The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language
全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland（北爱尔兰） .
由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）.
两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠） and Ireland（爱尔兰）
The River Thames (second longest and most important),
originates（起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，着名港口 ).
The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府)
Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.
Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛
Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅),
St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.
大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人
Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people
威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人
English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系
Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。
1、Old English: was influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the
German and Dutch languages.
受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.
was ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by the French-speaking Normans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服
2、Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-Saxons
(Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)
征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）
3、Modern English(15 century): William Caxton brought standardization to English, and
spelling and grammar became fixed. The first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.
卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.
It is also called “the Queen’s English” or “BBC English”. A third of world’s population use English.
标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。
Chapter 2 History
1.有记录的历史起始于55BC,Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）and his Roman troops invaded the island. 410年, Germanic（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治
2.Celtic→Spain and France 凯尔特人→西班牙和法国
Anglo-Saxon→Germanic Tribes盎格鲁-撒克逊→日耳曼部落
3. Norman Conquest（诺曼征服） of England marked the establishment of feudalism（封建制度）
4. Henry II 建立 rule of the House of Anjou(安茹王朝) in England, 亦称为the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝). He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury system and institutionalized common law.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。
5. The Magna Ca (大宪章）：英国宪政的基础 the foundation of the British constitutionalism
6. Henry III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort,
drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约) to limit the King’s power by calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy Council(枢密院).
由Simon de Montfort率领的贵族，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用15名枢密院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院）
Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a representative parliament.
西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。
7.The Wars of the Roses: the House of York( white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red rose)→winner. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor.约克（白玫瑰）和兰开斯特家族（红玫瑰）→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治
8. In 1584, King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy 《至尊法案》. In 1651, Cromwell destroyed Charles II’s army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.
1584，国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。在1651，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在1660届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦。
9. 在1688，光荣革命（Glorious Revolution）发生。在1689年，议会通过了人权法案（ the Bill of Rights）。
10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。
11.The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about 1/4 of the global population and the world’s landmass.大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民1583。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了1 / 4的世界人口和世界的陆地。
12.South African is the fourth self-government dominion of the British
Empire after Canada, Australia and New Zealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。
Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth
1.Britain is a parliamentary democracy 议会制民主with a constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.The British Constitution is made up of
① Statutory law 成文法,制定法（the most important）→ passed by parliament
②Common law 判例法，普通法→ customs or legal precedents
③Conventions 习惯法，衡平法→not legally exist, but still vital
The King or
Queen’s role
is ceremonial,
unpolitical and
symbolic
3.
4.The House of commons（下议院）三大职能①The most important is drafting new laws. 立法②to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government 约束政府③to influence the future government policy影像未来政策
6. The parliament: a two-party system 两党制
7. Three main parties: The Conservative Party保守党, The Labor Party 工党, The Liberal Democrats自由民主党. 获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为
执政党
8. The Queen of Britain is considered the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are all located in London.英国女王被认为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。总部都设在伦敦。
Chapter 4 Economy
1.By the 19th century, the British economy had produced 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods.十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品
2.In order to separate politics and economic policy, Tony Blair made the Bank of England independent. His government was successful in limiting government spending, keeping inflation under control and reducing unemployment.为了独立的政治和经济政策，布莱尔让英国央行独立。他的政府是成功的限制政府开支，控制通货膨胀，减少失业率。
3.Important crops are wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes. The major fishing areas are the North Sea, the English Channel, the waters off the Irish coast and the sea area between Britain and Iceland.重要的农作物有小麦、大麦、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕鱼区是北海，英吉利海峡，爱尔兰海岸和英国和冰岛之间的海域。
4.Major source of energy: coal mining, oil industry (relatively new), nuclear power能源的主要来源：煤炭开采，石油工业（相对较新），核电
5.Three principal financial centers三大金融中心: London, Tokyo, New York
6.Tourism: Stonehenge, Windsor Castle. Britain is one of the world’s largest centers for international conference.最大国际会议中心
7.Export出口 partners: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, France
Import进口 partner: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, China Chapter 5 Education, Media and Holidays
1.Before 1870, education was voluntary and schools were set by the church. 1870年之前教育是自愿的，教堂开设学校
20th century later on, government take responsibility for education 二十世纪以后，政府承担教育
2.Four stages: ①primary初中: 5---11
②secondary高中: 11---16
③further education两年以上高中---16 two more years in preparation for higher education
④higher education高等教育---18
3.Two parallel school system
State system国家制度 93% → free to all children between 5---16 years old
Independent system独立制度→7% independent tuition fees and curriculum
4.Further Education
● At 16: National examination国考→GCSE(Certificate of Secondary
Education) 中等教育证书to leave or continue
● Sixth form (2 years): 3 or 4 subjects
● A-level( General Certificate of Education---Advanced)→for
universities admittances(academic)普通教育高级证书
● GNVQ( General National Vocational Qualification)→for vocational
training全国通用职业资格证书
5.Recruitment based on: Grades of A-levels, school refences, interview 招聘基于：普通教育高级证书，学校推荐和面试
6.Mostly funded by central government grants except university of Buckingham
B.A/B.S M.A/M.S Doctoral degree
3 years 1---2years 3---5years
Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
7.For most British people, a day begins with the morning newspaper and ends with television.
