英语国家概况复习整理

英语国家概况复习题答案
1. 英国的首都是哪个城市？
答案：伦敦。

2. 美国的官方语言是什么？
答案：英语。

3. 加拿大的首都是哪里？
答案：渥太华。

4. 澳大利亚的货币单位是什么？
答案：澳元。

5. 新西兰的国旗上有哪些颜色？
答案：蓝色、红色和白色。

6. 英国的全称是什么？
答案：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

7. 美国的独立日是哪一天？
答案：7月4日。

8. 加拿大的官方语言有哪些？
答案：英语和法语。

9. 澳大利亚最大的城市是哪个？
答案：悉尼。

10. 新西兰的首都是哪里？
答案：惠灵顿。

11. 英国的国花是什么？
答案：玫瑰。

12. 美国的总统任期是多久？
答案：四年。

13. 加拿大的国土面积是多少？
答案：约998万平方公里。

14. 澳大利亚的国宝动物是什么？答案：袋鼠。

15. 新西兰的国花是什么？
答案：银蕨。

16. 英国的国歌是什么？
答案：《天佑女王》。

17. 美国的人口数量大约是多少？答案：约3.3亿。

18. 加拿大的国花是什么？
答案：枫叶。

19. 澳大利亚的国歌是什么？
答案：《前进，美丽的澳大利亚》。

20. 新西兰的官方语言有哪些？答案：英语和毛利语。

Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。

英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。

在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。

一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。

它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。

此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。

二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。

它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。

美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。

美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。

此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。

三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。

加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。

加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。

此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。

四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。

澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。

澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。

此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。

五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。

新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。

新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。

英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, andall the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。

这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化，并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。

以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。

英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一，是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。

它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。

英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。

苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家，位于英国北部，与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。

苏格兰地处北极圈附近，因此气候较为寒冷，但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。

苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。

苏格兰有着悠久的历史，并且拥有着独特的文化，比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。

威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家，位于英格兰西部。

它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。

威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化，并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。

威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。

英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。

爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家，位于大不列颠岛西侧。

它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰，后者是英国的一部分。

爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家，拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。

爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。

美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，是一个多元化的国家，拥有许多文化和民族。

美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。

美国是一个旅游胜地，拥有世界上最知名的城市之一，如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。

在美国，许多地方需要汽车来进行通行，而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。

加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。

加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺，拥有美丽的大自然风光，如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。

加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正，是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。

一、单选题1._______ realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war ajust war against slavery.A、Frederick DouglassB、George WashingtonC、John AdamsD、Abraham Lincoln答案： D2.The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher _____.A、Paul RevereB、John LockeC、CornwallisD、Frederick Douglass答案： B3.The United States grows nearly _____ of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports ofgrain in the worlD.A、one thirdB、one fourthC、one sixthD、one seventh答案： B4.In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A、1957B、1967C、1973D、1979答案： C5.The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A、30, Richard III, Henry TudorB、50, Richard III, Henry TudorC、30, Richard I, Henry TudorD、50, Richard I, Henry Tudor答案： A6.About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.A、independent schoolsB、junior schoolsC、independent schoolsD、primary schools答案： D二、 判断题7.The exploratory voyage made by ______ brought to a close to an era of European discovery ofAustralia that had lasted nearly two hundred years.A 、Arthur PhilipB 、Mathew FlindersC 、Port JacksonD 、Peter Lalor答案： B8.In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers inthe New LanD.A 、1620, LondonB 、1620, PlymouthC 、1720, LondonD 、1720, Plymouth答案： B9.After the outbreak of the First World War, Australia followed Britain's lead and declared war on________.A 、JapanB 、TurkeyC 、ItalyD 、Germany答案： D10.In New Zealand, hydroelectricity from rivers and dams supplies ________ of total energy.A 、15%B 、16%C 、17%D 、18%答案： C1.In 1215, King Egbert united England under his rule.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误2.By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确3.In Britain, "Football hooligans" sometimes have violent clashes.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确三、 名词解释4.The UK economy is thought of as one of decline because Britain is poorer and producing less thanit was in 1945.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误5.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by KingHarold.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误6.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确7.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误8.British government offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误9.Britain has no written form of Constitution.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确10.British government is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确1.Puritans答案： After the establishment of the Church of England in England, the people who believe in the Church of England are called Puritans,who think they are the devoted worshipers of divine God, and they are purified.2.Louisiana Purchase答案： In 1803, President Jefferson, by taking advantage of the war in Europe, made Napoleon I agree to sell Louisiana Territory for $15million. This was a vast region of more than 2.6 million square kilometers. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the territory of the new nation.四、问答题1.What kind of economic system does the United States have?答案： The U.S. has a free market economy with a dominant private sector.。

