组织行为学选择题练习

本次测试范围为：组织行为学测试题（1）选择题：题填空题：题判断题：题问答题：题第1题[单选题]_________ is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goala:valueb:. rolec:perceptiond:motivation参考答案：d第2题[单选题]________ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.a:organizational designb:organizational culturec:. organizational learningd: organizational behavior参考答案：d第3题[单选题]________ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.a:streeb:conflictc:powerd:politics参考答案：a第4题[单选题]a common perception held by the organization’s members; and a system of shared meaning is __________.a:organizational designb:organizational culturec:organizational learningd:organizational behavior参考答案：b第5题[单选题]_______ is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to that the first party cares about.a:negotiationb:conflictc:powerd:politics参考答案：b第6题[单选题]_________ refers to the empowerment of employees to assume more responsibility and accountability for planning, performing, controlling, and evaluating their own work.a:. job rotationb:job engineeringc:job enrichmentd: job enlargement参考答案：c第7题[单选题]__________ must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning.a:powerb:. communicationc:. conflictd: negotiation参考答案：b第8题[单选题]power is a __________ that a has to influence the behavior of b so that b acts in accordance with a’s wishes.a:. functionb: impressionc:capacityd:. responsibility参考答案：c第9题[单选题]__________ is a process by which individual their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.a: perceptionb:emotionc: attituded:personality 参考答案：a第10题[单选题]__________are those needed to perform mental activities --- for thinking, reasoning, and problem soving. .a:abilityb:intellectual abilityc:. learningd:physical ability参考答案：b第11题[填空题]is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attemptto agree on the exchange rate for them.参考答案：( negotiation )第12题[填空题]is a positive expectation that another will not- through words, actions, or decisions- actopportunistically. p442参考答案：( trust )第13题[填空题]is activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, butthat influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages anddisadvantages within the organization.参考答案：( political behavior )第14题[填空题]is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particularorganization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in theorganization.参考答案：( organizational commitment )第15题[填空题]is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result ofexperience.参考答案：( learning )第16题[填空题]focus the evaluator’s attention on the behaviors that are key in making thedifference between executing a job effectively and executing it ineffectively.参考答案： ( critical incidents )第17题[填空题]are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.参考答案：( emotions ) 第18题[填空题]is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.参考答案： ( organizational citizenship behavior )第19题[填空题]are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.参考答案： ( moods )第20题[填空题]is a collection of planned-change interventions built onhumanistics-democratic values that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.参考答案： ( organizationaldevelopment )第21题[判断题]explain the job characteristics model .参考答案： identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal andworkoutcomes. skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback第22题[判断题]what is the communication process?参考答案： the senderencodingthe messagethe channeldecodingthereceivernoisefeedback第23题[判断题]what are the 5 stages of group development?参考答案： (a) forming(b) stoming(c) norming(d) performing(e)adjourning第24题[判断题]what are the frequently used shortcuts in judging others?参考答案： selective perceptionhalo effectcontrasteffectsprojectionstereotyping第25题[判断题]what is the job characteristics model参考答案：identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal and workoutcomes. skill variety task identitytask significance autonomy feedback第26题[判断题]what are the group decision-making techniques?参考答案： (a)brainstorming,(b)electronic brainstorming,(c)and nominalgroup technique.第27题[判断题]what are the frequently used shortcuts in judging others?参考答案： selective perceptionhalo effectcontrasteffectsprojection stereotyping第28题[判断题]“o.k., i admit it. i am not a team player. i work best when i work alone and am left alone,” says da hai.da hai ’s employer, am office furniture manufacturer, recently reorganized around teams. all production in the company ’s wenzhou factory is now done in teams. and da hai ’s design department has been broken up into three design teams.“i ’ve worked here for 4 years. i ’m very good at what i do. and my performance reviews confirm that. i ’ve scored 96 percent or higher on my evaluations every yeari ’ve been here. but now everything is changing. i ’m expected to be part of our modular-office design team. my evaluations and pay raises are going to depend on how well the team does. and, get this, 50 percent of my evaluation will be on how well i facilitate the performance of the team. i ’m really frustrated and demoralized. they hired me for my design skills. they know i wasn ’t a soc参考答案：1. what is a team and what is team work?2. does this employer have any responsibility to provide da hai with an alternative that would allow him to continue to work independently?第29题[判断题]xie li, lao bao and lin juan have something in common. they all were promoted within their organizations into management positions. and each found the transition a challenge.xie li was promoted to director of catering for the glazier group of restaurants in hang zhou city. with the promotion, she realized that things would never be the same again. no longer would she be able toparticipate in water-cooler gossip or shrug off an employee’s chronic laterness. she says she found her new role to be daunting. “at first i was like a bulldozer, knocking everyone over, and that was not well received. i was saying, ‘it’s my way or the highway.’ and wasforgetting that my friends were also in transition.” she admits that this style alienated just about everyone with whom she worked. lao bao, a technical manager at lenovo chi参考答案： 1, a lot of new managers err in selecting the right leadership style when they move into management. why do you think this happens?2, which leadership theories, if any, could help new leaders deal with this transition?本次测试范围为：组织行为学测试题（2）选择题：15题 填空题：0题 判断题：0题 问答题：8题第1题[单选题] __________is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.a:abilityb:learning c:attitude d:. negotiation参考答案：b第2题[单选题]________ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.a:organizational designb:organizational culturec:organizational learningd:organizational behavior参考答案：d第3题[单选题]power is a __________ that a has to influence the behavior of b so that b acts in accordance with a’s wishes.a:functionb:impressionc:capacityd:. responsibility参考答案：b第4题[单选题]__________are those needed to perform mental activities --- for thinking, reasoning, and problem soving. .a:abilityb:intellectual abilityc: learningd: physical ability参考答案：b第5题[单选题] _________are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.a: emotionb: personalityc:attituded:motivation参考答案：a第6题[单选题]_______ is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to that the first party cares about.a: negotiationb:conflictc:. powerd:politics 参考答案：b第7题[单选题]___ focus the evaluator’s attention on the behaviors that are key in making the difference between executing a job effectively and executing it ineffectively.a:critical incidentsb: written essaysc:graphic ratingd:behaviorally anchored rating scales参考答案：a第8题[单选题]________ is a process by which individual their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.a:perceptionb:emotionc:attituded:personality参考答案：a第9题[单选题]_________are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.a:emotionb:perceptionc:satisfactiond:. moods参考答案：d第10题[单选题]________is a positive expectation that another will not- through words, actions, or decisions- act opportunistically. p442a: leadershipb:communicationc: powerd:trust参考答案：d第11题[单选题]_________ is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.a: organizational developmentb: organizational learningc:organizational commitmentd:organizational culture参考答案：c第12题[单选题]a common perception held by the organization’s members; and a system of shared meaning is __________.a:organizational designb: organizational culturec: organizational learningd:organizational behavior参考答案：b第13题[单选题]_________ is activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.a: conflictb:negotiationc: political behaviord:motivation参考答案：c第14题[单选题]________ must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning.a:powerb:communicationc:conflictd: negotiation参考答案：b第15题[单选题]_______ is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them.a:conflictb: powerc: negotiationd:political behavior参考答案： c第16题[判断题]what are the 5 stages of group development?