Quality Press Tabloids
Fo
rmat
Large-size paper Smaller
To pic
Political and social
importance, high culture
Scandals and gossip
St
yle
Serious, in-depth Short, easy to read
Re ader
Well-educated,
middle-class
The common people
Ex ample The Times The News of the World,
The Sun on Sunday
8.The Observer→the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper最老周日报
The Times→ one of Britain’s oldest and influential newspaper 英国最老最有影响力的报纸
THREE BIG: The Times, The guardian, The Daily Telegraph 三巨头：时代，卫报，每日电讯报
9.BBC: The British Broadcasting Corporation, excel in documentaries
英国广播公司
BSkyB: Britain’s top pay-television provider英国天空广播公司，顶级付费
10. Three Christmas traditions: ①Christmas pantomime ②Queen’s Christmas message ③Boxing Day (falls on the day after Christmas) 圣诞三传统：①圣诞哑剧②女王的圣诞致辞③节礼日（落在圣诞节后一天）
11. Trooping the Color (in June), known as the Queen’s Birthday Parade 女王生日游行、
Chapter 6 Literature
1.The old English: the epic Beowulf : folk legend of Anglo-Saxons
盎格鲁-撒克逊人的民间传说
Middle English: Geoffrey Chaucer, the first court poet The Canterbury Tales
杰弗里乔叟，第一个宫廷诗人坎特伯雷故事集
2.Renaissance 文艺复兴
莎士比亚代表作：Romeo and Juliet（罗密欧和朱丽叶）Hamlet（哈姆雷特）Othello（奥赛罗）King Lear（李尔王）Macbeth（麦克白）
Alexander Pope：An Essay on Criticism（批评论）, the greatest English poet of the classical school
3. Jonathan Swift →Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记
Daniel Defoe →Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记
4.William Wordsworth, passive Romanticism → Lake poets
Second generation of Romanticism → George Gordon Byron
5.It was in the Victorian Era that the novel became the leading form of literature
The United States of America
Chapter 8 Geography and People
1.The United States consist of 48 contiguous states in North America, plus Alaska, and Hawaii.
四十八个州+阿拉斯加半岛&夏威夷群岛
Alaska: largest area全美最大 Rhode罗德岛中: smallest area Texas 德克萨斯州: the largest state on the mainland本土最大
2. New England is the Europeans’first settlement, including Harvard, Yale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)新英国是欧洲人的第一个解决的问题，包括哈佛、耶鲁和麻省理工学院（麻省理工）
3.Climate: temperate, with some mild subtropical zones 温带&温和的亚热带
4.Major Cities:
New York → the commercial, financial and entertainment center. (the biggest city)商业金融娱乐中心
San Francisco → a center of oil-refining, chemicals, commerce,
finance and shipping industry 炼油、化工、商业、金融和航运业的中心
Los Angeles→second largest city, where Hollywood好莱坞 is located Chicago→“the Windy City”风城 is the nation’s third largest city
5.The longest river: Mississippi River, the longest in the world 密西西比河，也是世界上最长的河
The Great Lakes: from west to east 由西向东
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, & Lake Ontario Lake Michigan belongs to USA. The other 4 belong to both USA & Canada 密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，密歇根湖属于美国，其他4个属于美国和加拿大
Chapter 9 History
1.It is traditionally believed that the first Americans were Indians, descendants of the Mongoloid people in Asia.传统意义上来说第一个美国人是印第安人，亚洲黄种人的后裔
2. In 1781, the United States of America won its independence美国独立
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which granted freedom to all slaves. 1863年林肯解放黑奴 Turning point: Gettysburg
意义：解放黑奴，统一美国
美国独立战争：
原因：
①殖民地要求更多自主权，the people in the colonies wanted morepower。
②波士顿倾茶事件，the Boston Tea Party，1773
过程
第一届大陆会议，the First continental Congress，1774年九月，Philadelphia费城
莱克星顿的枪声，Lexington Shot
第二次大陆会议，the Second continental Congress，1775，确立中央政府began 头 assume the functions of a national government。
汤姆杰克逊通过独立宣言（Declaration）
Civil War（内战）
1)奴隶制成为中心 The issue of slavery became，in American politics，
economics and cultural life，the central point of contention。
2)林肯当总统，南方要独立。
3)奴隶解放宣言emancipation proclamation
4)Lee surrendered to the North marked，（Lee 投降）内战结束
5)战后资本主义发展迅速
World War Ⅰ（1914~1918）
原因：
①The Germans announced that submarines were to be used to sink ships going to England，which would greatly injure American trade.
