I 基于Anylogic的企业生产成本核算分析仿真摘要成本核算是企业管理和财务决策中最重要的一个环节，在市场经济条件下，企业要想在竞争中取胜，必须降低生产成本，做好成本核算，着力提高利润水平；成本核算作为成本会计中最核心的模块，是进行成本预测、成本计划、成本分析、成本控制、成本管理的基础，核算数据的准确性和及时性，对企业及时修改经营管理策略、减少决策失误起到了重要的作用。
本文以制造环境为背景，分析和研究了制造企业生产成本核算的特点，引入排队论的理论和方法，为成本核算仿真优化提供了理论基础。
通过对生产车间成型工段成本的分析，定义了成本核算仿真模型的运算规则，运用计算机仿真技术和Anylogic仿真平台建立起生产车间成本核算系统仿真模型，在仿真系统实现过程中，设计了生产车间成本核算仿真系统的总体结构，并定义了系统的各项功能。
通过逻辑流程的建立及其与仿真显示的关联，实现了仿真系统整个流程的模拟。
关键词：计算机仿真，生产成本核算，AnylogicII Research on Costing Analysis Based on AnylogicABSTRACTEnterprise management and cost accounting is the most important financial decisions a part of the market economy, enterprises are to win in the competition, we must reduce production costs, good cost accounting, and strive to improve profitability; costing as a cost accounting in the core module is cost forecasting, cost planning, cost analysis, cost control, cost management based on accounting data accuracy and timeliness of enterprise management strategy changes in time, reduce the faults played an important role.In this paper, the manufacturing environment as the background, analysis and study the characteristics of manufacturing production cost accounting, the introduction of the theory and methods of queuing theory, simulation and optimization for the cost accounting provides a theoretical basis. Cost of the workshop through the analysis of the simulation model defines the operation rules of cost accounting, the use of computer simulation technology and simulation platform to build production plant Anylogic costing system simulation model, the process simulation system, the paper design workshop costing simulation system structure, and the division of the sub-module, define the system's various functions. Logical process through the establishment of its association with the simulation shows, the simulation system to achieve the simulation of the entire process.KEYWORDS:Computer simulation ，Costing check，AnylogicIII目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)目录 (III)1 绪论 (1)1.1 选题背景与意义 (1)1.1.1选题的背景 (1)1.1.2 选题的意义 (1)1.2 研究现状 (2)1.2.1 成本核算方面国外研究现状 (2)1.2.2 成本核算方面国内研究现状 (2)1.3 本文的研究方法 (3)1.4 本文的基本框架 (3)1.5 本章小结 (4)2 企业生产成本核算的基本理论基础 (5)2.1 企业成本核算管理的发展 (5)2.2 生产品加工企业生产成本核算的意义 (6)2.3 现有的企业生产成本的核算方法分析 (6)2.3.1成本核算的定义 (6)2.3.2 成本核算的内容 (6)2.3.3 生产成本核算的程序 (6)2.4 企业生产成本核算原则和要求 (7)2.4.1 企业生产成本核算的原则 (7)2.4.2 企业生产成本核算的要求 (8)2.5本章小结 (8)3 基于Anylogic的企业生产成本核算系统仿真分析 (10)3.1 仿真技术的应用 (10)3.2 Anylogic仿真软件简介 (10)3.3 仿真建模的实现 (11)3.3.1 系统中的对象 (12)3.3.2 队列 (14)3.3.3 消逝 (15)3.3.4 参数 (16)IV3.3.5 变量 (17)3.3.6 函数 (17)3.4 仿真系统创建关键技术研究 (18)3.4.1 一个新工程的创建 (18)3.4.2 各个参数的创建 (19)3.4.3 简单变量的创建 (20)3.4.4 函数的创建 (20)3.5 系统的运行 (22)3.5.1 系统的流程逻辑 (22)3.5.2 系统的成本分析 (23)3.5.3 系统的动画显示 (23)3.5.4 系统的优化 (24)3.6 本章小结 (24)4 总结与展望 (25)4.1 总结 (25)4.2 展望 (25)致谢 (26)参考文献 (27)基于Anylogic的企业生产成本核算分析仿真 11 绪论1.1 选题背景与意义1.1.1选题的背景近年来，由于国外先进制造技术和管理理念的不断引进，引起了我国制造行业的迅速发展。
成本核算方法有几种There are several methods for cost accounting。
Cost accounting is an important aspect of business management. It involves the calculation and analysis of the costs incurred in producing goods or services. There are several methods for cost accounting, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we will explore the most common methods for cost accounting.1. Job costing。
Job costing is a method of cost accounting that is used when a company produces unique products or services. This method involves tracking the costs associated with each job or project. The costs are then allocated to the job or project based on the amount of resources used.For example, a construction company would use job costing to track the costs associated with building aspecific house. The costs would include materials, labor, and overhead expenses. The total cost of the project would be calculated by adding up the costs associated with each job.2. Process costing。
Chapter 13The Costs of ProductionTRUE/FALSE1. The economic field of industrial organization examines how firms’ decisions about prices and quantitiesdepend on the market conditions they face.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Industrial organizationMSC: Interpretive2. Profit equals marginal revenue minus marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Definitional3. Profit equals total revenue minus total cost.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Definitional4. The difference between economic profit and accounting profit is that economic profit is calculated based onboth implicit and explicit costs whereas accounting profit is calculated based on explicit costs only.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Economic profit | Accounting profitMSC: Interpretive5. Accounting profit is greater than or equal to economic profit.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Accounting profit | Economic profitMSC: Analytical6. Economic profit is greater than or equal to accounting profit.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Accounting profit | Economic profitMSC: Analytical7. Although economists and accountants treat many costs differently, they both treat the cost of capital the same. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Economic profit | Accounting profitMSC: Interpretive8. Accountants keep track of the money that flows into and out of firms.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Accounting profitMSC: Interpretive9. When economists speak of a firm's costs, they are usually excluding the opportunity costs.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costsMSC: Interpretive10. Economists and accountants both include forgone income as a cost to a small business owner.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costsMSC: Interpretive11. Economists and accountants usually disagree on the inclusion of implicit costs into the cost analysis of a firm. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Implicit costsMSC: Interpretive850Chapter 13/The Costs of Production 851 12. Implicit costs are costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Implicit costsMSC: Definitional13. Accountants often ignore implicit costs.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Implicit costsMSC: Interpretive14. In the long run, a factory is usually considered a fixed input.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Long run MSC: Interpretive15. Diminishing marginal productivity implies decreasing total product.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Diminishing marginal productMSC: Interpretive16. Diminishing marginal product exists when the total cost curve becomes flatter as outputs increases.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Diminishing marginal productMSC: Interpretive17. Diminishing marginal product exists when the production function becomes flatter as inputs increase.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Diminishing marginal productMSC: Interpretive18. A second or third worker may have a higher marginal product than the first worker in certain circumstances. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal productMSC: Interpretive19. The typical total-cost curve is U-shaped.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total-cost curveMSC: Interpretive20. The average fixed cost curve is constant.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average fixed costMSC: Interpretive21. In the short run, if a firm produces nothing, total costs are zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total costs | Fixed costsMSC: Interpretive22. If a firm produces nothing, it still incurs its fixed costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Fixed costs MSC: Interpretive23. The shape of the total cost curve is unrelated to the shape of the production function.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total-cost curve | Production functionMSC: Interpretive852 Chapter 13/The Costs of Production24. The shape of the total cost curve is related to the shape of the production function.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total-cost curve | Production functionMSC: Interpretive25. If the marginal cost of producing the tenth unit of output is $3, and if the average total cost of producing thetenth unit of output is $2, then at ten units of output, average total cost is rising.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal cost | Average total costMSC: Analytical26. If the marginal cost of producing the tenth unit of output is $2.50, and if the average total cost of producing thetenth unit of output is $3, then at ten units of output, average total cost is rising.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal cost | Average total costMSC: Analytical27. If the marginal cost of producing the fifth unit of output is higher than the marginal cost of producing thefourth unit of output, then at five units of output, average total cost must be rising.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal cost | Average total costMSC: Analytical28. Marginal costs are costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal costMSC: Definitional29. Several related measures of cost can be derived from a firm's total cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Cost curves MSC: Interpretive30. Variable costs usually change as the firm alters the quantity of output produced.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Variable costsMSC: Definitional31. Variable costs equal fixed costs when nothing is produced.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Variable costsMSC: Interpretive32. The cost of producing an additional unit of a good is not the same as the average cost of the good.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: Interpretive33. Average variable cost is equal to total variable cost divided by quantity of output.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average variable costMSC: Definitional34. The average total cost curve is unaffected by diminishing marginal product.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Diminishing marginal product | Average total cost MSC: Interpretive35. The average total cost curve reflects the shape of both the average fixed cost and average variable cost curves. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: InterpretiveChapter 13/The Costs of Production 853 36. If the marginal cost curve is rising, then so is the average total cost curve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal cost | Average total costMSC: Interpretive37. The marginal cost curve intersects the average total cost curve at the minimum point of the average total costcurve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total cost | Marginal costMSC: Interpretive38. The marginal cost curve intersects the average total cost curve at the minimum point of the marginal costcurve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total cost | Marginal costMSC: Interpretive39. Assume Jack received all A's in his classes last semester. If Jack gets all B's in his classes this semester, hisGPA may or may not fall.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: Interpretive40. Average total cost and marginal cost express information that is already contained in a firm's total cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: Interpretive41. Average total cost reveals how much total cost will change as the firm alters its level of production.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: Interpretive42. The shape of the marginal cost curve tells a producer something about the marginal product of her workers. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Marginal cost | Marginal productMSC: Interpretive43. When average total cost rises if a producer either increases or decreases production, then the firm is said to beoperating at efficient scale.