参考答案： (a) forming(b) stoming(c) norming(d) performing(e)adjourning第17题[判断题] o.k., i admit it. i am not a team player. i work best when i work alone and am left alone,” says da hai.da hai’s employer, am office furniture manufacturer, recentlyreorganized around teams. all p roduction in the company’s wenzhoufactory is now done in teams. and da hai’s design department hasbeen broken up into three design teams.“i’ve worked here for 4 years. i’m very good at what i do. and my performance reviews confirm that. i’ve scored 96 percent or higher on my evaluations every year i’ve been here. but now everything is changing. i’m ex参考答案：1. what is a team and what is team work?2. does this employer have any responsibility to provide da hai with an alternative that would allow him to continue to work independently?第18题[判断题]early in the twentieth century, henry ford became rich and famous by building automobiles on an assembly line. every ford worker wasassigned a specific, repetitive task. for instance, one person would just put on the right-front wheel and someone else would install the right-front door. by breaking jobs up into small standardized tasks,which could be performed over and over again, ford was able to produce cars at the rate of one every 10 seconds, while using employees who had relatively limited skill.questions:1. what is organizational structure? what is the key element that managers need to address when they design their org参考答案： organizational structure is how job tasks are formally divided,grouped, and coordinated.work specialization departmentalization chain of command span of control centralization and decentralization formalization第19题[判断题]what are the group decision-making techniques?参考答案： (a)brainstorming,(b)electronic brainstorming,(c)and nominalgroup technique.第20题[判断题] xie li, lao bao and lin juan have something in common. they all were promoted within their organizations into management positions. and each found the transition a challenge.xie li was promoted to director of catering for the glazier group of restaurants in hang zhou city. with the promotion, she realized thatthings would never be the same again. no longer would she be able toparticipate in water-cooler goss ip or shrug off an employee’s chroniclaterness. she says she found her new role to be daunting. “at first i was like a bulldozer, knocking everyone over, and that was not well received. i was saying, ‘it’s my way or the highway.’ and wasforgetting that m y friends were also in transition.” she admits that this参考答案：1, a lot of new managers err in selecting the right leadership style when they move intomanagement. why do you think this happens?2, which leadership theories, if any, could help new leaders deal with this transition?第21题[判断题]explain the job characteristics model .参考答案： identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal andworkoutcomes. skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback 第22题[判断题] a sales representative for a women’s sportswear manufacturer has just closed a ＄13,000 order from a small clothing retailer. the sales rep calls in the order to her firm’s creditdepartment. she is told that the firm can’t approve credit to this customer because of a past slow-payment record. the next day, the sales rep and the firm’s cre dit manager meet todiscuss the problem. the sale rep doesn’t want to lose the business. neither does the credit manger, but he also doesn’t want to get stuck with an uncollectible debt. the two openlyreview their options. after considerable discussion, they agree on a solution that meets both their needs: the credit manager will approve the sale, but the clothing store’s owner 60 days.参考答案： distributive bargaining integrative bargaining第23题[判断题]what are the frequently used shortcuts in judging others?参考答案： selective perception halo effect contrast effectsprojectionstereotyping本次测试范围为：组织行为学测试题（3）选择题：10题 填空题：10题 判断题：0题 问答题：7题 第1题[单选题] _________ must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning.a:powerb:communication c:conflict d: negotiation参考答案： b第2题[单选题]______ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with anopportunity, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.a:stree b:conflict c:power d:politics参考答案： a第3题[单选题] power is a __________ that a has to influence the behavior of b so that b acts in accordance with a ’s wishes.a:function b:impression c:capacityd:responsibility参考答案：c第4题[单选题]____ is a process by which individual their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.a:. perceptionb:emotionc:attituded:personality参考答案：a第5题[单选题]a common perception held by the organization’s members; and a system of shared meaning is __________.a:organizational designb:organizational culturec: organizational learningd:organizational behavior参考答案：b第6题[单选题]__________ is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to that the first party cares about.a:. negotiationb:conflictc:powerd: politics参考答案：b第7题[单选题]________ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.a:organizational designb:organizational culturec:organizational learningd: organizational behavior参考答案：d第8题[单选_________are those needed to perform mental activities --- for thinking, reasoning,题] and problem soving. .a:abilityb: intellectual abilityc:learningd:physical ability参考答案：b第9题[单选题]__________ refers to the empowerment of employees to assume more responsibility and accountability for planning, performing, controlling, and evaluating their own work.a:. job rotationb: job engineeringc:. job enrichmentd:job enlargement参考答案：c第10题[单选题]_________ is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal..a:valueb:. rolec:perceptiond:motivation参考答案：d第11题[填空题]is activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in theorganization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution ofadvantages and disadvantages within the organization.参考答案：( politicalbehavior )第12题[填空题]is a collection of planned-change interventions built on humanistics-democratic values that seekto improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.参考答案：( organizationaldevelopment )第13题[填空题]is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particularorganization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.参考答案： ( organizational commitment )第14题[填空题]is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them.参考答案： ( negotiation )第15题[填空题]is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.参考答案： ( learning )第16题[填空题]are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.参考答案： ( moods )第17题[填空题]focus the evaluator’s attention on the behaviors that are key in making the difference between executing a job effectively and executing it ineffectively.