors promoting artwork circulation[D]styles representing Impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be________.[A]Fluctuation of Art Prices[B]Up-to-date Art Auctions.[C]Art Market in Decline[D]Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,"She's the talker in our family."The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true,"he explained."When I come home from work,I have nothing to say.If she didn't keep the conversation going,we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book"Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking,social arrangements.Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me.""He doesn't talk to me."I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short,the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?[A]Talking to them.[B]Trusting them.[C]Supporting their careers.[D]Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase"wreaking havoc"(Line3,Para.2)most probably means________.[A]generating motivation.[B]exerting influence[C]causing damage[D]creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT________.[A]men tend to talk more in public than women[B]nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation[C]women attach much importance to communication between couples[D]a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?[A]The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.[B]Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.[C]Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.[D]Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on________.[A]a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk[B]a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon[C]other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.[D]a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText3Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks,or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues."There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits,"said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London school of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine."We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers'lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you'll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup."Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,"said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year."Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers'lives,and it's essential to making new products commercially viable."Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A]should be further cultivated[B]should be changed gradually[C]are deeply rooted in history[D]are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to________.[A]reveal their impact on people's habits[B]show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people's buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.From the text we know that some of consumer's habits are developed due to________.[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is________.[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states, for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of Strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor vs.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of thecommunity to the state level.The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of the US jury system,we learn that________.[A]both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to1968showed________.[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court Judges38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because________.[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.________.[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.In discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______.[A]its nature and problems.[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions.[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.Choose T if the statement is True or F if the statement is not true on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,the787and A350respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference.But a group of researchers at Stanford University,led by Ilan Kroo,has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use,and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer,says Dr Kroo,lies with birds.Since1914,scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy.The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips,a phenomenonknown as upwash.Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag,and spend less energy propelling themselves.Peter Lissaman,an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California,has suggested that a formation of25birds might enjoy a range increase of71%.When applied to aircraft,the principles are not substantially different.Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles,San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah,assume an inverted V-formation,occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favorable positions,and proceed to London.They found that the aircraft consumed as much as15%less fuel(coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are,of course,knots to be worked out.One consideration is safety,or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion?Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the intimate groupings favored by display teams like the Red Arrows.A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter,although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient.In zones of increased turbulence,the planes'wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further.It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft,in contrast,might be easier to reschedule,as might routine military flights.As it happens,America's armed forces are on the case already.Earlier this year the country's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight,though the program has yet to begin.There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated."My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,"he adds.So he should know.41.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42.The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44.The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45.It has been documented that during World War II,Americas armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)"Sustainability"has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn't go well."It was a really bad move because that's not my passion,"says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales."I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,'Just wait,you'll turn the corner,give it some time.'"Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:You have just come back from the U.S.as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2)Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Harlan Coben believes that if you’re a writer,you'll find the time;and that if you can’t find the time,then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer.For him,writing is1job—a job like any other.He has2it with plumbing,pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.3,like most writers these days,you’re holding down a job to pay the bills,it’s not4to find the time to write.But it’s not impossible.It requires determination and single-mindedness.5that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly6often have to do other work to7their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested,it’s a8of priorities.To make writing a priority,you’ll have to9some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.Depending on your10and your lifestyle,that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music,though some people can write11they listen to music.You might have to12the amount of exercise or sport you do.You'll have to make social media an 13activity rather than a daily,time-consuming14.There’ll probably have to be less socializing with your friends and less time with your family.It’s a15learning curve,and it won’t always make you popular.There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,16your writing—and that’s reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can;it’s the one17supporter—something you can’t do without.Time is finite,the older you get,the18it seems to go.We need to use it as carefully and as19as we can. That means prioritizing out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do.If you are a writer,that means—20—writing.1.