英语国家概况笔记整理English-speaking countries refer to countries where English is the native language or widely spoken as a second language. These countries have a significant influence on global politics, business, culture, and education. In this article, we will provide an overview of some prominent English-speaking countries, including their population, geography, economy, and culture.1. United States:- Population: The United States is the third most populous country in the world, with a population of over 331 million people.- Geography: The country is located in North America and is known for its diversity in landscapes, including vast plains, mountains, deserts, and coastal regions.- Economy: The U.S. has the largest economy in the world, characterized by a highly developed and diverse range of industries, including technology, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. - Culture: The American culture is a melting pot of various ethnicities and is known for its influence on film, music, literature, and fashion.2. United Kingdom:- Population: The United Kingdom, composed of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, has a population of over 66 million people.- Geography: The country is located in Western Europe and is known for its diverse landscapes, including rolling hills, coastal cliffs, and lush countryside.- Economy: The U.K. has a highly developed economy with a strong focus on industries such as finance, manufacturing,pharmaceuticals, and creative sectors.- Culture: The U.K. is rich in cultural heritage and has made significant contributions to literature, music, and arts. The country is also known for its royal family and historical landmarks.3. Canada:- Population: Canada is the second-largest country in the world by land area and has a population of over 38 million people.- Geography: The country is located in North America and is known for its stunning natural landscapes, including vast forests, lakes, and the Rocky Mountains.- Economy: Canada has a mixed-market economy with a strong focus on natural resources, such as oil, gas, timber, and minerals. It also has thriving sectors in technology, finance, and manufacturing. - Culture: Canadian culture is diverse, influenced by indigenous peoples, British and French colonial history, and immigration from various countries. Canada is known for its multiculturalism, hockey, and maple syrup.4. Australia:- Population: Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world by land area but has a relatively small population of around 25 million people.- Geography: The country is located in Oceania and is known for its diverse landscapes, including the Great Barrier Reef, deserts, rainforests, and stunning beaches.- Economy: Australia has a prosperous and open-market economy, highly dependent on natural resources such as minerals, natural gas, and agricultural products. It also has strong sectors in finance, tourism, and education.- Culture: Australian culture is influenced by indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, as well as British and multicultural influences. The country is known for its laid-back, outdoor lifestyle, sports, and unique wildlife.These are just a few examples of prominent English-speaking countries. Each country has its own unique history, culture, and contributions to the global stage. Understanding the characteristics of these countries is important for international relations, business, and cultural exchange.。