②Germany promised the Mexicans a chance to regain its lost territory by going to war against America.
③After more than two years of fighting,both sides grew weary. World War Ⅱ（1939~1949）
原因：the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor
影像：美国发了一笔战争财，成为西方最强大的国家
Franklin D.Roosevelt:the ‘New Deal’ 1933.罗斯福新政
Spring of 1947，Truman：Truman Doctrine杜鲁门主义
1949，美国和西方国家成立the North Athletic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织
The Vietnam War（1954~1975）
Begin：Eisenhower continue：John F.Kennedy end:Nixon
Chapter 10 Government
Constitution
The Constitution of the United States，basic law of the land.
In Philadelphia
Drawn up in 1787,
Came into effect in 1789.
?separation of powers, check and balances;分权以制衡
?the federal government had the only powers specified in
the constitution;联邦政府在宪法的唯一权利
?The constitution goes first;宪法第一
?All men are equal.人人平等
Qualifications for being a senator:参议员当选条件
over 30 years old;
a US citizen for at least 9 years;公民做满九年
resident in the state from which he is elected.在所在州
当选
Qualifications for being a representative:参议员代表当选条件
at least 25 years old;
a US citizen for no less than 7 years; 公民做七年
serve for a term of two years.任职两年
donkey representing the Democratic Party and an elephant representing the Republican Party
民主党——驴共和党——象
The Democratic Party—liberal;Leading party before the civil war民主党：南北战争时期
The Republican Party —conservative;Abraham Lincoln: the first president from the Republican Party 共和党-保守党；亚伯拉罕-林肯：共和党第一任总统
Foreign policy Neutrality Containment and Intervention外交政策中立性遏制与干预
Nixon administration’s historic step—closer ties with Communist countries：尼克松政府与共产党的历史性一步
New relationship with China—the most dramatic move;
Nixon— first US President to visit Beijing;中国最具戏剧性的关系--尼克松--首位美国总统访问北京；
Chapter 11 Economy
美国是世界上最大的工业国家
History of American economy
Colonial economy-------farming economy-------industrial economy
殖民地经济————农业经济————工业经济
Unit 1 UK 著名景点 Big Ben 大本钟2、Tower Bridge(crosses the River Thames; close to the Tower of London; symbol of London ) 3、Westminster Abbey ( Gothic church in the City of Westminster,London; Coronation and burial site for British monarchs.) 4、Red Double Decker Bus (mass transit) 英国基本知识 1、constituent parts ? England/ Scotland/ Northern Ireland/ Wales(国旗) 2、the national anthem(国歌)? God save the queen 3、The national Emblem? 4、National flower? Rose (Wars of the Roses - civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster ( red rose) and the royal house of York (white rose).) 5、地理位置 6、Full name?The "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".（The British Isles不列颠岛; Great Britain; UK ; Commonwealth） 7、Three political divisions（行政区域）: England, Scotland, and Wales. 8、Commonwealth? A free association of sovereign states comprising Great Britain and a number of its former dependencies ; united as ?free and equal members‘. 9、Capital England(London); Scotland(Edinburgh); Wales(Cardiff); Northern Ireland(Belfast) 10、Backbone of England? Pennine 11、Ben Nevis? the highest mountain in UK. 1343m 12、North Ireland? National flower: Irish clover (三叶草)；Lough Neagh (the largest lake in UK) ; industrious; agricultural 13、Rivers and lakes?1. The Severn River(longest river; from the mountain of Wales to the Bristol Channel) 2. The Thames River (Main source of London‘s water supply;Second longest river in Britain; Costwold Hills--North Sea)3. The Clyde River (The most important river in Scotland)4. Lake District 5. Lough Neagh（The largest lake in Britain (396 square kilometers), Northern Ireland.） 14、The climate in Britain?pea souper 超级浓雾 Unit2 UK 1、the first settler? The Iberian(伊比利亚人) 2、Stonehenge(巨石阵)?was a place of healing center；The most important monument left by Iberian；There are about 80 stones, and each is five meters tall. 3、The Celtic language? the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic(盖尔语) (Irish,Scotish). 4、Hadrian ‘s Wall 5、7th century Heptarchy（七国联盟）?(Wessex; Sussex; Kent; Essex; East Anglia; Mercia; Northumbria) 6、Viking pirates(维京海盗) ? Vikings from Denmark；established some small kingdoms；Northern and eastern England 7、The Norman Conquest(1066)? The Normans that invaded England in 1066 came from Normandy in Northern France.