参考答案： ( critical incidents ) 第18题[填空题]is a positive expectation that another will not- through words, actions, or decisions- act opportunistically.参考答案： ( trust )第19题[填空题]are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.参考答案： ( emotions )第20题[填空题]is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requir ements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.参考答案： ( organizational citizenship behavior )第21题[判断题]what are the 5 stages of group development?参考答案： (a) forming(b) stoming(c) norming(d) performing(e)adjourning第22题[判断题]what are the frequently used shortcuts in judging others?参考答案： selective perception （选择性知觉）halo effect （晕轮效应）contrast effects （对比效应）projection （投射）stereotyping （刻板印象第23题[判断题]what is the communication process?参考答案： the senderencodingthe messagethe channeldecodingthereceivernoisefeedback第24题[判断题]what are the frequently used shortcuts in judging others?参考答案： selective perceptionhalo effectcontrasteffectsprojectionstereotyping第25题[判断题]explain the job characteristics model .参考答案： identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal andworkoutcomes. skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback第26题[判断题]what is the job characteristics model参考答案：identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal and workoutcomes. skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback第27题[判断题]what are the group decision-making techniques?参考答案：(a)brainstorming,(b)electronic brainstorming,(c)and nominalgroup technique.本次测试范围为：组织行为学测试题（4）选择题：16题填空题：0题判断题：0题问答题：6题第1题[单选题] . a common perception held by the organization’s members; and a system of shared meaning is __________a:organizational designb:organizational culturec: organizational learningd:organizational behavior参考答案：b第2题[单选题]______ is a process by which individual their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.a:perceptionb:emotionc:attituded: personality参考答案：a第3题[单选题]________ focus the evaluator’s attention on the behaviors that are key in making the difference between executing a job effectively and executing it ineffectively.a:critical incidentsb:. written essaysc:graphic ratingd:behaviorally anchored rating scales参考答案：a第4题[单选题]________ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.a:organizational designb: organizational culturec:organizational learningd:organizational behavior参考答案：d第5题[单选题]_________ is activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.a:conflictb:negotiationc: political behaviord:motivation参考答案：c第6题[单选题] _________ must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning a:. powerb:communicationc:conflictd:. negotiation参考答案：b第7题[单选题]________is a positive expectation that another will not- through words, actions, or decisions- act opportunistically.a: leadershipb:communicationc:powerd: trust参考答案：d第8题[单选题]________are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.a:emotionb:perceptionc:. satisfactiond:moods参考答案：d第9题[单选题]________is a positive expectation that another will not- through words, actions, or decisions- act opportunistically.a: leadershipb:communicationc:powerd: trust参考答案：d第10题[单选题]_________are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.a:. emotionb:personalityc:attituded:motivation参考答案：a第11题[单选题]_______ is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.a:organizational developmentb:organizational learningc:organizational commitmentd:organizational culture参考答案：c第12题[单选题]__________are those needed to perform mental activities --- for thinking, reasoning, and problem soving. .a:abilityb:. intellectual abilityc: learningd:physical ability参考答案：b第13题[单选题]____ is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to that the first party cares about.a:negotiationb:conflictc: powerd: politics参考答案： b第14题[单选题] ______ is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for thema: conflict b: power c:negotiation d: political behavior参考答案： c第15题[单选题] power is a __________ that a has to influence the behavior of b so that b acts in accordance with a ’s wishes.a:function b: impression c: capacity d: responsibility参考答案： c第16题[单选题] ______is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.a:ability b:. learning c:. attitude d:. negotiation参考答案： b第17题[判断题]what are the group decision-making techniques?参考答案： (a)brainstorming,(b)electronic brainstorming,(c)and nominalgroup technique.第18题[判断题]what are the frequently used shortcuts in judging others?参考答案： selective perception （选择性知觉）halo effect （晕轮效应）contrast effects （对比效应）projection （投射）stereotyping （刻板印象第19题[判断题] early in the twentieth century, henry ford became rich and famous by building automobiles on an assembly line. every ford worker wasassigned a specific, repetitive task. for instance, one person would just put on the right-front wheel and someone else would install the right-front door. by breaking jobs up into small standardized tasks, which could be performed over and over again, ford was able to produce cars at the rate of one every 10 seconds, while using employees who had relatively limited skill.questions:1.what is organizational structure?what is the key element that managers need to address when they design their organizati参考答案： organizational structure is how job tasks are formally divided,grouped, and coordinated.work specialization （工作专门化） departmentalization （部门化） chain of command （命令链） span of control （控制跨度） centralization and decentralization （集权/分权） formalization （正规化）第20题[判断题] explain the job characteristics model .参考答案： identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal andworkoutcomes. skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback 第21题[判断题] a sales representative for a women’s sportswear manufacturer has just closed a ＄13,000 order from a small clothing retailer. the sales rep calls in the or der to her firm’s credit department. she is told that the firm can’t approve credit to this customer because of a past slow -payment record. the nextday, the sales rep and the firm’s credit manager meet to discuss the problem. the sale rep doesn’twant to lose the business. neither does the credit manger, but he also doesn’t want to get stuck withan uncollectible debt. the two openly review their options. after considerable discussion, they agree on a solution that meets both their needs: the credit manager will approve the sale, but the clothing store’s owner 60 days.<参考答案： distributive bargaining 分配谈判integrative bargaining 综合谈判第22题[判断题]what are the 5 stages of group development?参考答案： (a) forming(b) stoming(c) norming(d) performing(e)adjourning本次测试范围组织行为学测试题（5）为：选择题：题填空题：题判断题：题问答题：题第1题[填空题]is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements,but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.参考答案：( organizational citizenship behavior )第2题[填空题]is a collection of planned-change interventions built on humanistics-democraticvalues that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employeewell-being.参考答案：( organizational development )第3题[填空题]are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack acontextual stimulus.参考答案：( moods )第4题[填空题]is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services andattempt to agree on the exchange rate for them.参考答案：( negotiation )第5题[填空题]is activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in theorganization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution ofadvantages and disadvantages within the organization.参考答案：( politicalbehavior )第6题[填空题]focus the evaluator’s attention on the behaviors that are key in making the difference betweenexecuting a job effectively and executing it ineffectively.参考答案：( critical incidents )第7题[填空题]is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particularorganization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in theorganization.参考答案：( organizational commitment )第8题[填空题]are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.参考答案：( emotions )。