英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。

以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。

英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。

2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。

华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。

美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。

渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。

加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。

堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。

澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。

惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。

新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。

二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。

英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。

美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。

加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。

2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。

英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。

加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

一、题型一、题型英国、美国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰英国、美国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰 Objective 25% ,subjective 75% 1. Blank filling exercises to go with each unit in the book.( with the exception of P16-17, P50, P55, 25分) 2. Terms for explanation. （名词解释，25分，6*4分+1）3. Answer the questions briefly. （简答题，20分，5*4分）分）4. Elaborate the questions. （阐述题，要有论证，不少于（阐述题，要有论证，不少于100词，30分，3*10分）分）二、范围二、范围1.填空题答案：英国第二章：parliamentary democracy; the House of Commons, the House of Lords; the House of Commons; Commons; the the the Queen; Queen; Queen; executive; executive; executive; constitution; constitution; constitution; European European European Union Union Union (EU)(EU)；military military equipment; equipment; equipment; The The Lord Chancellor; proven guilty 英国第三章：banking, insurance; service; manufacturing; North Sea; Margaret Thatcher; military; 1970s; London; service; electronics 英国第四章：owner occupation, semi-detached, Detached houses, Class, Christmas, Boxing Day, Easter egg, The Guardian, 1400, The Broadcasting Act 英国第五章：1）reading writing Arithmetic 2）A-level 3）flexibility 4）Oxbridge 5)glorious wit 6) church 7)math physics computer science economics 8)12th 13th centuries 9) forty 10) tutorial 美国第三章：1) fifth 2) Northeast 3) one third 4) stock exchange 5) Greyhound Lines 6) Federal Reserve 7) High-tech 8) Retail 9) open 10) unemployment 美国第四章：1) melting pot, salad bowl 2) cultural group 3) baseball 4) religious beliefs and practices 5) Ernest Hemingway 6) Telecommunications 7) coffee 8) American football 9) home school 10) Thanksgiving Day 美国第五章：1) Northeast, Southeast 2) Harvard 3) private 4) master ’s 5) colleges, curriculum 6) eastern Atlantic 7) California 8) Stanford 9) Community college 10) Y ale 澳大利亚第一章：(1) ―the Oldest Cont inentǁ ―the Last of Landsǁ ―the Last F rontier.ǁFrontier.ǁ (2) Aboriginals (3) convicts (4) Gold Rush (5) Canberra (6) license (7) the Age of Exploration (8) Great Depression (9) Melbourne Agreement 10) The Australia Act 澳大利亚第二章：wool mineral exploitation foreign investment farming immigration political movement economy deregulation small domestic market service industry cattle 澳大利亚第三章：1) diversity 2) 25.6% 3) shared values 4) favorable climate 5) Greg Norman 6) Melbourne 7) suburban character 8) The Australian Ballet 9) Georgian 10) independent 澳大利亚第四章：1) low living costs 2) Sydney 3) British 4) financial stringency 5) The Australian Universities Commission Act 1959 6) the Commonwealth government 7) The Dawkins Revolution 8) males 9) The Australian Government 10) The University of Melbourne 新西兰第一章：1) 1) island island 2) 2) Mount Mount Mount Cook Cook 3) 3) reverse reverse 4）30 5）Wellington 6）Maori 7）James Cook 8）Treaty of Waitangi 9）founding document 10）a Commonwealth realm 新西兰第二章：1) 1) international international international trade trade 2) 2) primary primary primary products products 3) 3) United United United Kingdom Kingdom 4）export earner 5）oil 6）the North and South islands 7）Railways 8）Australia 9）competitive 10）a quarter 新西兰第三章： 1) Queen Elizabeth II 2) separation of powers 3) Cabinet 4）Labor Party 5）work-based 6）Government 7）fully funded 8）Christianity 9）traditional performance art 10）drastically reduced 新西兰第四章：1) 1) a a a world-class world-class world-class educational educational educational system system system in in in a a a lifelong lifelong lifelong learning learning learning society society 2) 2) all all post-school education and training 3) The University of Otago 4）The University of of Auckland Auckland 5) 5) The The The Student Student Student Loan Loan Loan Scheme Scheme 6) 6) a a a competitive competitive competitive examination examination 7) 7) technical technical 8）train teachers 9）Maori teaching and research institutions 10) Australia 爱尔兰：1) Ireland is an island, the third-largest in Europe and the twentieth-largest on Earth.2) "Ireland and Britain" is often used as a neutral term for the islands of British Isles in order to avoid controversy. 3) The River Shannon, the island's longest river at 386 km (240 mi) long, rises in County Cavan in the northwest and flows 113 kilometres (70 mi) to Limerick city in the mid west.4) Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east.5) The The Irish Irish Irish people people are are an an an ethnic ethnic ethnic group group group who who who originate originate originate in in in Ireland, Ireland, Ireland, an an an island island island in in in northwestern northwestern Europe.(Page 5)6) The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the " father of chemistry".7) Traditionally, Ireland Ireland is is is subdivided subdivided into into four four four provinces: provinces: provinces: Connacht(west), Connacht(west), Leinster(east), Munster(south), and Ulster(north).8) That That the the the population population population of of of Ireland Ireland Ireland collapsed collapsed collapsed dramatically dramatically dramatically during during during the the the second second second half half half of of of the the the 19th 19th century century resulted resulted resulted mainly mainly mainly from from from the the the dire dire dire economic economic economic state state state of of of the the the country, country, which which led led led to to to an an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. (Page 7)9) Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27 at 5th in the OECD-28 rankings as of 2008. 10) The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth was called the " Celtic Tiger ", a reference to the "tiger economies" of East Asia.(Page 11)11) In November 2010 the Irish Government published the National Recovery plan, which aims to restore order to the public finances and to bring its deficit in line with the EU target of 3% of economic output by 2015.(Page 14)12) The primary sector constitutes about 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of Irish employment.13) Ireland's Ireland's inequality inequality inequality of of of income income income distribution distribution distribution score score score on on on the the the Gini Gini Gini coefficient coefficient coefficient scale scale scale was was was 30.4 30.4 30.4 in in 2000, slightly below the OECD average of 31. (Page 17)14) In January 1999 Ireland was one of eleven European Union member states which launched the European Single Currency, the euro. 15) The Celts were commonly thought to have colonized Ireland in a series of invasions between the 8th and 1st centuries BC. (Page 22)16) From the mid-14th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. (Page 26)17) An An extraordinary extraordinary extraordinary climatic climatic climatic shock shock shock known known known as as as the the the "Great "Great "Great Frost" Frost" Frost" struck struck struck Ireland Ireland Ireland and and and the the the rest rest rest of of Europe Europe between between between December December December 1739 1739 1739 and and and September September September 1741, 1741, 1741, after after after a a a decade decade decade of of of relatively relatively relatively mild mild winters. (Page 28)18) In 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.