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Efficient scaleMSC: Interpretive44. Fixed costs are those costs that remain fixed no matter how long the time horizon is.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Fixed costs MSC: Interpretive45. Diseconomies of scale often arise because higher production levels allow specialization among workers. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Diseconomies of scaleMSC: Interpretive46. Economies of scale often arise because higher production levels allow specialization among workers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Economies of scaleMSC: Interpretive854 Chapter 13/The Costs of Production47. If long-run average total cost is rising, then the firm is experiencing economies of scale.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Economies of scale | Diseconomies of scaleMSC: Definitional48. The fact that many inputs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run has little impact on the firm'scost curves.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Long run MSC: Interpretive49. In some cases, specialization allows larger factories to produce goods at a lower average cost than smallerfactories.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: SpecializationMSC: Interpretive50. The use of specialization to achieve economies of scale is one reason modern societies are as prosperous asthey are.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: SpecializationMSC: Interpretive51. As a firm moves along its long-run average cost curve, it is adjusting the size of its factory to the quantity ofproduction.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: Interpretive52. Because of the greater flexibility that firms have in the long run, all short-run cost curves lie on or above thelong-run curve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Average total costMSC: Interpretive53. There is general agreement among economists that the long-run time period exceeds one year.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Long run MSC: InterpretiveTable 13-1Listed in the table are the long-run total costs for three different firms.54. Refer to Table 13-1. Firm A is experiencing economies of scale.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Economies of scaleMSC: Analytical55. Adam Smith's example of the pin factory demonstrates that economies of scale result from specialization. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 13-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Economies of scaleMSC: InterpretiveChapter 13/The Costs of Production 855 SHORT ANSWER1. What are opportunity costs? How do explicit and implicit costs relate to opportunity costs?ANS:The opportunity cost of an item refers to all those things that must be forgone to acquire that item. Both explicit and implicit costs are included as opportunity costs.DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Opportunity costs MSC: Definitional2. A key difference between accountants and economists is their different treatment of the cost of capital. Doesthis cause an accountant's estimate of total costs to be higher or lower than an economist's estimate? Explain. ANS:An accountant would not include the forgone interest income that the money could have earned elsewhere if it had not been invested in the business. Therefore, an accountant's estimate of total cost will be less than an economist's. DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Economic profit | Accounting profit MSC: Analytical3. The production function depicts a relationship between which two variables? Also, draw a production functionthat exhibits diminishing marginal product.ANS:It depicts a relationship between output and a given input. The graph should show output increasing, but at a decreasing rate as inputs increase.DIF: 2 REF: 13-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Production function MSC: Applicative856 Chapter 13/The Costs of Production4. How would a production function that exhibits decreasing marginal product affect the shape of the total costcurve? Explain or draw a graph.ANS:The total cost curve will increase at an increasing rate, or in other words, the total cost curve gets steeper as the amount produced rises.DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Diminishing marginal product | Total-cost curve MSC: Analytical5. What effect, if any, does diminishing marginal product have on the shape of the marginal cost curve?ANS:Diminishing marginal product causes the marginal cost curve to rise.DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Diminishing marginal product | Marginal cost MSC: Analytical6. Bob Edwards owns a bagel shop. Bob hires an economist who assesses the shape of the bagel shop's averagetotal cost (ATC) curve as a function of the number of bagels produced. The results indicate a U-shapedaverage total cost curve. Bob's economist explains that ATC is U-shaped for two reasons. The first is theexistence of diminishing marginal product, which causes it to rise. What would be the second reason? Assume that the marginal cost curve is linear. (Hint: The second reason relates to average fixed cost)ANS:Average fixed cost always declines as output rises because fixed cost is being spread over a larger number of units, thus causing the average total cost curve to fall.DIF: 3 REF: 13-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Average total cost MSC: Analytical7. If the average total cost curve is falling, what is necessarily true of the marginal cost curve? If the average totalcost curve is rising, what is necessarily true of the marginal cost curve?ANS:When average total cost curve is falling, marginal cost is below ATC. If the average total cost curve