英语国家概况考试题型如下： 1.选择题（30 X 1’） 2.填空题（20 X 1’） 3.简答（10 X 2’）--必须回答完整的句子 4.分析题（6 X 5’）-- 必须回答完整的句子 总分100 分 主要内容包括： 一．U.S. Geography 1.Full name of U.S.. 2.Number of States: 50 states. 3.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France there was a desire for territorial expansion among many frontier men. 4.The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. The fourth largest countries. 5.Taxas is the largest mainland state of the U.S.. Alaska is the largest state of the U.S.. 6.Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. 7.America’s movies are mostly made in Hollywood near the city of Los Angeles in south California. 二．U.S. People 1.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the Blacks (Afriican-Americans). 2.The “first Americans” were the Indians. 3.The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. 4.The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today’s V erginia in the year of 1607. 5.The “Three Faiths” in the U.S. refer to: ?Protestan ?Catholic ?Jewish 6.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. 7.American society is a stratified one in which power, wealth and pestige are unequally distributed among the population. 8.WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
The Sports Culture of the United Kingdom ---An Introduction to the UK 姓名：谢宏桥 学号：2012213047 班级：七班 分数： 2013 年 12 月20 日 When it comes to the United Kingdom, People will always think of the British gentlemen with traditional hat and cane. In fact, sports are as traditional as gentlemen in Britain. The United Kingdom, a traditional and strong country not only in the area of industry and comprehensive national strength, but also in the area of sports, has a long history for playing sports. A lot of major sports originated in the UK, including association football, golf, tennis, boxing, rugby league, rugby union, cricket, field hockey, snooker, billiards, squash, curling and badminton, all of which are popular in Britain. Even the table tennis and baseball, the Chinese and American national sports, originated from Britain. Now British sports not only affect the social context at home, but also have a great impact outside home. We even can regard the sports as a reflection of British culture. Let’s know about Britain from its sports culture. 1. Various important sports originating in the UK 1.1 Association football. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a very important sport originated in his traditional home—England in the 19th century. The laws of the game were originally codified in England by the Football
英语国家概况（阅读） 1、Which of the following statements is NOT true? C.The Social Democratic and Labour Party is a very important political party in Britain 2、Which of the following statements is NOT correct? D.Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution. 3、To get a bachelor’s degree, an American undergraduate student is required to do the following except ____. C.taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophy 4、Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes? B.The legislative. 5、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? C.Eating chocolate eggs on Easter Day. 6、Which of the following statements is NOT true about blacks after the 1960s? A.Blacks felt that they could be fully integrated into the mainstream of American life. 7、The New Deal was started by ___. A.Franklin Roosevelt. 8、Which of the following is NOT based on the fact? A.Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. 9、Three of the following are characteristics of London, Which of the four is the EXCEPTION? C.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world 10、In order to go to university, secondary school students in the US must meet the following requirements except that ___. D.They pass the college entrance examinations 11、Which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over, ___. D.the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined. 12、Which of the following about the tabloids is not true? A.They are big format newspapers. 13、In the 17th century,the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because ____. A.they wanted to increase its control over Ireland 14、The largest religion in the US is ___. B.Christianity 15、Which of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords? C.The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.
Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The United Kingdom is located in northern Europe. F 2. The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions —England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. F 3. England is one of the two large islands in the British Isles. F 4. The British Isles are made up of three large islands and hundreds of small ones. F 5. Wales lies on the east coast of the island of Great Britain. F 6. The Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that all used to be colonies of Britain. F 7. In Scotland, rugged mountains, green valleys, and deep, blue lakes provide some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe. T 8. The longest river in Britain is the Thames. F 9. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in northwest England. F 10. Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current that sweeps up from the equator and flows past the British Isles. T Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The English, the Scots, and the Welsh are Anglo-Saxons, but the Irish are Celts.F 2. London and England as a whole have great influence over the rest of the United Kingdom because of their large population. T 3. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin are the largest group of immigrants in Britain. T 4. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of older people and a higher percentage of younger people. F 5. The Welsh language is the official language in Wales. T 6. Scottish Gaelic is the official language in Scotland. F 7. The English language is the predominant language in Northern Ireland. T 8. English people all strive to free themselves of regional or local accents in order to sound like educated English-speaking people. F 9. Social class in the UK lays more emphasis on money and property. F 10. Britishness is associated with political, historical, technological, sporting, and cultural achievements in Britain. T Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The first Roman invasion took place in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Julius Caesar. F 2. The name “England”derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who came to England in the 5th and 6th centuries. T 3. The Magna Carta defined the King’s feudal rights, preventing him from arbitrarily collecting revenue. T 4. The Black Death once ravage England, carrying off three fourths of the population. F 5. During Edward III’ s reign, the war with France known as the Hundred Years’ War began. T 6. The Wars of the Roses were in the main a great contest for Crown between the rival houses of York and Lancaster. T
A comparative study on the structure of British and American Governments The structure of American Governments The main government of the united states is the Federal government.It has three branches:The Legislature,The Executive and The Judiciary. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses:the Senate and the House of Representative.the senate has 100voting member.2 from each of the 50 states.a senator must be over 30 years old.the House of Representative has 435 voting members,a Representatives must be at least 25years old.Congress helps to pass laws of the Union There are 15 departments and many independent agencies in executive branch.the President is the chief of the executive branch,who has the power to manage national affairs and the working of the federal government.Cabinet is under the President in the administration branch,which serves the president as a presidential council. The judicial branch consists of 3 main courts:the supreme courts,the courts of appeals and the district courts.the supreme courts is the highest court of the United states.the courts of appeals is set up to share the burden of the Supreme Court.The district courts serves for local government ,and every state has its own judicial system. The structure of the British Governments The main 3 parts of the British Governments is the Legislature,the Executive and The Judiciary. Parliament is the law-making body of Britain,which is made of the Crown,the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The government is made up of the Prime Minister,the Cabinet ministers and assistants to the ministers.the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.The Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.the Cabinet follow the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility.In fact,the Prime Minister is the most powerful leader in Britain.
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋.（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）
2011英语国家概况期末考 1 of 100 Whose speech is closest to BBC English? A Cockney Southerners in England northerners in England A Welsh 2 of 100 The two newest states which joined the United States are _____. Alaska and Hawaii California and New Mexico Alaska and Florida Hawaii and Oregon 3 of 100
Which of the following is NOT one of the general standards for admission into an institution of higher learning in the U. S. A.? ACTP GPA MBA SAT 4 of 100 Britain's longest rivers are _____. the Severn and the Thames the Thames and the Clyde the Clyde and the Humber the Severn and the Clyde 5 of 100 New Englanders were originally known as _______. Yankees German farmers
Fishermen from Scandinavia English Puritans 6 of 100 The Constitution of the United States provides that _____ shall be President of the Senate. the Chief Justice the Secretary of State the Vice President the President 7 of 100 Which of the following is NOT one of the clauses in Magna Carta? There should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The principle of parliamentary supremacy should be confirmed and free speech in Parliament should be guaranteed.
