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汉语主题说明与英语主语谓语

汉语主题说明与英语主语谓语
汉语主题说明与英语主语谓语

(汉语)主题突出与(英语)主语突出

主题是语用上的概念,而主语是语法上的概念。从对比的角度看,汉语是主题突出的语言,而英语是主语突出的语言。

主题突出的语言是指句子的基本结构是信息单位话题和评说的语言;主语突出的语言是指在该语言里主语和谓语是句子的基本结构,句子中通常都要有主语和谓语。如:这把刀我以来切肉。With this knife I slice meat.

我用这把刀切肉。I use this knife to slice meat.

切肉我用这把刀。To slice meat I use this knife.

这把刀我切肉用。This knife is used to slice meat (by me).

我这把刀切肉用。I slice meat with this knife.

一、汉语常见主题类型:

I. 主谓谓语句

这个人脑瓜灵活。

我有点头疼。(我头有点疼。)

你心里委屈,我是知道的。

大家信心十足。

他这个人从小个性就强。

这个工厂规模很大。

屋里空气很沉闷。

我们谁也没去过西藏。

同学们你看看我,我看看你,不知道该怎么回答。

爷俩一个去跑原料,一个去跑煤。

II. 主题是隐含的介词

(对于)这个问题,恐怕各人有各人的看法。

(关于)这牲口的事情,我自己认倒霉吧。

他(用)右手拿着一束玫瑰花。

(用)这钱,你不办喜事,我还有别的用处。

(在)全村的人(里面),他只服你。

(在)这些书(里面)数这一种售得快。

(在)一亩地(里面)你下好多肥料。

(在)这两三年(里面),你有何打算?

(因为/为了)什么事又开会?

你(为了说清楚)一句话解释了又解释。

(按照)现在的法律,再大的罪也只是个死。

(靠着/凭借)一个月200块怎么生活啊?

(在)这件事(上面)你说服不了我。

几天前,(从)他儿媳的娘家有人捎信说……

咱们(到)教室里谈谈?

(在)图书馆他只呆了十分钟就离开了。

III. 宾语的语用移位

A:主动客结构的客体主题化

1. 主事+动词+客事

——客事+主事+动词

他昨晚想到了这种结果。

——这种结果,他昨晚想到了。

老张恨恨地骂了小王一顿。

——小王,老张恨恨地骂了(他)一顿。

2. 主事+动词+客事1+客事2(客事1是间接宾语,客事2是直接宾语)

——客事1+主事+动词+客事2

我送小李一本词典,我送小王一套“莎士比亚”。

——小李,我送一本词典,小王呢,我送一套“莎士比亚”。

3. 主事+动词+客事1+客事2(客事1是间接宾语,客事2是直接宾语)

——客事2+主事+动词+客事1

我已经告诉他你最近的情况了。

——你最近的情况了我已经告诉他。

你昨天怎么没有告诉辅导员王斌最近一段时间经常逃学?

王斌最近一段时间经常逃学你昨天怎么没有告诉辅导员?

4. 主事+动词1+客事+动词2(客事实际为“兼语”)

——客事+主事+动词1+动词2

老王送我们到叔叔家。

——我们被老王送到叔叔家。

同学们请张教授去做报告了。

——张教授同学们请去做报告了。

B:并列递进句式中的宾语主题化(主要是指重动句和连动句)

重动句

1. 主事+动词1+客事+动词+得+动词2

——客事+把+主事+动词1 +动词+得+动词2

他逛商店逛得筋疲力尽。

——商店把他逛得筋疲力尽。

2. 主事+动词1+客事+动词+得+动词2

——客事+动词1 +得+主事+动词2

他逛商店逛得筋疲力尽。

——商店逛得他筋疲力尽。

连动句

主事+动词1+客事1+动词+客事2

姑娘织了一块挂毯来装饰房间。

——房间,姑娘织了一块挂毯来装饰。

C:主事+动词1+动词2+客事(动词2是动词1致使的结果)