is rising, marginal cost is above ATC.DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Average total cost | Marginal cost MSC: Analytical8. According to the mathematical laws that govern the relationship between average total cost and marginal cost,where must these two curves intersect?ANS:The two curves will cross at the minimum point on the average total cost curve.DIF: 2 REF: 13-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Costs of productionTOP: Average total cost | Marginal cost MSC: AnalyticalChapter 13/The Costs of Production 857 Sec00 - The Costs of ProductionMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Analyzing the behavior of the firm enhances our understanding ofa.what decisions lie behind the market supply curve.b.how consumers allocate their income to purchase scarce resources.c.how financial institutions set interest rates.d.whether resources are allocated fairly.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Supply curveMSC: Applicative2. Which field of economics studies how the number of firms affects the prices in a market and the efficiency ofmarket outcomes?a.macro economicsb.industrial organizationbor economicsd.monetary economicsANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Industrial organizationMSC: Definitional3. Economists in the field of industrial organization study howa.central banking policies affect financial markets.b.firms’ demand for labor and individuals’ supply of labor affect resource markets.c.firms’ decisions about prices and quantities depend on market conditions.d.externalities and public goods affect the environment.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Industrial organizationMSC: Definitional4. Industrial organization is the study of howbor unions organize workers in industries.b.profitable firms are in organized industries.c.industries organize for political advantage.d.firms' decisions regarding prices and quantities depend on the market conditions they face.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Industrial organizationMSC: Definitional5. To an economist, the field of industrial organization answers which of the following questions?a.Why are consumers subject to the law of demand?b.Why do firms experience diminishing marginal products of inputs?c.How does the number of firms affect prices and the efficiency of market outcomes?d.Why do firms consider production costs when determining product supply?ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Industrial organizationMSC: Definitional6. A student might describe information about the costs of production asa.dry and technical.b.boring.c.crucial to understanding firms and market structures.d.All of the above could be correct.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 13-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive858 Chapter 13/The Costs of ProductionSec01 - The Costs of Production - What Are Costs?MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Economists assume that the typical person who starts her own business does so with the intention ofa.donating the profits from her business to charity.b.capturing the highest number of sales in her industry.c.maximizing profits.d.minimizing costs.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Applicative2. Economists normally assume that the goal of a firm is to(i)sell as much of their product as possible.(ii)set the price of the product as high as possible.(iii)maximize profit.a.(i) and (ii) are true.b.(ii) and (iii) are true.c.(iii) is true.d.(i) and (iii) are true.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive3. Economists normally assume that the goal of a firm is to earn(i)profits as large as possible, even if it means reducing output.(ii)profits as large as possible, even if it means incurring a higher total cost.(iii)revenues as large as possible, even if it reduces profits.a.(i) and (ii) are true.b.(i) and (iii) are true.c.(ii) and (iii) are true.d.(i), (ii), and (iii) are true.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive4. A n entrepreneur’s motivation to start a business arises froma.an innate love for the type of business that he or she starts.b. a desire to earn a profit.c.an altruistic desire to provide the world with a good product.d.All of the above could be correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive5. Economists normally assume that the goal of a firm is toa.maximize its total revenue.b.maximize its profit.c.minimize its explicit costs.d.minimize its total cost.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: DefinitionalChapter 13/The Costs of Production 8596. Economists assume that the goal of the firm is to maximize totala.revenue.b.profits.c.costs.d.satisfaction.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive7. When a firm is making a profit-maximizing production decision, which of the following principles ofeconomics is likely to be most important to the firm's decision?a.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.b. A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.c.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.ernments can sometimes improve market outcomes.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive8. The amount of money that a firm receives from the sale of its output is calleda.total gross profit.b.total net profit.c.total revenue. revenue.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total revenueMSC: Definitional9. Total revenue equalsa.price x quantity.b.price/quantity.c.(price x quantity) - total cost.d.output - input.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total revenueMSC: Definitional10. The amount of money that a firm pays to buy inputs is calleda.total cost.b.variable cost.c.marginal cost.d.fixed cost.