《组织行为学》练习测试题库（标红题目为更新题目）填空题1．组织行为学常见的研究方法有：_观察法；调查法；实验法；测验法；案例分析法 .2．能力差异表现为：水平差异；类型差异；早晚差异_。

3．性格形成和发展的影响因素有：社会文化因素；学校教育因素；家庭因素；个体因素。

4．动机的产生主要依赖两个条件：其一是个体因缺乏某种东西而引起的需要（驱力或欲望）；其二是个体之外能满足需要的客体、情境、条件等诱因。

5．需要层次理论认为人的需要有：生理需要；安全需要；社交的需要；尊重的需要、自我实现的需要。

6．成就需要理论认为人的高层次需要由权力需要；友谊需要和成就需要构成。

7．“生存、关系、成长”理论认为人类有三种需要：_生存需要；相互关系需要和成长需要_ 。

8．从公平理论来看，影响激励效果的不仅有__报酬的绝对值，还有报酬的相对值。

9．强化的类型有_报酬的绝对值报酬的相对_ 。

10．综合激励理论主要包括_ 波特——劳勒_的综合激励理论和_罗伯特·豪斯的综合激励理论。

11．挫折发生的三个必备条件是_个体所期望或追求的目标是重要的；个体认为该目标是有可能达成的；在目标与现实中存在难以克服的障碍。

12．影响人际知觉偏见的心理因素有第一印象（初次印象）；刻板印象（人际知觉的定型化）；光环效应（晕轮效应）。

13．归因的一般原则有共变原则；打折扣原则；非共同效果原则；非预期性原则；三度归因原则。

14．根据信息沟通时的反馈信息多少，在组织中可以把沟通分为两种：_双向沟通和单向沟通。

15．从相互作用分析的角度出发，交往的形式主要有两种，即平行的交往和交叉的交往_。

16．高绩效团队的特点有：_ 高效率、高绩效；规模较小；成员技能互补；善于变化。

17．领导行为的效果是由_领导者、被领导者以及环境变量__交互作用所决定的。

18．20世纪70年代，领导问题的研究以考虑情境因素的应变理论为主导方向。

但到20世纪80年代，一些研究者则从领导与下级的关系以及领导者是否具有远见卓识的角度研究领导行为，从而提出了各种不同的理论，主要包括_领导—成员交换理论；领导归因理论；领导魅力理论；转变型领导理论和超越型领导理论。

组织行为学试题（含参考答案）一、单选题（共32题，每题1分，共32分）1.()是完成组织变革任务的一种最直接和最基本的方式,见效快,可以使组织发生根本的变化。

A、以人为重点的变革方式B、以工作任务和技术为重点的变革方式C、以组织结构为重点的变革方式D、以上都是正确答案：C2.从学习内容看,个人学习包括(B)和(),组织学习的内涵除了包括组织成员这两个方面的改变外,还应包括组织体系的改变。

A、思想改变B、认知改变C、行动改变D、行为改变正确答案：D3.从结构维度和关怀维度考虑,以下那种类型的领导更有效。

()A、高结构-高关怀B、低结构-高关怀C、低结构-低关怀D、高结构-低关怀正确答案：A4.电视会议、即时信息、聊天室属于电子化信息沟通主要方式中的()。

A、单向沟通B、同步通信C、异步通信D、双向沟通正确答案：B5.社会化是指人()社会的整个过程。

A、远离B、融入C、适应D、加入正确答案：B6.组织善于获取、创造和转移知识,并且以新知识和新见解为指导修正组织的行为,能够快速适应不断变化的外部环境.是()对学习型组织的描述。

A、彼得·圣吉B、英国学者C、哈佛商学院D、国内学者正确答案：C7.通过学习型组织建设,可以提高组织在新环境中的(),最终提高竞争力。

A、沟通能力B、适应能力C、竞争能力D、组织协作能力正确答案：B8.对自我刻板印象的描述不正确的是()。

A、导致“自我实现的预言”效应的出现B、避免了出现心理压力C、强化社会身份认同D、会约束个体做出更加符合群体规范的行为正确答案：B9.组织学习的概念是从()的概念发展而来的,两者既有联系又有区别。

A、集体学习B、个人学习C、群体学习D、团队学习正确答案：B10.最早提出“情绪劳动”的学者是()。

A、瑟顿B、弗农C、霍克希尔D、迈尔斯-布里格斯正确答案：C11.大多数有关沟通与创新的研究指出,()的开放性对个人和组织创新都有积极作用。

A、组织文化B、组织沟通C、个体创新D、组织创新正确答案：B12.企业文化是企业全体员工在长期的生产经营活动中培育形成并共同遵循的()、价值标准、基本信念及行为规范。