（Page 29）19) The The Great Great Great Famine Famine Famine of of of the the the 1840s 1840s 1840s caused caused caused the the the deaths deaths deaths of of of one one one million million million Irish Irish Irish people people people and and and over over over a a million more emigrated to escape it.20) It was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland.21) There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Irish is the only language to have originated from from within within within the the the island. island. island. English English English was was was first first first introduced introduced introduced to Ireland to Ireland in in the the the Norman Norman Norman invasion invasion invasion and and was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England. (Page 35,Page 34)22) Jonathan Swift, the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day for works such as Gulliver's Travels a nd and A Modest Proposal .(Page 36)23) In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature.(Page 36)24) Gaelic Gaelic football football football is is is the the the most most most popular popular popular sport sport sport in in in Ireland Ireland Ireland in in in terms terms terms of of of match match match attendance attendance attendance and and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island.(Page 38)25) The The introduction introduction introduction of of of the the the potato potato potato in in in the the the second second second half half half of of of the the the 16th 16th 16th century century century heavily heavily heavily influenced influenced cuisine of Ireland.(Page 39)26) The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, and higher or third-level education. 2.Terms for explanation2.1 The U.K.(1)The puritans(P17): members of a group of Protestants in 16th- and 17th-century England and 17th-century America who believed in strict religious discipline and called for the simplification of acts of worship. (2)Great Charter(P17): document document sealed sealed sealed by by by King King King John John John of of of England England England on on on June June June 15, 15, 15, 1215, 1215, 1215, in in which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would govern England and deal with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law (see Feudalism). Over the course of centuries, these promises have required governments in England (and in countries influenced by English tradition) to follow the law in dealing with their citizens. (3)House of Commons(P22): Britain's Britain's legislature legislature legislature is is is made made made up up up of of of the the the House House House of of of Commons, Commons, Commons, the the House of Lords and the king in his constitutional role. The House of Commons has 651 elected Members Members of of of Parliament Parliament Parliament (MPs), (MPs), (MPs), who who who represent represent represent local local local constituencies. constituencies. constituencies. The The The center center center of of of parliamentary parliamentary power is the House of Commons. (4)House of Lords(P22): The The nonelected nonelected nonelected upper upper upper house house house of of of Parliament Parliament Parliament in in in the the the United United United Kingdom, Kingdom, made up of life peers, some hereditary peers, and some bishops. (5)London Stock Exchange (P26):The London Stock Exchange, one of the largest exchanges in the world, has always been a focus of international trade. In 1986 it was substantially deregulated, an event known as the Big Bang in financial circles. This led to the rapid expansion of products, markets, markets, and and and numbers numbers numbers of of of employees, employees, employees, a a a movement movement movement that that that slowed slowed slowed in in in the the the early early early 1990s 1990s 1990s but but but has has has since since rebounded. (6)A-Level(P40): A-level A-level——is is an an an academic academic academic qualification qualification qualification offered offered offered by by by educational educational educational bodies bodies bodies in in in the the United United Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom and and and the the the British British British Crown Crown Crown dependencies dependencies dependencies to to to students students students completing completing completing secondary secondary secondary or or pre-university education. 2.2 The US(1)Westward movement(P50): It is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, American people and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward movement, across what was often called the American frontier, was of enormous significance. By expanding the nation’s nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, destruction, and and and cultural cultural cultural loss loss loss for for for the the the Native Native Native Americans Americans Americans of of of North North North America. America. America. This This expansion expansion also also also meant meant meant that that that much much much of of of North North North America America America was was was dominated dominated dominated by by by English English English institutions institutions institutions and and ways of life, instead of Spanish or French ones. The Spanish and French were also exploring and settling North America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. For good or ill, the westward westward movement movement movement of of these these American American American settlers settlers settlers was was was one one one of of of the the the most most most influential influential influential forces forces forces to to to shape shape North American history. (2)Separation of Powers(P55): The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the the Separation Separation Separation of of of Powers. Powers. Powers. In In In this this this system, system, system, 3 3 3 branches branches branches of of of government government government are are are created created created and and and power power power is is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances is all about. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other.(3)US Constitution(P55): The The Constitution Constitution of of the the the United United United States States States is is is the the the key key key instrument instrument instrument of of American American government government government and and and the the the supreme supreme supreme law law law of of of the the the country. country. country. Government Government Government was was was established established established by by following the guidelines laid out in the constitution. Since the founding of America, it has served as the framework for the development of governmental institutions. It is the Constitution that has assured political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress.(4)Federal Reserve System(P62): The The Federal Federal Federal Reserve Reserve Reserve System System System (also (also (also known known known as as as the the the Federal Federal Reserve, Reserve, and and and informally informally informally as as as the the the Fed) Fed) Fed) is is is the the the central central central banking banking banking system system system of of of the the the United United United States. States. States. It It It was was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to to a a a series series series of of of financial financial financial panics, panics, panics, particularly particularly particularly a a a severe severe severe panic panic panic in in in 1907. 1907. 1907. Over Over Over time, time, time, the the the roles roles roles and and responsibilities responsibilities of of of the the the Federal Federal Federal Reserve Reserve Reserve System System System have have have expanded expanded expanded and and and its its its structure structure structure has has has evolved. evolved. Events such as the Great Depression were major factors leading to changes in the system.(5)Independence Day(P69): Independence Independence Day, Day, Day, commonly commonly commonly known known known as as as the the the Fourth Fourth Fourth of of of July, July, July, is is is a a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.(6)WASP(P69): "WASP" stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is considered the basis of the the mainstream mainstream mainstream culture culture culture of of of the the the United United United States. States. States. The The The people people people who who who settled settled settled in in in the the the 13 13 13 North North North American American colonies colonies were were were mostly mostly mostly white white white European European European Protestant Protestant Protestant believers. believers. believers. The The The United United United States States States was was was founded founded founded and and formed largely by Protestants.(7)Ivy League(P75): The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions institutions of of of higher higher higher education education education in in in the the the Northeastern Northeastern Northeastern United United United States. States. States. The The The conference name conference name is also commonly commonly used used used to to to refer refer refer to to to those those those eight eight eight schools schools schools as as as a a a group. group. group. The The The eight eight eight institutions institutions institutions are are are Brown Brown University, University, Columbia Columbia Columbia University, University, University, Cornell Cornell Cornell University, University, University, Dartmouth Dartmouth Dartmouth College, College, College, Harvard Harvard Harvard University, University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also also has has has connotations connotations connotations of of of academic academic academic excellence, excellence, excellence, selectivity selectivity selectivity in in in admissions, admissions, admissions, and and and social social social elitism. elitism. elitism. In In addition addition to to to Cornell, Cornell, Cornell, all all all these these these schools schools schools are are are establish establish establish before before before American American American Independence Independence Independence War, War, the entering standards of every these school are all very strict.2.3 Australia(1)Convicts(P82):（参考）The first settlement to Australia consisted of about 850 convicts, guards and and officers officers officers who who who were were were all all all led led led by by by Governor Governor Governor Arthur Arthur Arthur Phillip. Phillip. Phillip. Since Since Since then then then more more more and and and more more more British British criminal was transported to Australia. They depended on their skills or education setting up the initial colony.(2)Deregulation(P89): Deregulation is the act or process of removing or reducing state regulation. regulation. It It It is is is therefore therefore therefore opposite opposite opposite of of of regulation, regulation, regulation, which which which refers refers refers to to to the the the process process process of of of the the the government government regulating certain activities. (3)Cultural diversity(P95): Cultural Cultural diversity diversity diversity is is is the the the quality quality quality of of of diverse diverse diverse or or or different different different cultures, cultures, cultures, as as opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. (4)Dawkins Revolution(P101): The The Dawkins Dawkins Dawkins Revolution Revolution Revolution was was was a a a series series series of of of Australian Australian Australian tertiary tertiary education reforms instituted by the then Labor Education Minister (1987–1992) John Dawkins. 2.4 New Zealand(1)Kiwi(P104):They are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, and the lack of mammalian(哺乳类动物) predators(食肉动物) led to the birds evolving flightless. The kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand, and the association is so strong that the term Kiwi is used in some parts of the world as the colloquial demonism for New Zealanders.(2)“cradle-to-grave ” welfare concept(P123): The The first first first cradle-to-grave cradle-to-grave cradle-to-grave welfare welfare welfare concept concept concept was was was to to offer offer support support support to to to the the the disadvantaged disadvantaged disadvantaged and and and created created created a a a safety safety safety net net net for for for those those those out out out of of of work work work , , , in in in need need need or or without homes or income . (3)Kapa Haka(P123): Haka dance (Haka) refers to traditional dance of the Maori in New Zealand. Haka dance was originally Maori tribal began to jump, wham, contains a glaring, spit tongue flap body movements, the purpose is to show soldiers’soldiers’ strength before the war.( strength before the war.( Strong prestige haka dance requires a collective performance, the more the number, the greater the momentum, thegreater the deterrent against opponents. Maori war with mouth words, loud player, multi-purposehaka dance before the final enemy morale, deterrence, so the haka dance also become an integral part of New Zealand sports culture.)(4)New Zealand Ministry of Education(P129):The The New New New Zealand Zealand Zealand Ministry Ministry Ministry of of of Education Education Education is is responsible responsible for for for higher higher higher education education education budgeting, budgeting, budgeting, strategy strategy strategy and and and statistics statistics statistics and and and the the the Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Council Council Council is is responsible for funding. 