语言学课件-Chapter-10-language-and-Computer

Primary units „words‟ (meaningful) consist of secondary units „sounds‟ (meaningless).
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Hierarchy of language: stratification as „the infinite use of finite means‟.
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Human language is „unique‟

Arbitrariness

Duality

Hale Waihona Puke Creativity
Displacement
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3.1 Arbitrarines


Saussure: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words:
We focus on its primary sense: [1] a) b) c) d).
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“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager (1906-1992): Outline of Linguistic Analysis (1942)

0. Warm-up Questions
In what ways can computer facilitate our language learning?
To what extent do you rely on computer in your English learning?
How to improve the output quality of machine translation?
2. CALL
2.3 Types of CALL programs
➢ Davies & Higgins (1985): Gapmaster, Mazes, etc. ➢ Jones & Fortescue (1987): Matchmaster, Wordstore, etc. ➢ Higgins (1993): Customizing, Computer networks, etc
➢ Corpus: a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as transcription of recorded speech.
➢ Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study.
English Linguistics: An Introduction
Chapter 10 Language and Computer
Chapter 10 Language and Computer
0. Warm-up Questions 1. Computational Linguistics 2. CALL 3. Machine Translation 4. Corpus Linguistics

How do we translate this variety into manageable word meanings?
Three phenomena in the world:
1) organisms and objects (one type of entities):
e.g. people, animals, plants and all kinds of everyday artifacts such as books, chairs, cars and houses They are clearly delimited (有界) objects.
10.1 Introduction
Describe a car
★ box-like shape, wheels, doors, windows, engine, brakes, seat…
★ comfortable, fast, social status… ★ personal affairs connected with cars, e.g.
Chapter 10
Cognitive Linguistics
Contents
10.1 Introduction 10.2 Categorization and Categories
10.2.1 The classical theory 10.2.2 Prototype theory 10.2.3 Levels of categorization 10.3 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy 10.3.1 Conceptual metaphor 10.3.2 Conceptual metonymy 10.4 Iconicity 10.4.1 Iconicity of order 10.4.2 Iconicity of distance 10.4.3 Iconicity of complexity 10.5 Grammaticalization

区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