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total cost MSC: Definitional11. Total cost is thea.amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.b.fixed cost less variable cost.c.market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.d.quantity of output minus the quantity of inputs used to make a good.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total cost MSC: Definitional12. Profit is defined as revenue minus depreciation.b.total revenue minus total cost.c.average revenue minus average total cost.d.marginal revenue minus marginal cost.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Definitional13. Profit is defined as total revenuea.plus total cost.b.times total cost.c.minus total cost.d.divided by total cost.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Definitional14. Which of the following can be added to profit to obtain total revenue? profitb.capital profitc.operational profitd.total costANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total revenueMSC: Analytical15. If Kelsey sells 300 glasses of lemonade at $0.50 each, her total revenues area.$150.b.$299.50.c.$300.d.$600.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total revenueMSC: Analytical16. If Amanda sells 200 glasses of lemonade at $0.50 each, her total revenues area.$100.b.$199.50.c.$200.d.$400.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Total revenueMSC: Analytical17. Kirsten sells 300 glasses of lemonade at $0.50 each. Her total costs are $125. Her profits area.$25.b.$124.50.c.$125.d.$150.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Analytical18. Zoe sells 200 glasses of lemonade at $0.50 each. Her total costs are $25. Her profits area.$25.b.$75.c.$100.d.$175.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Analytical19. XYZ corporation produced 300 units of output but sold only 275 of the units it produced. The average cost ofproduction for each unit of output produced was $100. Each of the 275 units sold was sold for a price of $95.Total profit for the XYZ corporation would bea.-$3,875.b.$26,125.c.$28,500.d.$30,000.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Profit MSC: Applicative20. Those things that must be forgone to acquire a good are calleda.implicit costs.b.opportunity costs.c.explicit costs.d.accounting costs.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Definitional21. Gordon is a senior majoring in computer network development at Smart State University. While he has beenattending college, Gordon started a computer consulting business to help senior citizens set up their network connections and teach them how to use e-mail. Gordon charges $25 per hour for his consulting services.Gordon also works 5 hours a week for the Economics Department to maintain that department's Web page.The Economics Department pays Gordon $20 per hour. From this information we can conclude:a.Gordon should increase the number of hours he works for the Economics Department to make itcomparable to his consulting business income.b.Gordon is obviously not maximizing his well-being if he continues to work for the EconomicsDepartment.c.If Gordon chooses one hour at the beach with his friends rather than spend one more hour with aconsulting client, the forgone income of $25 is considered a cost of the choice to go to the beach.d.Both b and c are correctANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Analytical22. A firm's opportunity costs of production are equal to itsa.explicit costs only.b.implicit costs only.c.explicit costs + implicit costs.d.explicit costs + implicit costs + total revenue.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Definitional23. Susan used to work as a telemarketer, earning $25,000 per year. She gave up that job to start a cateringbusiness. In calculating the economic profit of her catering business, the $25,000 income that she gave up is counted as part of the catering firm'sa.total revenue.b.opportunity costs.c.explicit costs.d.marginal costs.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Interpretive24. John has decided to start his own lawn-mowing business. To purchase the mowers and the trailer to transportthe mowers, John withdrew $1,000 from his savings account, which was earning 3% interest, and borrowed an additional $2,000 from the bank at an interest rate of 7%. What is John's annual opportunity cost of thefinancial capital that has been invested in the business?a.$30b.$140c.$170d.$300ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Analytical25. Gavin has decided to start his own snow removal business. To purchase the necessary equipment, Gavinwithdrew $2,000 from his savings account, which was earning 3% interest, and borrowed an additional $4,000 from the bank at an interest rate of 7%. What is Gavin's annual opportunity cost of the financial capital that has been invested in the business?a.$60b.$280c.$340d.$660ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Analytical26. Dianne has decided to start her own photography studio. To purchase the necessary equipment, Diannewithdrew $10,000 from her savings account, which was earning 3% interest, and borrowed an additional$5,000 from the bank at an interest rate of 8%. What is Dianne's annual opportunity cost of the financialcapital that has been invested in the business?a.$300b.$400c.$700d.$1,650ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Analytical27. The value of a business owner's time is an example ofa.an opportunity cost.b. a fixed cost.c.an explicit cost.d.total revenue.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Interpretive28. An example of an opportunity cost that is also an implicit cost isa. a lease payment.b.the cost of raw materials.c.the value of the business owner’s time.d.All of the above are correct.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 13-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Costs of production TOP: Opportunity costMSC: Interpretive。