组织行为学练习题二一,单项选择题1, 组织行为学研究的对象是( )A, 人在管理活动中运用的手段和技术等;B, 人的一般行为规律性;C, 人在管理活动中应遵守的道德规范等;D, 组织的管理准则,管理规范和管理手段的基本问题;E,组织中人的行为的规律性;2, 下列哪些不属于组织( )A, 家庭;B, 宗教协会;C, 红十字会;D, 奥运会自愿者组织;E, 某风景旅游点的从多游客;3, 下列说法哪个是不正确的( )A, 根据行为主体的不同,组织行为可以区分为个体行为,群体行为,领导行为,组织行为,组织变革等;B, 组织根据其设立的宗旨不同可分为经济组织,政治组织,军事组织,文化组织,宗教组织等;C, 组织就是由两个或两以上的人组成的;D, 组织内的成员之间存在明确的分工和有机的联系结构;E, 一定的组织具有一定的共同目标;4, 被称为研究组织内容人的行为的里程碑是( )A,1949年在美国芝加哥召开的科学讨论会;B,霍桑试验;C,1914年利莲.吉尔布雷斯出版的《管理心理学》;D,泰罗的《科学管理原理》;5, 面谈法属于组织行为学研究方法的( )A, 观察法;B,调查法;C,实验法;D,测验法;6, 一个人经常出现的,比较稳定的心理倾向性和非倾向性特征的总和是:A, 气质; B,个性; C,能力; D,性格;7, 决定人的心理活动动力特征的是:A, 气质;B,能力;C,个性;D,性格;8, 下列说法不正确的是:A, 个性特征是在人的个性结构中比较稳定的成分,具体包括气质,能力和性格;B, 个性的独特性是指每个人的个性的独一无二性;C, 个性的稳定性是相对的,并非一成不变的;D, 个体个性的不同部分中,能力和气质比较容易发生变化,而性格相对较难发生变化; E, 构成个性的心理特点是相互影响,相互作用,相互依存的;9, 下列说法是不正确的是:A, 气质类型不是绝对的;B, 气质类型有优劣之分;C, 当一项工作要求承担者具有灵敏快速的反应时,多血质的人较合适;D, 气质影响活动的效率,工作性质和个体气质具有匹配性;E, 不同气质的公务员对批评,压力,奖罚的反应方式是不同的;10,顺利掌握和运用前人所积累的知识和技能的能力是:A, 概括能力;B,管理能力;C,再造性能力;D,操作能力;E,创造性能力;11,能力是个体顺利完成某种活动所必备的心理特征,下列说法正确的是:A, 能力是顺利完成某种活动的客观条件;B, 能力是完成活动的必要条件;C, 只要认真执行,能力对活动的完成速度和质量并不影响;D, 一个人的能力大小和他所掌握的知识多少不相关的;12,具有高水平的专长,关于在活动中进行创造性思维,引发灵感,活动成果突出而优异的人属于:A, 能力低下;B,一般能力;C,天才;D,才能;13,某服刑人员刚来监狱时表现很不好,后经过教育改造得到了很大转变,但个别监狱警察仍然认为该服刑人员表现是假的,好不到哪儿去.请问这是哪类偏见在起作用 ( ) A,近因效应B,刻板印象C,首因效应D,自我实现预言14,某人在一段时间里常常感到情绪低落,兴趣减退,对前途悲观失望,总是提不起精神来.根据这些表现可判断该人的情绪是( )A,抑郁B,焦虑C,自卑D,压抑15,不属于个性心理特征的是( ).A,能力B,气质C,性格D,智商16,当你身边大多数人选择某种东西时,你常不自觉的做出相同的行为,这一心理现象称作( ).A,刻板印象B,社会吸引C,从众D,服从17,气质类型( )A,有好好坏B,都是好的C,都是坏的D,无好坏之分18,人们遭遇不良情绪时,正确的处理方式为( )A,喝酒B,吃大量的东西C,压抑负性的情绪D,和朋友倾诉19,气质类型为( )的人,承受外界刺激的能力较低,所以容易在不良因素的刺激下产生心理障碍或心身疾病,如神经衰弱,抑郁症或胃溃疡等.A,多血质B,胆汁质C,黏液质D,抑郁质20,"以德报怨"说的是人际交往中的( ).A,尊重原则B,保持原则C,互利原则D,宽容原则二 ,是非判断题1,在下列影响人际关系相似性的因素中,对人际关系影响最大的是价值观念.( )2,人格稳定性受到性别与社会经济地位的影响.( )3,个性中所包含的各种心理特征对人的行为的影响是一贯的,不受时间,地点限制的,这说明个性具有稳定性.( )4,小王为人热情,活泼好动,反应迅速,敏捷,有朝气,但情绪不那么稳定,有时粗枝大叶.小王属于胆汁质类型的气质.( )5,动机和兴趣产生的基础是实践.( )6,投射效应是一种以己度人的知觉倾向( )7,挫折的原因是由社会因素产生的.( )8,按沟通的方向不同,可以将正式沟通分为上行沟通喝下行沟通.( )9,人遇到挫折时"退行"的表现是:逻辑思维削弱,缺少周密性,情绪冲动,处理事情的能力减弱.( )10,酸葡萄效应说得是得到的东西跟自己原来想象不一样.这是"文饰"的两种效应之一.( )11,"失之东隅,收之桑榆"代表的是一种补偿心理.( )12,家庭暴力的行为就是一种逃避行为.( )13,妥协心理及行为包括:文饰,投射,反向,表同.( )14,美国管理学家名兹伯格把管理者的角色行为定为领导角色.15,人际沟通主要的功能有传达信息,控制,激励,交流思想与感情.( )16,人际沟通的一个完整的过程包含六个环节.( )17,隐蔽性沟通会导致交流困难甚至争论.( )18,避免争论就算是一种积极倾听.( )19,尊重他人是指:尊重人的尊严,尊重人的基本权力和责任,尊重人的个体和社会价值和对人肯定,认可,赏识.( )20,尽量只用你的成人态来解决问题和冲突,是有效沟通的相互作用分析的基本原则之一.