他打破了小王的嘴。

——小王的嘴让/被他打破了。

一只老鼠吓得她花容失色。

——她让/被一只老鼠吓得花容失色。

我都笑破肚皮了。

——肚皮我都笑破了。

D:主题化提升移位

老李还记得昨天他告诉我小王已经写完了那篇稿子。

——老李还记得那篇稿子昨天他告诉我小王已经写完了。

——那篇稿子老李还记得昨天他告诉我小王已经写完了。

句子的谓语动词通常是:告诉、知道、看到、看见、认为、以为、相信等可以支配主谓短语式宾语的动词(主谓短语式宾语即主谓结构充当宾语)。如

我从望远镜里清楚地看到敌人从小村里冲了出来。(敌人,主语)

——敌人,我从望远镜里清楚地看到从小村里冲了出来。

我原来认为我们只能在深山老林中看到灵芝。(灵芝,宾语)

——灵芝,我原来认为我们只能在深山老林中看到。

我知道老王已经去过北京了。

二、汉语主题的翻译

I. 主谓谓语句的翻译

主题主语与小主语之间具有领属关系,主题主语一般可以译成定语,小主语译成主语。我们这些孩子,书包一天比一天重。

The school bags of our children become heavier and heavier day by day.

我们村的麦地块块生长良好。

Each field of our village’s wheat grows fine.

小谓语是形容词时

这些新型汽车速度快,效率高,行动灵活。

These cars of new types are fast, efficient and handy.

主题主语与小主语之间无领属关系,但对小谓语的动词来说,具有施事、受事、与事、工具等语义关系。

主题主语是小主语的施事时,一般译成主语

他这顿饭不吃,我也不吃。

He doesn’t eat the meal, neither do I.

我们自然科学落后,要特别努力向外国学习。

We are backward in the natural science. We should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries.

主题主语是小谓语的受事时,一般译成宾语,可提前

交通规则人人要遵守。

Everyone should observe the rules of the road.

The rules of the road everyone should observe.

要不是你帮忙,那个任务我是无法按时完成的。

Without your help, I could not have fulfilled that task in time.

That task I could not have fulfilled in time without your help.

主题主语太长时,一般要译成宾语,但要置后

这种没有实际意义的空洞的大道理,你讲得越多,人家就会越讨厌你。

The more you elaborate on such unpractical empty theories, the more people would disgust you.

主题主语译成主语,小谓语译成被动语态

那部小说的故事情节这位作家常常闭着眼睛一动不动地坐在沙发上构思。

The plot of that novel is figured out by the writer when he sits motionlessly with his eyes shut on an armchair.

主题主语与主谓结构的语义关系是与事,一般小主语译成主语

这个人我知道的不多。

I know a little about this man.

这本小说我读过一半。

As for this novel, I have read half of it.

婚姻的事,年轻人都自己做主了。

As for the marriage, the young people would make their own decision.

主题主语与主谓结构谓语的语义关系是材料、工具、时间、地点、方式等,大多都可译成状语,并置于句首(也可以置于句末),小主语译成主语

这些砖头,他们可以盖房子。

With these bricks, they can build a house.

一步一步,慢慢地,他们终于登上了山顶。

Gradually, step by step, they climbed to the top of the mountain at last.

湖面波光闪闪,湖边茂林修竹,西湖景色四季宜人。

With glistening water on its surface and luxuriant trees and bamboo groves along its bank, the West Lake has attractive landscape all the year around.