[A]difficult[B]normal[C]steady[D]pleasant2.[A]combined[B]compared[C]confused[D]confronted3.[A]If[B]Through[C]Once[D]Unless4.[A]enough[B]strange[C]wrong[D]easy5.[A]Accept[B]Explain[C]Remember[D]Suppose6.[A]well-known[B]well-advised[C]well-informed[D]well-chosen7.[A]donate[B]generate[C]supplement[D]calculate8.[A]cause[B]purpose[C]question[D]condition9.[A]highlight[B]sacrifice[C]continue[D]explore10.[A]relations[B]interests[C]memories[D]skills11.[A]until[B]because[C]while[D]before12.[A]put up with[B]make up for[C]hang on to[D]cut down on13.[A]intelligent[B]occasional[C]intensive[D]emotional14.[A]habit[B]test[C]decision[D]plan15.[A]tough[B]gentle[C]rapid[D]funny16.[A]in place of[B]in charge of[C]in response to[D]in addition to17.[A]indispensable[B]innovative[C]invisible[D]instant18.[A]duller[B]harder[C]quieter[D]quicker19.[A]peacefully[B]generously[C]productively[D]gratefully20.[A]at most[B]in turn[C]on average[D]above allSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)TEXT1On a recent sunny day,13,000chickens roam over Larry Brown’s40windswept acres in Shiner,Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Others drink water with the cows.This all seems random,but it’s by design, part of what the$6.1billion U.S.egg industry bets will be its next big thing:climate-friendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8a dozen,are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases.Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“I’m excited about our progress,”says Brown,who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.The birds’waste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements“allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens,and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.In barely more than a decade,organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats,but both have exploded into major supermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful,it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell,because the concept is tough to define quickly,says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.Such farming also brings minimal,if any,improvement to the food products(though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.Surveys show that younger generations are moreconcerned about climate change,and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment.Young adults“really care about the planet,”says John Brunnquell,president of Egg Innovations.“They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”21.The climate-friendly eggs are produced.[A]at a considerably low cost[B]at the demand of regular shoppers[C]as a replacement for organic eggs[D]on specially designed farmsrry Brown is excited about his progress in.[A]reducing the damage of worms[B]accelerating the disposal of uses[C]creating a sustainable system.[D]attracting customers to his products23.The example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph4to suggest.[A]the doubts to over natural feeds[B]the setbacks in the eggs industry[C]the potential of regenerative products[D]the promotional success of super markets24.It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people.[A]are reluctant to change their diet[B]are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs[C]are curious about new food[D]are amazed at agricultural advances25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products’.[A]markets prospects[B]standard definition[C]market prospect[D]moral implicationTEXT2More Americans are opting to work well into the retirement,a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least40have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees—those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring—said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the“unretirement”trend.Other reasons,according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,preventing boredom or avoiding depression.About72% of“unretire”respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while59%said it would be tied to making ends meet.Can Congress save the economy?Fed chair says“US debt is‘on unsustainable path’”.Auto industry is still a boys’club at the top despite GM CEO Mary Barrassuccess.“The concept of retirement is evolving,”said Christine Russell senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.“It’s not just about finances.The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are living longer.The share of the population65 and older was16%in2018,up3.2%from the prior year,according to the U.S.Census Bureau.That’s also up 30.2%since2010.Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S workforce,and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations.The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades.About20%of people65and older were in the workforce in February,up from an all-time low of10%in January1985,according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed which surveyed2,000adults between40to79.Six in10“unretires'"are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life,according to the survey.Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said,is by reducing their overall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Seniors are living longer,but planning for the extended years is key.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years,said Brent Weiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.He suggested that preretiree should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a family and ultimately retiring.”Weiss said.“It’s not just a financial decision,but an emotional one.Many people believe they can’t retire.＂26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that.[A]over half of the retirees are physically fit for work[B]the old workforce is as active as the younger one[C]one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement[D]more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that Americans tend to think that.[A]retirement may cause problems for them[B]boredom can be relieved after retirement[C]the mental health of retirees is overlooked[D]“unretirement”contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to.[A]labor shortage[B]population growth[C]longer life expectancy[D]rising living costs29.Many retirees are increasing their savings by.[A]investing more in stocks[B]taking up odd jobs[C]getting well-paid work[D]spending less30.With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people are.[A]unprepared[B]unafraid[C]disappointed[D]enthusiasticTEXT3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated,intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in2010by user experience expert Harry Brignull,”dark patterns”is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.Brignull identifies12 types of common dark patterns,ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to"roach motel”where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start,but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a2019study of53,000product pages and11,000websites,researchers found that about one in10 employs these design practices.Though widely prevalent,the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses should engage in conversations with IT,compliance,risk,and legal teams to review their privacy,and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company’s user interface,as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets pricing,and promotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding"digital deception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns,most recently at the state level.In March,the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that“ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.”The regulations aim to ban dark patterns—this means prohibiting companies from using"confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community.Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns_____[A]improve user experiences[B]leak user information for profit[C]undermine users’decision-making[D]remind users of hidden costs32.The2019study on dark patterns is mentioned to show______[A]their major flaws[B]their complex designs[C]their severe damage[D]their strong presence33.To handle digital deception,businesses should____[A]listen to customer feedback[B]talk with relevant teams[C]turn to independent agencies[D]rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to_____[A]guide users through opt-out processes[B]protect consumers from being tricked[C]grant companies data privacy rights[D]restrict access to problematic content35.According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patterns is______[A]new legal requirements[B]businesses'self-discipline[C]strict regulatory standards[D]consumers safety awarenessText4Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.But a new study published in Cognition found that,in at least one real-world situation,a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat.They chose this particular behavior for three reasons,according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside:students’attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an11-minute video on the topic and joined a50-minute discussion.The other half focused on charitable giving instead.Then,unknown to the students,the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester-nearly14,000receipts for almost500students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;he had previously found that ethics Professorsdo not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,including voting rates,blood donation and returning library books.But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics,meal purchases containing meat decreased from52to45percent-and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at52percent.“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,”Schwitzgebel says.Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania,who was not involved in the study,says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.And if real,she notes,it might be reversible by another nudge:“Easy come,easy go.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence—classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism,showing it as achievable or more common. Second,the video may have had an emotional impact.Least rousing,he thinks,was rational argument,although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role.Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style,teaching assistants’eating habits and students'video exposure.Meanwhile,Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect-will be eating his words.36.Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are[A]hard to determine[B]narrowly interpreted[C]difficult to ignore[D]poorly summarized37.Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?[A]It is common among students.[B]It is a behavior easy to measure.[C]It is important to students’health[D]It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38.Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics professors[A]are seldom critical of their students[B]are less sociable than other professors[C]are not sensitive to political issues[D]are not necessarily ethically better39.Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is[A]permanent[B]predictable[C]uncertain[D]unrepeatable40.Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’change in behavior[A]can bring psychological benefits[B]can be analyzed statistically[C]is a result of multiple factors[D]is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections:Read the following test and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use.Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Make it a habit[B]Don’t go it alone[C]Start low,go slow[D]Talk with your doctor[E]Listen to your body[F]Go through the motions[G]Round out your routineHow to get active again?Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times,but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days,it can be tricky to know where to start.And it’s important to get the right dose of activity.“Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,”says Mary Yoke,PhD,a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.41._____________Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break.If you were walking3miles a day,playing 18holes of golf three times a week,or lifting10-pound dumbbells for three sets of10reps,reduce activity to½mile every other day,or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days,or use5-pound dumbbells for one set of10reps.Increase time,distance,and intensity gradually.“This isn’t something you can do overnight,”say Keri L.Denay,MD,lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages American to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic.But you’ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42._______________If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences,back off.If you feel good,go a little longer or faster.Feeling wiped out after a session?Go easier next time.And stay alert to serious symptoms,such as chest pain or pressure,severe shortness of breath or dizziness,or faintness,and seek medical attention immediately. 43.________________Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start,says Marcus Jackovitz,DPT,a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital.All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest,most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own,if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes,tennis,cycling,or any other activity,walking is also a great first step.44._________________Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity,you can practice the moves.With or without a club or racket,swing like you’re hitting the ball.Paddle like you’re in a kayak or canoe.Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.45.____________________Exercising with others“can keep you accountable and make it more fun,so you’re more likely to do it again,”Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can’t connect in person,consider using technology.Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood.FaceTime with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.Section III Translation46.Directions：Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Although we try our best,sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing,it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits:you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realize that when one door closes,another opens.You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become your Second nature.In fact,creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life,with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when problem arises.Section IV WritingPart ASuppose you are planning a campus food festival for the international students.Please1)tell them about the festival and2)invite them to participate.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part BWrite an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart,and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题参考答案完形填空1.[B]normal2.[D]confronted3.[A]If4.[D]easy5.[C]Remember6.[A]well-known7.[C]supplement8.[D]condition9.[B]sacrifice10.[B]interests11.[C]while12.[D]cut down on13.[B]occasional14.[A]habit15.[A]tough16.[D]in addition to17.[A]indispensable18.[D]quicker19.[C]productively20.[D]above all阅读理解Text121.[D]on specially designed farms22.[C]creating a sustainable system.23.[C]the potential of regenerative products24.[B]are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs25.[A]markets prospectsText226.[D]more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.[A]retirement may cause problems for them28.[C]longer life expectancy29.[D]spending less30.[A]unpreparedText331.[C]undermine users’decision-making32.[D]their strong presence33.[B]talk with relevant teams34.[B]protect consumers from being tricked35.[B]businesses'self-disciplineText436.[A]hard to determine37.[B]It is a behavior easy to measure.38.[D]are not necessarily ethically better39.[C]uncertain40.[C]is a result of multiple factors新题型41.[C]Start low,go slow42.[E]Listen to your body43.[A]Make it a habit44.[F]Go through the motions45.[B]Don’t go it alone翻译46.有时虽然我们尽了最大的努力，但我们的绘画作品很少能像原计划的那样呈现。