( )三,多项选择题1, 下面关于管理正确的是:A, 管理是经由他人的活动以完成工作目标的一系列活动;B, 管理就是借助他人把事办好;C, 管理的对象有人,财,物;D, 有效管理的核心是人;2, 组织行为学把人的行为分为几个层次:A, 个体行为;B, 群体行为;C, 组织行为;D, 管理行为;3, 下面哪些属于管理者的行为A,招聘,选拔,录用,开发,使用人才;B,改变下属态度,调动积极性;C,塑造高效团队,准确绩效评价;D,解决个人,群体及群体间矛盾冲突;4, 组织行为学的具体研究办法目前比较常用的有:A, 实验法; B,观察法; C,调查法; D测量法;E,案例分析法;5, 研究组织行为学,对行政管理具有重要的意义在于:A, 能提高行政组织的管理水平,提高员工心理健康水平;B, 促使行政组织认识到以人为本的管理的重要性;C, 促使行政组织团队的建设,提高群体凝聚力和向心力;D, 提高组织领导的决策水平和工作组织能力;6, 个性倾向性是人的心理活动的动力系统,具体包括:A,动机; B,理想; C,价值观; D,态度; E,情绪;7, 体液说以人体的体液解释气质缺乏科学证据,但这种分法是从实际生活中概括出来的,因此被广为接受,主要分为:A, 多血质; B,胆汁质; C,黏液质;D,抑郁质;E,黏血质;8, 下列说明正确的是:A, 如果岗位承担者不符合岗位的能力要求,那么无论其工作积极性多高,最是无法胜任工作的;B, 公务员的能力远超过其工作岗位的能力要求时,反而会导致浪费人才,降低工作质量; C, 根据能力的创造性不同,分为再造性能力和创造性能力;D, 根据能力指向的对象不同,分为认知能力和操作能力;E, 一般能力又称智力,包括观察,记忆,想象,思维,注意能力等;9, 关于"耳听为虚,眼见为实"下面正确的是:A, 亲耳听到的不一定是真的;B, 亲眼见到的一定是真实的;C, 这说明知觉到的事实和真正的事实有差别.D, 人们根据所知觉的事实来行事.10,下面正确的是:A, 知觉属于感觉;B, 知觉和感觉是不同的;C, 感觉是人的感觉器官对外部事物个别属性的感觉;D, 知觉是对客观事物外部事实整体的判断和反应;11,对于图像的知觉下面正确的是:A, 同样一副画我们对它的认知取决于选择了哪些刺激;B, 对同一图片的认知差异是由于我们对刺激的选择不同; C, 对刺激组织过程中进行的添加导致了对事物认知的不同; D, 在对刺激的组织过程中,遵循"图像背景"的规律;12,关于选择性知觉下面正确的是:A,选择性知觉是对周围事物和现象有选择的感知过程;B,客体的状态会影响你选择和排除的刺激;C,以往形成的观念,经验会影响到现在的知觉;D,知觉主要取决于主体的期望,需要和兴趣;13,下面正确的是:A,近因效应是指最后出现的信息比最先出现的信息影响更大; B,首因效应是信息输入顺序对判断及印象的形成产生影响; C,认知陌生人时近应效应经常会起作用;D,认知熟悉的人时首因效应会发生;14,下列属于"晕轮效应"的是:A,爱屋及乌;B,新官上任三把火;C,一好百好,一坏百坏;D,士别三日,当刮目相看;15,下面属于定势的是:A,疑邻盗斧;B,无商不奸;C,运动员听到枪声就尽可能快的起跑;D,妈妈能一下子听到自己孩子的哭声;16,"正确的人及时得到准确的信息"的维度包括 .A,及时性B,准确性C,效率D,效能17,人际沟壑涉及到三个方面的重要问题 .A,吸引信息接收者的关注B,按照信息的本意理解C,利用信息的前提是接受所沟通的信息D,利用信息的前提是关注所沟通的信息18,促进关注的策略包括 .A,控制信息量B,编码时注意信息的特点C,改变音量,重复信息D,缩短传递渠道19,关于"父母"心态下面正确的是:A,是儿童的内心对外部事件的一种记录B,包含着各种规矩,道德信条和行为指南C,以权威和优越为标志D,其行为表现是冲动性,很容易发火,经常有受挫感20,关于"儿童"心态下面正确的是:A,是对内部事件的一种感受B,由所见,所听,所感和所知的信息构成C,包含渴望发现和感受,也包含责备,惩罚和消极情感D,处在"儿童"状态时,可能会很有创造性四,案例分析题:(一)孙权与庞统的对话《三国演义》第15章有一段描写了周瑜死后鲁肃把凤雏庞统举荐给孙权一事.权见其人浓厚掀鼻黑面,形容古怪,心中不喜.乃问曰:"公生平所学,以何为主 "统曰:"不必拘谨,随机应变."权曰:"公之才学与公谨如何 "庞统笑曰:"某之所学与公谨大不相同."权生平最喜欢周瑜,见庞统轻之,心中愈不乐.及谓统曰:"公且退之,待有公之时,却来相请."统长叹一声而出.鲁肃曰:"主公何不用庞统 "权曰:"狂士也,用之何益 "肃曰:"赤壁鏖战时,此人曾献连环策成第一功,主公想必知之 "权曰:"此事乃操自欲钉船,未必此人之功也,我誓不用之."1, 此例说明了一个什么道理 P372, 社会知觉障碍有哪几种 P373, 作为公共组织的管理者,应如何运用此道理加强公共组织的管理 P40(二)某单位分房领导小组的分房方案公布后,该单位有四个人没有分到房子.小张知道自己没分房子后,怒气冲冲地找领导谈话,甚至和分房小组领导吵闹起来.小李也找自己的领导表达了自己的不满,但他发现没办法挽回局面时,为了给领导留下好印象,就灵活地提出要求,今年没有分到房子希望来一年能有机会领导务必考虑.老陈知道自己没轮得上后,找领导冷静地诉说自己的问题,最后发现一点用都没有,就放弃努力了.