翻译练习:

1. 大局(the overall situation)他都不顾,太让人失望了。

2. 这些工程师,既难又复杂的问题几分钟之内就解决了。

3. 中国地大物博、人口众多,中国人过去常常以此自豪。

4. 这笔钱,在收据(receipt)没有签字之前是绝对不能付的。

5. 孩子天天午饭学校食堂里吃。

6. There is a place where we always camp.

7. That tree has small flowers but large leaves. So it’s really ugly and I didn’t buy it.

8. When I arrived I saw her sitting on the stoop. She looked lonely and pathetic(悲哀的).

9. On the first day of the seven national days all our family will enjoy the roast duck in the restaurant “Quanjude”.

10. He was wearing a loose, long slushy(融雪的)overcoat that hung down to his ankles, looking

like a rug draped over(覆盖在……上)his bony shoulders, and a soggy(浸水的)old brown hat, as battered(破旧的)as the shoes he had brought in.

主语和谓语的一致培训资料

主语和谓语的一致. 1.主语和谓语的一致关系: 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致: Her dreams have come true. Her dream has come true. She often arrives at school late. They often arrive at school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are getting scarcer. I am getting bored. 2.确定主语单复数的三个原则: 2 – 1. 语法上一致的原则: The boy plays football well. The boys play football well. It is bitterly cold. I am very cold. 2 – 2. 概念上一致的原则: My family are all early risers. (指家中的全体成员, 有复数含义) His family has moved into the new house. (指整个家, 用作单数) Five minutes is enough. (一个时间段, 看作单数) The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全体船员, 复数) 2 – 3. 邻近词一致的原则: Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather. Either your key or my key is missing. Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party. He or I am in the wrong. -what’s worth visiting there?

小学英语语法主语、谓语、宾语教学内容

小学英语语法主语、谓语、宾语 主语:主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么,主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词,短语或从句充当。 一、名词作主语 David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。 二、代词作主语 Who is speaking, please? (在电话中)请问您是谁? That's OK. 这没问题。 三、数词作主语 Two will be enough. 两个就够了。 Two-thirds of the workers are women.

三分之二的工人是女工。 四、ing形式作主语 Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。 Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time. 从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。 五、不定式作主语 To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. 把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。 六、名词化的形容词作主语 The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country. 在我们国家,盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。 The unemployed usually lead a hard life. 失业的人生活一般很困难。 七、短语作主语 How to do well is an important question.

主语与谓语动词的一致

主语与谓语动词的一致 江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611 英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化,这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致,简称主谓一致。 在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外,其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es,其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言,主谓一致问题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问题可依照不同的原则,即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。 1.语法一致,即主语为单数,就使用单数形式的动词,主语为复数,就使用复数形式的动词。 1.1.单数及复数名词的辨别。 某些名词单数词尾,却用作复数,如:people (人们), police, cattle, poultry(家禽)等。 People have the right to defend themselves. The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl. The poultry have been fed. 某些名词复数词尾,却常用作单数,如:news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。

Mathematics / Maths(数学学科)is the science of pure quantity. (Her mathematics / maths(数学能力)are / is rather shaky.) The news is favourable this morning. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同,都是单数词尾,如:fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。 In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat. A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born. Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同,都是复数词尾,如:means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。 All means have been tried. Every means has been tried. 1.2.避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。 容易产生干扰的同位语:each, one of…, like …, such as…, including…, especially…, particularly…, for example,…等。 Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time. Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths. We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)

英语中的主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语

英语中的主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语语法是理解英语逻辑的核心。语法不好的同学,处理简单句尚可;遇到复杂句型时,就晕头转向了。所以,要彻底读懂英语,必须在语法上下苦功夫。今天,我们彻底解析一下这些句子成分。(下图为:一个复合句中,所有的句子成分。) 1 第一:英语中的“主语” 1. 主语的含义: 主语即“动作的发出者”(主谓宾结构中)或者“表述的对象”(主系表结构中),一般放在句首,有时也放在中间或者句尾。充当主语的可以是名词、代词;也可以是短语、不定式;甚至可以是整个句子。所以,在找主语的时候,脑子里一定要有这些认知。 2. 充当主语的有哪些? (1)名词/代词/数词做主语