2.5 Ireland(1)Celtic Tiger(P136): A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have the best quality of A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have the best quality of life in the world. The 1995 to 2007 period of very high economic growth, with a record of posting the highest growth rates in Europe, led many to call the country the Celtic Tiger. One of the keys to this economic growth was a low corporation tax, [5] currently at 12.5% standard rate. (2)PAYE: It It’’s s the the the abbreviation abbreviation abbreviation for for for Pay Pay Pay As As As Y ou Y ou Earn, Earn, Earn, which which which is is is a a a kind kind kind of of of taxes taxes taxes based based based on on on your your income income and and and also also also progressive, progressive, progressive, with with with little little little or or or no no no income income income tax tax tax paid paid paid by by by low low low earners earners earners and and and a a a high high high rate rate applied to top earners. (3)Great Frost(Great Famine): also called ―Great Famine ǁ. Ireland and the rest of Europe were struck by an extraordinary climatic shock between December 1739 and September 1741, and the winters winters destroyed destroyed destroyed stored stored stored crops crops crops of of of potatoes potatoes potatoes and and and other other other staples staples staples and and and the the the poor poor poor summers summers summers severely severely damaged harvests, leading to the deaths of an estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) 3.Question in briefly3.1 Analyze the causes of the American Civil War.(P50)The issue of slavery was the focus of American politics, economics and cultural life by the mid-19th mid-19th century. century. century. The The The Southern Southern Southern planters planters planters needed needed needed a a a large large large number number number of of of laborers laborers laborers to to to manage manage manage their their plantations, and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the the North, North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s What’s more, the Northerners more, the Northerners demanded a law protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads, but the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Civil War. 3.2 How is a President voted into office in America. (P55)Each Each party party party holds holds holds its its its national national national convention convention convention every every every four four four years years years to to to choose choose choose a a a candidate candidate candidate for for for the the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.3.3 What functions do American higher education institutions perform. (P75)Higher Higher education education education institutions institutions institutions in in in the the the US US US have have have three three three functions: functions: functions: teaching, teaching, teaching, research research research and and and public public service, and each has its own emphasis with regard to its functions.3.4 What advice would you give to Australian government to protect aboriginal culture.(P82)First, First, try try try every every every effort effort effort to to to protect protect protect the the the languages languages languages including including including Australian Australian Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Aboriginal English, English, Australian Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Aboriginal languages, languages, languages, and and and Australian Australian Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Aboriginal sign sign sign languages, languages, languages, for for for languages languages languages will will best convey the way of their thinking and the way of their doing things generation by generation. Second, try every effort to establish museums where this unique culture is exhibited so that more people become aware that Aboriginal culture is country ’s remarkable heritage that can not afford to lose. Third, to give equal rights to Aborigines, like voting, public education, law suits. 3.5 Explain the significance of Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand. (P110)The Treaty is generally considered as the founding document of New Zealand as a nation and the principles of which continue to influence political and legal discourses in New Zealand. 3.6 Elaborate the importance of external trade in New Zealand. (P117)External trade is of fundamental importance to New Zealand . Primary sector-based exports and and commodities commodities commodities remain remain remain important important important sources sources sources of of of export export export receipts receipts receipts , , , while while while exports exports exports of of of services services services and and manufactured products also provide a significant contribution . This , together with a reliance on imports imports of of of raw raw raw materials materials materials and and and capital capital capital equipment equipment equipment for for for industry industry industry , , , makes makes makes New New New Zealand Zealand Zealand strongly strongly trade-oriented . 3.7 In New Zealand, what’s the function of the Teacher Registration Board? (P129) There is an official list of institutions that are approved by the Teacher Registration Board to offer offer teaching teaching teaching qualifications qualifications qualifications as as as of of of 30 30 30 October October October 2000. 2000. 2000. Several Several Several of of of these these these institutions institutions institutions offer offer offer off-site off-site programs programs in in in smaller smaller smaller centers centers centers when when when there there there are are are enough enough enough students, students, students, and and and some some some offer offer offer programs programs programs through through distance technology 3.8 How is Ireland’s economy influenced by the Financial Crisis in 2008? Ireland was the first country in the EU, to officially enter a recession related to the Financial Crisis 2008, as declared by the Central Statistics Office and now has the second-highest level of household household debt debt debt in in in the the the world world world (190% (190% (190% of of of household household household income). income). income). The The The country's country's country's credit credit credit rating rating rating was was downgraded downgraded to to to "AA-" "AA-" "AA-" by by by Standard Standard Standard & & & Poor's Poor's Poor's ratings ratings ratings agency agency agency in in in August August August 2010 2010 2010 due due due to to to the the the cost cost cost of of supporting supporting the the the banks, banks, banks, which which which would would would weaken weaken weaken the the the Government's Government's Government's financial financial financial flexibility flexibility flexibility over over over the the medium term. It transpired that the cost of recapitalising the banks was greater than expected at that time, and, in response to the mounting costs, the country's credit rating was again downgraded by Standard & Poor's to "A".3.9 Comment on Irish people and their migration.Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years. The Irish people's earliest ancestors are claimed claimed to to to be be be descended descended descended from from from groups groups groups such such such as as as the the the Nemedians Nemedians , , Fomorians Fomorians , , Fir Fir Bolg , , Tuatha Tuatha DéDanann and the Milesians . Now the population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland. The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century. A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. In part, the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took about about 1 1 1 million million million lives. lives. lives. However, However, However, by by by far far far the the the greater greater greater cause cause cause of of of population population population decline decline decline was was was the the the dire dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants. 。

