Generation of tunable narrow-band surface-emitted terahertz radiation in periodically poled lithium
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April15,2001/Vol.26,No.8/OPTICSLETTERS563Generationoftunablenarrow-bandsurface-emittedterahertzradiationinperiodicallypoledlithiumniobate
C.WeissandG.TorosyanFachbereichPhysik,UniversitätKaiserslautern,Erwin-SchrödingerStrasse,KaiserslauternD-67663,Germany
Y.AvetisyanDepartmentofMicrowaveEngineering,YerevanStateUniversity,Yerevan,Armenia
R.BeigangFachbereichPhysik,UniversitätKaiserslautern,Erwin-SchrödingerStrasse,KaiserslauternD-67663,Germany
ReceivedOctober10,2000Generationoftunablenarrow-bandterahertz(THz)radiationperpendiculartothesurfaceofperiodicallypoledlithiumniobatebyopticalrectificationoffemtosecondpulsesisreported.ThegeneratedTHzradiationcanbetunedbyuseofdifferentpolingperiodsanddifferentobservationangles,limitedonlybytheavailablebandwidthofthepumppulse.Typicalbandwidthswere50–100GHz,dependingonthecollectionangleandthenumberofperiodsinvolved.©2001OpticalSocietyofAmericaOCIScodes:320.7110,190.2620.
Generationofshort-pulseterahertz(THz)radiationwithultrashortlaserpulsesbyuseoffastphotocon-ductiveswitches,semiconductorsurfaces,oropticalrectificationinshortnonlinearcrystalsisawell-establishedtechnique.1–3Single-cyclepulseswitha
largebandwidthextendingfromalmostdctoseveraltensofTHzhavebeendemonstrated.Recently,Leeandco-workersreportednarrow-bandTHzgenerationbyopticalrectificationinperiodicallypoledlithiumniobate(PPLN).4,5TheTHzwaveformcorresponds
tothedomainstructureofthePPLNcrystalwithabandwidthproportionaltothecrystallengthandacenterfrequencythatisdeterminedbythepolingperiodandthegroup-velocitymismatchbetweenthenear-infraredpumpandthegeneratedTHzwave.ThecrystallengthusedintheirexperimentwaslimitedbythestrongabsorptionofPPLNinthiswavelengthrange.InthisLetterwereportongenerationofnar-row-bandtunableTHzradiation,whichisemittedperpendicularlytothesurfaceofthePPLNcrystal,byopticalrectificationinPPLN.InthiswaythepathlengthwithinthePPLNcrystalcanbereducedconsid-erablyandtheareaofTHzemissioncanbeenlarged,resultinginasmallerdivergenceandpossiblyhigheroutputpower.ThisapproachtoTHzgenerationisacombinationofˇCerenkov-typegenerationandquasi-phase-matcheddifference-frequencymixingandwasfirstproposedbyAvetisyanandKocharian.6One
canchangethecenterfrequencyoftheTHzwavebychangingtheperiodofthePPLNorthedirectionofTHzemission,andthecenterfrequencyislimitedonlybytheavailablebandwidthofthepumppulses.AnultrashortpulsetravelingthroughaPPLNcrys-talpolarizedalongthezaxis(seeFig.1)generatesapolarizationalongthezaxisbydifference-frequencygenerationbetweenthespectralcomponentsoftheul-trashortlaserpulse.Anonlinearpolarizationineach
poledsegmentofthePPLNwillbeinducedaccord-ingto
PzNLd͑x͒E1E2
ءf͑y,z͒g
µ
t2x
vg
∂.(1)
Heredisthenonlinearcoefficient,E1andE2arethefieldsofthetwowavelengthcomponentsusedfordif-ference-frequencygeneration,f͑y,z͒describestheirfielddistributionsintheyandzdirections,vgisthe
groupvelocityofthepumpbeam,andg͑t͒describesthetemporalprofileofthepulse.ThepolarizationgivesrisetoemissionofaTHzwave.Radiationperpendiculartothepropagationdirec-tionofthepumpbeamcanbeobservedbecausethepumpbeamisfocusedtoabeamsizesmallerthanthewavelengthofthegeneratedTHzwave.Thepreciselocalizationofthepumpbeamperpendiculartothedirectionofpropagationresultsinawave-vectoruncertaintyDkofthepumpbeam.Thecorrespond-ingwave-vectordiagramforquasi-phase-matcheddifference-frequencygenerationisshowninFig.2fortwodifferentanglesofTHzemission.Toobeythelawofmomentumconservation,DkhastobeequaltothecomponentoftheTHzwavevectorkTHzperpendicular
tothedirectionofpropagationofthepumpbeam.TheminimumangleFdependsonthemaximumwave-vectoruncertaintyDkcausedbythelaterallocalization;i.e.,forperpendicularemissionatight
Fig.1.SchematicdiagramofthePPLNcrystalforsur-face-emittingTHzgeneration.
0146-9592/01/080563-03$15.00/0©2001OpticalSocietyofAmerica564OPTICSLETTERS/Vol.26,No.8/April15,2001Fig.2.Schematicwave-vectordiagram(nottoscale).focusisrequired.Fromthewave-vectordiagramitfollowsthat
k12͑k21kL1kTHz1Dk͒0.(2)
ThefrequencyVoftheTHzwaveemittedunderanangleFisobtainedfromEq.(2)andthelawofenergyconservation:
VcL1jnIR2nTHzsinFj.(3)HereListhepolingperiod,andnIRandnTHzarethe
group-velocityindicesofrefractionforthepumpandtheTHzwaves,respectively.OnecaneasilytunetheTHzradiationbychangingtheangleofobservation.TheanglesF90±andF290±correspondtoTHz
radiationintheforwardandbackwarddirections,re-spectively,aswasobservedbyLeeetal.4InthisLetterweconcentrateonthebasicpropertiesandresultsoftheTHzemissionperpendiculartothesurfaceanditsdependenceonthelengthofthePPLNcrystal,thecollectingangle,andtheangleofobserva-tion.BecauseofthehighindexofrefractionofPPLNintheTHzrange͑nTHz