(2)不定式/名词化短语做主语 (3)从句做主语(即主语从句) 从句做主语的句子,就是我们学过的“主语从句”。主语从句可以由连词that/whether引导;也可以由关系代词what/who/which引导;还可以由连接副词how/when/why/where引导。 详情如下:

(4)有时为了避免头重脚轻,经常会借助“it”充当形式主语,而真正的主语则放在句尾: (5)“There be …”句型 “there be…”比较特殊。在这种句型中,主语的位置在中间。比如:There are six beautiful French ladies walking on the street. 大街上有六位漂亮的法国女郎在散步。 2

第二:英语中的“谓语” 1. 含义: 谓语是句子的灵魂,主要用来“陈述主语的状态”或者“表明主语发出的动作”。 2. 分类:简单谓语复合谓语 (1)简单谓语:由一个动词或者一个动词短语构成谓语; I love my girlfriend. 我爱我的女朋友。 My boss stayed up late last night. 我的老板昨晚熬夜了。 (2)复合谓语: ① 情态动词/助动词+动词构成 ② 系动词+表语构成

1.高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语

1.高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语

高中英语语法通霸1. 句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语 英语的句子成分主要有六种:即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补) 除了这六种主要成分之外,还有“表语”和“同位语” 的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时,划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线(一行点使我们想到一排钉子,“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”) 状语下面为短横线(短横线使我们想到短木桩,木桩撞(状)钟) 补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙) 同位语上下双曲线(都有曲折,上下位置基本相同)考点1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构: 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词(如the rich) 在英语中,形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时,句子可能是倒装句,真正的主 语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books,所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy,所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days,所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线,并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn. 考点2.谓语 谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下: A.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如: He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语: ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如: You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语,要和 表语一起作谓语。如: We are student s. Your idea sounds great. 考点3.表语 表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语 从句表示。 练习2.画出下列句中的表语,并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby(爱好)is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4.宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。 练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think(that)he is fit for his office.

主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致

?主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致,即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。 ?主谓一致原则: 1、语法上的一致 所谓语法一致原则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。 谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。 使用语法一致的情况 (1)当主语是and,both…and连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 (2)主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如:

with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to, 谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道,也学会了开汽车。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。 Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。 (3)非谓语动词或从句作主语 非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。 Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。 To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。 注意:当what引导主语从句或由and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。 What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。

高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语

高中英语语法通霸1.句子结构成分分析 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语

英语的句子成分主要有六种:即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补)除了这六种主要成分之外,还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时,划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线?(一行点使我们想到一排钉子,“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”)状语下面为短横线(短横线使我们想到短木桩,木桩撞(状)钟) 补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙) 同位语上下双曲线(都有曲折,上下位置基本相同) 考点1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构: 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词(如the rich) 在英语中,形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时,句子可能是倒装句,真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books,所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy,所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days,所以用are) 练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线,并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn.

主语和谓语的一致

主语和谓语的一致 1. 主语和谓语的一致关系: 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致: Her dreams_have_come true. Her dream_has_come true. She often arrives_at_school late. They often arrive_at_school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are gett ing scarcer. 1 a m gett ing bored. 2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则: 2 -1.语法上一致的原则: The boy_plays_football well. The boys_play_football well. It_is_bitterly cold. I_am_ very cold. 2 -2.概念上一致的原则: My family_are_all_early risers.(指家中的全体成员,有复数含义)His family_has_moved_into the new house.(指整个家, 用作单数)Five_minutes_is_enough.(一个时间段,看作单数) The_crew_are_waiting for instructions from the captain.(指全体船员, 复数) 2 -3.邻近词一致的原则: Neither he no r_they_are_wholly right.