老赵看到分房名单里没自己的名字,想想也自认倒霉,干脆放弃机会,也不去找领导理论.1, 请说出小张,小李,老陈,老赵四人的气质类型2, 每种气质类型的特点是什么 P26五,论述题(一)联系工作实际,论述如何在管理中运用需要层次理论(二)联系工作和生活实际,论述如何改善人际沟通《组织行为学》练习题二参考答案一,单项选择题1,组织行为学研究的对象是:E2,下列哪些不属于组织( )A,家庭;B,宗教协会;C,红十字会;D,奥运会自愿者组织;E,某风景旅游点的从多游客;E3,下列说法哪个是不正确的( )A,根据行为主体的不同,组织行为可以区分为个体行为,群体行为,领导行为,组织行为,组织变革等;B,组织根据其设立的宗旨不同可分为经济组织,政治组织,军事组织,文化组织,宗教组织等;C,组织就是由两个或两以上的人组成的;D,组织内的成员之间存在明确的分工和有机的联系结构;E,一定的组织具有一定的共同目标;A4,被称为研究组织内容人的行为的里程碑是( )A,1949年在美国芝加哥召开的科学讨论会;B,霍桑试验;C,1914年利莲.吉尔布雷斯出版的《管理心理学》;D,泰罗的《科学管理原理》;B5,面谈法属于组织行为学研究方法的( )A,观察法;B,调查法;C,实验法;D,测验法;B6,一个人经常出现的,比较稳定的心理倾向性和非倾向性特征的总和是:A,气质; B,个性; C,能力; D,性格;B7,决定人的心理活动动力特征的是:A,气质;B,能力;C,个性;D,性格;C8,下列说法不正确的是:A,个性特征是在人的个性结构中比较稳定的成分,具体包括气质,能力和性格;B,个性的独特性是指每个人的个性的独一无二性;C,个性的稳定性是相对的,并非一成不变的;D,个体个性的不同部分中,能力和气质比较容易发生变化,而性格相对较难发生变化; E,构成个性的心理特点是相互影响,相互作用,相互依存的;D9,下列说法是不正确的是:A,气质类型不是绝对的;B,气质类型有优劣之分;C,当一项工作要求承担者具有灵敏快速的反应时,多血质的人较合适;D,气质影响活动的效率,工作性质和个体气质具有匹配性;E,不同气质的公务员对批评,压力,奖罚的反应方式是不同的;B10,顺利掌握和运用前人所积累的知识和技能的能力是:A,概括能力;B,管理能力;C,再造性能力;D,操作能力;E,创造性能力;C11,能力是个体顺利完成某种活动所必备的心理特征,下列说法正确的是:A,能力是顺利完成某种活动的客观条件;B,能力是完成活动的必要条件;C,只要认真执行,能力对活动的完成速度和质量并不影响;D,一个人的能力大小和他所掌握的知识多少不相关的;B12,具有高水平的专长,关于在活动中进行创造性思维,引发灵感,活动成果突出而优异的人属于:A,能力低下;B,一般能力;C,天才;D,才能;C13,某服刑人员刚来监狱时表现很不好,后经过教育改造得到了很大转变,但个别监狱警察仍然认为该服刑人员表现是假的,好不到哪儿去.请问这是哪类偏见在起作用 ( ) A,近因效应B,刻板印象C,首因效应D,自我实现预言B14,某人在一段时间里常常感到情绪低落,兴趣减退,对前途悲观失望,总是提不起精神来.根据这些表现可判断该人的情绪是( )A,抑郁B,焦虑C,自卑D,压抑A15,不属于个性心理特征的是( ).A,能力B,气质C,性格D,智商D16,当你身边大多数人选择某种东西时,你常不自觉的做出相同的行为,这一心理现象称作( ).A,刻板印象B,社会吸引C,从众D,服从C17,气质类型( )A,有好好坏B,都是好的C,都是坏的D,无好坏之分D18,人们遭遇不良情绪时,正确的处理方式为( )A,喝酒B,吃大量的东西C,压抑负性的情绪D,和朋友倾诉D19,气质类型为( )的人,承受外界刺激的能力较低,所以容易在不良因素的刺激下产生心理障碍或心身疾病,如神经衰弱,抑郁症或胃溃疡等.A,多血质B,胆汁质C,黏液质D,抑郁质D20,"以德报怨"说的是人际交往中的( ).A,尊重原则B,保持原则C,互利原则D,宽容原则D二 ,是非判断题1,在下列影响人际关系相似性的因素中,对人际关系影响最大的是价值观念.(√ )2,人格稳定性受到性别与社会经济地位的影响.( × )3,个性中所包含的各种心理特征对人的行为的影响是一贯的,不受时间,地点限制的,这说明个性具有稳定性.(√ )4,小王为人热情,活泼好动,反应迅速,敏捷,有朝气,但情绪不那么稳定,有时粗枝大叶.小王属于胆汁质类型的气质.( √ )5,动机和兴趣产生的基础是实践.( × )6,投射效应是一种以己度人的知觉倾向(√)7,挫折的原因是由社会因素产生的.( × )8,按沟通的方向不同,可以将正式沟通分为上行沟通喝下行沟通.( × )9,人遇到挫折时"退行"的表现是:逻辑思维削弱,缺少周密性,情绪冲动,处理事情的能力减弱.(√)10,酸葡萄效应说得是得到的东西跟自己原来想象不一样.这是"文饰"的两种效应之一.( × )11,"失之东隅,收之桑榆"代表的是一种补偿心理.(√)12,家庭暴力的行为就是一种逃避行为.( × )13,妥协心理及行为包括:文饰,投射,反向,表同.(√)14,美国管理学家名兹伯格把管理者的角色行为定为领导角色.15,人际沟通主要的功能有传达信息,控制,激励,交流思想与感情.(√)16,人际沟通的一个完整的过程包含六个环节.( × )17,隐蔽性沟通会导致交流困难甚至争论.( × )18,避免争论就算是一种积极倾听.( × )19,尊重他人是指:尊重人的尊严,尊重人的基本权力和责任,尊重人的个体和社会价值和对人肯定,认可,赏识.(√)20,尽量只用你的成人态来解决问题和冲突,是有效沟通的相互作用分析的基本原则之一.