英语国家概况知识点总结概述:英语被广泛用于世界各地，特别是在英语国家。

英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家。

这些国家在文化、历史和政治方面有着共同的特点。

本文将总结关于英语国家的一些重要知识点。

1. 英语国家数量:目前，英语被作为官方语言或主要语言使用在75个国家和地区。

其中，英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚是英语国家中最重要的四个国家。

2. 英语的起源:英语起源于古代日耳曼语，并受到盎格鲁、撒克逊、日耳曼和诺曼底法语等语言的影响。

在中世纪，英语逐渐成为英格兰的主要语言，后来通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。

3. 英语的变体:英语有多种变体，包括英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语和加拿大英语等。

这些变体在发音、拼写和用法方面有所不同。

4. 英语国家的文化:英语国家的文化多样且富有活力。

英国是莎士比亚、达尔文和牛津剑桥等的故乡，以其丰富的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。

美国则以好莱坞电影、摇滚音乐和现代科技创新而著名。

澳大利亚和加拿大拥有美丽的自然风光，并注重多元文化的融合。

5. 英语国家的政治体制:英语国家有各种不同的政治体制。

英国是君主制国家，美国是联邦共和制国家，澳大利亚和加拿大则是联邦议会制国家。

这些国家在政治制度上有着明显的区别，但都保持着相对稳定的政治体系。

6. 英语的全球影响力:英语是联合国和其他国际组织的官方语言之一。

它也是全球商务和文化交流的主要语言。

掌握英语可以给人们提供更多的就业机会和交流平台。

7. 英语教育:英语是世界上最广泛学习的第二语言。

在许多英语国家，英语教育是义务教育的一部分。

英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚都有世界一流的教育体系，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。

结论:英语国家在全球范围内有着重要的地位和影响力。

了解英语国家的概况能够帮助人们更好地理解英语语言及其文化背景。

掌握英语不仅是国际交流的必要工具，也是扩大人们视野和增加自身竞争力的关键。

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况是指使用英语作为官方语言或主要语言的国家。

这些国家分布在全球各个大洲，包括欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、非洲、亚洲、大洋洲等地区。

下面是对英语国家概况的整理和相关参考内容。

一、英语国家概况1. 英语国家数量截至目前，全球有超过70个国家和地区官方或主要使用英语。

其中包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家，以及南非、印度、新加坡等国家。

2. 英语在国际交流中的地位由于历史、文化、经济和政治原因，英语成为了世界共通的交流语言。

在国际贸易、国际关系、科学技术、旅游等领域中，英语的地位举足轻重。

很多国家把英语作为第二语言学习，以便更好地融入国际社会。

3. 英语国家文化特点英语国家拥有丰富多样的文化，包括文学、艺术、音乐、电影等。

英国文化以其悠久的历史、文学作品和皇室传统而闻名；美国文化则以其多元文化、好莱坞电影、流行音乐等领域有着巨大影响力。

4. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家拥有世界顶尖的教育体系，包括英国的牛津大学、剑桥大学等，美国的哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。