Neither Tomnor the_ Brow ns enjo y_ their journey to Beiji ng owi ng to the bad weather. Either your key or my key _i s_miss ing. Not only but_also_their_teacher_has_participated in the party. He or l_am_in the wrong. -what 'worth visiting there? -well, there 'the park, the castle and the museum. 3. 主谓一致的具体原则: 3 -1.根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式: 单数主语+单数谓语;复数主语+复数谓语 The_teacher_e ncourages_the stude nts to speak freely. My_wages_are low, but me taxes_are_high. Their_house_has _nine room. It_always_pays_to_ give your paper one final check. 在主语+系词+表语结构”中,系动词要与主语的数保持一致,不受其表语的影响. Their greatest con cern_is_the_childre n. The most appreciated gift was the clothes_that_you sent us. What we n eed most is_books._ Paul _is_friends_with bill. 在单数名词(主语)+(together)with+ 名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致, 这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用,而非主语的一部分. 短语: Along with, as well as, in additi on to, accompa nied by, rather tha n, as much as, no less tha n, in clud ing, besides, except, but, like. The_factory_with all its equipme nt has bee n bur nt. You as well as I are wrong.

主语谓语宾语补语定语状语举例

主语谓语宾语补语定语 状语举例 公司内部编号:(GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-

主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语、状语举例 1.【主语】: 就是一个句子陈述的对象,或是动作的执行者.它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题.如:我看电视.“我”就是这句子的主语. 主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当. ⑴妈妈回来了. ⑵今天是星期天. ⑶大海掀起滚滚的波涛. ⑷小明病了. ⑸燕子飞回来了. 2.【谓语】: 说明主语是什么,干什么,怎么样.它回答的是主语“干什么,是什么”的问题. 如如:我看电视.“看”就是这句子的谓语. 谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词,要么是行为动词,要么是系动词,不同的动 词构成不同的句子类型.其他例子自己可举一反三. 3.【宾语】 指谓语动词所涉及的对象,由名、代、数,宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当,但人称代词要用宾格.还如上例:我看电视.“电视”就是这句子的宾语. 需要说明的是:只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语. 4.【补语】: 补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语,补充宾语叫宾语

补足语.如:他把我逗笑了.我激动得哭了.“哭了”即为补语. 5.【定语】: 修饰限定名字、代词的词,说明所修饰词的性质、特征等.如:美丽的村庄静静地睡了.“美丽的”为定语. 6.【状语】: 修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句,说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等.如:他在灯下看书.“在灯下”是状语. 小学语文基础知识点复习归纳总结 (一)关联词 1、关联词语的意义 能够把两个或者两个以上在意义上有密切联系的句子连接起来组成比较复杂的句子的词语,就是关联词语。恰当的使用关联词语,能使我们在说话或者协作时达到较好的表达效果。 2、常见的关联词语类型 并列关系——分句之间是并列的 既……又…… 那么……那么…… 一边……一边…… 有的……有的…… 不是……而是…… 递进关系——后一分句的意思比前一分句的意思更进一层。 不但……而且……

当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be

当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be,常省略从句的主语和be 动词. 省略的条件: (1)从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致,或者是it;(2)谓语动词必须含有be;(3)从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去,不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语,也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。 1. 由when/while/as/once/whenever/as soon as引导的时间状语从句 例:Please come here as soon as(it is)possible. While (I was——walking in the rain, I heard my name called. 我在雨中漫步时,听到有人叫我的名字。 由if/unless引导的条件状语从句例:She won’t come to party unless(she is)invited.由though/although/even if/even though引导的让步状语从句 例:He is very good at painting, though(he is)very young. T hough(he was)exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪,他仍很晚才睡。由because引导的原因状语从句 例:He was praised because (he was)brave. 5. 由wherever/where引导的地点状语从句 例:Fill in the blanks with articles where(it is)necessary. 从句和主句中相同或大体相同部分都可以省略 例:The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 She is as tall as I. 她和我一样高。 由as if/as though/as 引导的方式状语从句 例:The boy looked as if(he was)afraid of nothing. I wonder why he didn’t do as(he was)told to. 比较状语从句省略相同的部分: 例:She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties. He has lived here longer than I (has lived). In winter it is colder in Beijing than(it is)in Guangzhou.