英语国家概况复习要点 Part One UK The Country 1.Different Names for Britain and its Parts Name：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Parts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, and all the offshore islands Politically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland. 3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山) the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉） 4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河) The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames（泰晤士河） 5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland) 6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉） The people 7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。 8.Basis of Modern English race? The earlist people known in Britain were nomads（游牧者）from mainland Europe in the Old Stone Age（旧石器时代）,followed by Neolithic（新石器时代）Iberians （伊比利亚人) and the Beaker Folk(比克人）in the Bronze Age（青铜器时代） 9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state? ①.established 'Old English' ②.laid the foundations of the English state ③. divided the country into shires ④. created the 'Witan' to advise the King(the basis of the Cabinet) 10.different invaders? First invasion—In 55 BC, Julius Caesar Second—Caesar's second raid in 54 BC Third and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain (recorded) Left—In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, forcing Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending its occupation of the island History 9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” ? Sir Francis Drake 10. The Norman Conquest and its consequences The Norman Conquest (1066-1071) Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because
《英语国家概况》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程编码：B170832223 课程类别：专业基础课 课程名称：英语国家概况 课程性质：必修 适用专业：翻译 开课学期：第三学期 总学分：2 总学时：32 先行课程：英语语法、英语口语、英语听力、英汉翻译 课程简介：本课程属于翻译专业教学课程体系中的专业基础课。该课程旨培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 推荐教材：王恩铭. 英语国家概况[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2013 参考书目： [1] 来安方. 英美概况[M]. 河南: 河南人民出版社, 2007 [2] 余志远. 英语国家概况主编[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000 [3] 朱永涛. 英国社会与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003 二、课程总目标 以《英语国家概况》（王恩铭著）为蓝本。本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。 三、教学指南 课程重点：本课程教学的重点使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的 其他情况。 课程难点：在使学生了解英语国家主要的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况同时，还要培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立 工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 教学方法和手段：讲授+讨论+练习
[键入文档标题] [键入文档标题] 班级：英语N113班 姓名：沈晓 学号：9303 Abstract The history of the democracy of the United Kingdom is the history that consists of party politics, monarchy, judicial system, parliamentary system, and cabinet system, the history that parliament gradually replaced King to rule the nation, the history that the principle which cabinet should be responsible to Parliament produced, developed and finally established, the history that party began and grew in its interior, the history that democracy defeated despotism and equality defeated privilege constantly, the history that the United Kingdom society make progress constantly. The whole process of the history is exactly the process that the United Kingdom establishes the constitutional regime and gradually realizes the democratization. In a word, the political democracy of the United Kingdom went through its process of gestation, birth, growth and maturity. And with this process, United Kingdom-style political democracy gave the world its unique nature. Keywords：democracy Knights of Round Table Magna Carta Civil War the Bill of Rights Parliamentary Reform of 1832 Britain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years. Other countries also have long political histories but these histories are marked by periods of sudden, and often violent, change. Although Britain too has had its periods of political instability, in contrast to
英语国家概况—美国部分测试题 姓名____________ 班级_______________ 分数______________ 1. America was named after（）. A. Italian navigator Columbus B. navigator Amerigo Vespucci C. some Indian chieftain D. George Washington, founding father of the United States 2. Between 1860 and 1990, the United States witnessed（）large-scale population movements. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 3.At the beginning of the Berlin Blockade, President Truman turned down the option of（）. A. sending supplies through the highways, protected by tanks and troops B. sending supplies through the waterways C. starting large-scale airlifting D. staring limited airlifting to test the Soviets 4.In 1900, the United States ranked first in the production of（）. A. coal B. electricity C. oil D. wheat 5.The Constitutional Convention in America was attended by（）. A. all of the 13 states B. all of the states except Maryland C. all of the states except Rhode Island D. all of the states, but later Rhode Island withdrew from the convention 6.In the United States, Henry Ford became famous（）. A. because of his wealth B. because he set up the Standard Oil Corporation C. because he was the first to invent cars D. because of his Model T automobile 7.The attitude of many Americans toward different political views after WWⅡcan be described as（）. A. following the main trend of view B. intolerant C. indifferent D. tolerant 8.In the U.S., the Red Scare refers to（）. A. a senseless hysteria about the danger of communism B. a fear of Soviet subversion C. a senseless hate of anything foreign D. an intolerance of any idea different from the mainstream idea 9.In the United States, the“winner-take-all”system applies to（）. A. all the states B. a majority of the states C. all states except Maine D. only Maine 10.In “Old Man and Sea”, Hemingway praises the old man’s attitude towards（）. A. defeat and failure B. the sea C. his work D. nature 11. Which of the following is NOT among the five biggest cities in the United States?( ) A. Chicago. B. New York. C. Miami. D. Los Angeles. 12.____, which banned slavery, was added to the American Constitution in December, 1865.( ) A. The Bill of Rights B. The Thirteenth Amendment C. The Civil Rights Act D. The Voting Rights Act 13.___ have made it possible for all sections of the American population to have higher education.