这些学府不仅吸引着来自全球的学生，也为国际学生提供了优质的教育资源。

二、参考内容1. 英国英国是英语国家的发源地，拥有悠久的历史、文化和传统。

英国的教育体系著名于世，在全球范围内享有盛誉。

参考内容可包括英国的地理位置、历史概述、国家特色、名胜古迹、教育体系等。

2. 美国美国是使用英语的最大国家，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。

美国的文化多元，享有世界级的艺术、电影和音乐产业。

参考内容可包括美国的地理、历史、政治制度、经济实力、文化特点等。

3. 加拿大加拿大是英语国家中面积最大的国家，也是全球最宜居的国家之一。

加拿大的教育体系、医疗服务和社会福利享誉国际。

参考内容可包括加拿大的地理特点、历史发展、多元文化、经济实力等。

4. 澳大利亚澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，英语是其官方语言。

澳大利亚是一个富有自然景观和野生动物资源的国家，吸引着来自世界各地的游客和留学生。

《英语国家概况》考试复习资料及答案1The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by_D__ AKing Arthur B. Robin Hood C. Oliver Cromwell D. William the Conqueror2Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government? AAIt offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.BIt is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.CIt is the oldest representative democracy in the world.DIt has no written form of Constitution.3Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed? AAWilliam of Orange B. James Ⅱ C. Oliver Cromwell D. GeorgeⅠ4. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattle.B. Dairy cattleC. Chicken.D. Sheep.5. Which group of people cannot vote in the general election? BA. Members in the House of Commons.B. Lords in the House of Lords.C. The UK citizens above the age of 18.D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.6. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because __A_________.A. it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the governmentB. it informs people of current affairs in the world.C. it provides people with subjective reports.D. it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament.7．Of Which people is Robert Burns a national poet? BA. The Welsh peopleB. The Irish peopleC. The Scottish peopleD. The English people8．. It was said that Christianity was introduced into Ireland by _D_________A. the VikingsB. the NormansC. Brian BuruD. Saint Patrick9. In the 17th century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and NorthernEngland to emigrate to the north of Ireland because __A_______.A. they wanted to increase its control over IrelandB. they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live in BritainC. they intended to expand their investmentD. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them10. Which is the largest city in Scotland?CA. CardiffB. EdinburghC. GlasgowD. Manchester二．填空1. Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overrule___ the parliament _______ in the English Revolution.2. The _ official ________IRA believed that they had made enough progress so that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for___ election ____.3. It’s hard to make talks successful between the British and Irish governments without the participation of __ Sinn Fein ________and_______ IRA _____.4. The party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms _ the government ________and its party leader becomes _ Prime Minister _________-.5. Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced __ relative ______ decline rather than __ relative _____ decline.6. The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary ________industries, secondary industries and _ tertiary _______industries.7. Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories .They are __ tertiary _______ , _____ comedies ____and history plays.8. Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte are noted for their respective novel _____ Jane Eyre ___and ____ Wuthering Heights ______which are largely the love stories of a woman for a man.9. People usually dress up and show off their fashionable clothes and elaborate hats for the social event called __ Wuthering Heights ________.10. Traditionally, people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants on _ Boxing Day __________, which is the day after Christmas.三．问答1. Who introduced Christianity into Ireland?He was St. Patrick.2. What’s the full name of the UK?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.What is the major function of the Parliament?4.It was to pass laws.4. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win theelection?It needs at least 326.5. Which party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quiet a long time from 1979 to1997?It was the Conservative party.6. Name two of the tragedies written by Shakespeare.They are Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet7. Which is one of the largest government departments that deal with education?It is the Ministry of Education.四．名词解释the quality paperLondonthe Celtsthe Anglo-SaxonsD A A D B A B D A C1.the parliament2. official election3. Sinn Fein IRA4.the government5. Relative recession6. primary tertiary7. tertiary comedies8. Jane Eyre 9. Wuthering Heights10. Boxing Day1.He was St. Patrick.2.It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.Parliament?It needs at least 326.4.It was the Conservative party.5.They are Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet6.It is the Ministry of Education.名词解释见课本。

英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）3投一票第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。

英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国） Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。

第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。

Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name “England” and “English”.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in the age of Elisabeth I.16. The “Glorious Revolution” was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called “spinning Jenny”.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the “Spinning Jenny”珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”refers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las VegasHoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise Golden Gate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a “melting pot”, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is calledAmerican culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term “melting pot”. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how much the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of “a nation on the wheel”.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball ChampionAmerican Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK?David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work?No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。