(√)三,多项选择题1,下面关于管理正确的是:A,管理是经由他人的活动以完成工作目标的一系列活动;B,管理就是借助他人把事办好;C,管理的对象有人,财,物;D,有效管理的核心是人;ABCD2,组织行为学把人的行为分为几个层次:A,个体行为;B,群体行为;C,组织行为;D,管理行为;ABC3,下面哪些属于管理者的行为A,招聘,选拔,录用,开发,使用人才;B,改变下属态度,调动积极性;C,塑造高效团队,准确绩效评价;D,解决个人,群体及群体间矛盾冲突;ABCD4,组织行为学的具体研究办法目前比较常用的有:A,实验法; B,观察法; C,调查法; D测量法;E,案例分析法;ABCE5,研究组织行为学,对行政管理具有重要的意义在于:A,能提高行政组织的管理水平,提高员工心理健康水平;B,促使行政组织认识到以人为本的管理的重要性;C,促使行政组织团队的建设,提高群体凝聚力和向心力;D,提高组织领导的决策水平和工作组织能力;ABCD6,个性倾向性是人的心理活动的动力系统,具体包括:A,动机; B,理想; C,价值观; D,态度; E,情绪;ABCD7,体液说以人体的体液解释气质缺乏科学证据,但这种分法是从实际生活中概括出来的,因此被广为接受,主要分为:A,多血质; B,胆汁质; C,黏液质;D,抑郁质;E,黏血质;ABCD8,下列说明正确的是:A,如果岗位承担者不符合岗位的能力要求,那么无论其工作积极性多高,最是无法胜任工作的;B,公务员的能力远超过其工作岗位的能力要求时,反而会导致浪费人才,降低工作质量; C,根据能力的创造性不同,分为再造性能力和创造性能力;D,根据能力指向的对象不同,分为认知能力和操作能力;E,一般能力又称智力,包括观察,记忆,想象,思维,注意能力等;ABCDE;9,关于"耳听为虚,眼见为实"下面正确的是A,亲耳听到的不一定是真的;B,亲眼见到的一定是真实的;C,这说明知觉到的事实和真正的事实有差别.D,人们根据所知觉的事实来行事.ACD10,下面正确的是:A,知觉属于感觉;B,知觉和感觉是不同的;C,感觉是人的感觉器官对外部事物个别属性的感觉;D,知觉是对客观事物外部事实整体的判断和反应;BCD11,对于图像的知觉下面正确的是:A,同样一副画我们对它的认知取决于选择了哪些刺激;B,对同一图片的认知差异是由于我们对刺激的选择不同;C,对刺激组织过程中进行的添加导致了对事物认知的不同;D,在对刺激的组织过程中,遵循"图像背景"的规律;ABCD12,关于选择性知觉下面正确的是:A,选择性知觉是对周围事物和现象有选择的感知过程;B,客体的状态会影响你选择和排除的刺激;C,以往形成的观念,经验会影响到现在的知觉;D,知觉主要取决于主体的期望,需要和兴趣;ABCD13,下面正确的是:A,近因效应是指最后出现的信息比最先出现的信息影响更大; B,首因效应是信息输入顺序对判断及印象的形成产生影响; C,认知陌生人时近应效应经常会起作用;D,认知熟悉的人时首因效应会发生;AB14,下列属于"晕轮效应"的是:A,爱屋及乌;B,新官上任三把火;C,一好百好,一坏百坏;D,士别三日,当刮目相看;AC15,下面属于定势的是:A,疑邻盗斧;B,无商不奸;C,运动员听到枪声就尽可能快的起跑;D,妈妈能一下子听到自己孩子的哭声;ACD16,"正确的人及时得到准确的信息"的维度包括 .A,及时性B,准确性C,效率D,效能ABCD17,人际沟壑涉及到三个方面的重要问题 .A,吸引信息接收者的关注B,按照信息的本意理解C,利用信息的前提是接受所沟通的信息D,利用信息的前提是关注所沟通的信息ABC18,促进关注的策略包括 .A,控制信息量B,编码时注意信息的特点C,改变音量,重复信息D,缩短传递渠道ABCD19,关于"父母"心态下面正确的是:A,是儿童的内心对外部事件的一种记录B,包含着各种规矩,道德信条和行为指南C,以权威和优越为标志D,其行为表现是冲动性,很容易发火,经常有受挫感ABC20,关于"儿童"心态下面正确的是:A,是对内部事件的一种感受B,由所见,所听,所感和所知的信息构成C,包含渴望发现和感受,也包含责备,惩罚和消极情感D,处在"儿童"状态时,可能会很有创造性ABCD四,案例分析题:(一)孙权与庞统的对话《三国演义》第15章有一段描写了周瑜死后鲁肃把凤雏庞统举荐给孙权一事.权见其人浓厚掀鼻黑面,形容古怪,心中不喜.乃问曰:"公生平所学,以何为主 "统曰:"不必拘谨,随机应变."权曰:"公之才学与公谨如何 "庞统笑曰:"某之所学与公谨大不相同."权生平最喜欢周瑜,见庞统轻之,心中愈不乐.及谓统曰:"公且退之,待有公之时,却来相请."统长叹一声而出.鲁肃曰:"主公何不用庞统 "权曰:"狂士也,用之何益 "肃曰:"赤壁鏖战时,此人曾献连环策成第一功,主公想必知之 "权曰:"此事乃操自欲钉船,未必此人之功也,我誓不用之."1,此例说明了一个什么道理 P372,社会知觉障碍有哪几种 P373,作为公共组织的管理者,应如何运用此道理加强公共组织的管理 P40(二)某单位分房领导小组的分房方案公布后,该单位有四个人没有分到房子.小张知道自己没分房子后,怒气冲冲地找领导谈话,甚至和分房小组领导吵闹起来.小李也找自己的领导表达了自己的不满,但他发现没办法挽回局面时,为了给领导留下好印象,就灵活地提出要求,今年没有分到房子希望来一年能有机会领导务必考虑.老陈知道自己没轮得上后,找领导冷静地诉说自己的问题,最后发现一点用都没有,就放弃努力了.老赵看到分房名单里没自己的名字,想想也自认倒霉,干脆放弃机会,也不去找领导理论.1,请说出小张,小李,老陈,老赵四人的气质类型2,每种气质类型的特点是什么 P26五,论述题(一)联系工作实际,论述如何在管理中运用需要层次理论(二)联系工作和生活实际,论述如何改善人际沟通。