1.高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语

英语的句子成分主要有六种:即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补)除了这六种主要成分之外,还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时,划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线(一行点使我们想到一排钉子,“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”) 状语下面为短横线(短横线使我们想到短木桩,木桩撞(状)钟) 补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙) 同位语上下双曲线(都有曲折,上下位置基本相同) 考点1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构: 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词(如the rich) 在英语中,形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。 如果它们在句首时,句子可能是倒装句,真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books,所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy,所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days,所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线,并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn. 考点2.谓语 谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下: A.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如: He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语: ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如: You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语,要和 表语一起作谓语。如: We are student s. Your idea sounds great. 考点3.表语 表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习2.画出下列句中的表语,并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby(爱好)is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4.宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。 练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think(that)he is fit for his office. 考点5.宾语补足语 宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说,在意思上,宾语相当于宾补的主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等)+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语,并指出是什么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 1.His father named him Dongming.

初中英语语法五种基本句型

五种基本句型 句子就是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成得,依其组合方式可分为五种基本句型,如下表所示: 注意句子成分得表示法S:Subject(主语) V:Verb(动词)O: Object(宾语) P:Predicative(表语) OC: Objectplement(宾语补足语) 五种基本句型见下表: 第1种S+V主+谓 第2种S+V+O主+谓+宾 第3种S+V+P 主+谓+表 第 4 种S+V+o(间接宾语)+O(直接宾语) 第 5 种S+V+O+OC 主+谓+宾+宾补 第 1 种句型:主语+不及物动词:S+V?Birds fly、鸟飞、----- --主语谓语(不及物动词) Heruns in the park、她在公园里跑、------ -------------主语谓语地点状语(不及物动词)? 此句型就是主语+不及物动词构成句子得主体部分。不及物动词,后面当然不能直接带宾语了,要补上相应得介词,但就是可以有状语来修饰。上例中得inthe park,就是地点状语。 Class begins、(begin 在句中就是不及物动词) 开始上课。 比较we beginOurclass at eight、我们八点钟开始上课。该句属于第 2 种句型,begin 在句中就是及物动词,由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。 第 2 种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语:S+V+O My fatherreadthebook、 我父亲读过那本书、?(及物动词)?注意有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它瞧成一个及物动词,后面就可以加宾语了。You must listen tome、您必须听我得。(Listen 就是不及物动词。但加上to 之后,Listen to可以瞧成一个及物动词) 后面直接带宾语得动词就是及物动词,名词与名词得相当语(如代词、不定式、动名词……)等都可充当宾语。Shelikes English、(名词作宾语) I knowhim verywell、(代词作宾语) (同第一种句型一样,本句型可以有状语、定语修饰)Theywant to go、(不定式作宾语) Hestoppedwriting、(动名词作宾语) ?第3 种句型:主语+系动词+表语:S+V+P He became a scientist、她成为一个科学家了?谓语(系动词) be 动词与bee 就是英语中常见得系动词,后面必须接表语,才能用来说明主语,表示“…… 就是……”,“……变成……”等意思。 表语通常就是名词或形容词等。They are honest、她们就是诚实得。 Hebecameascientist、她成为了一个科学家。 His face goes red、她得脸变红了。It grew dark、天变黑了。 注意在英语中,除了be动词与bee 属于系动词外,还有一些实义动词,当表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这些词有:keep、look 、

当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且 谓语动词为be

v1.0 可编辑可修改 当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be,常省略从句的主语和be动词. 省略的条件: (1)从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致,或者是it;(2)谓语动词必须含有be;(3)从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去,不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语,也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。 1. 由when/while/as/once/whenever/as soon as引导的时间状语从句 例:Please come here as soon as(it is)possible. While (I was——walking in the rain, I heard my name called. 我在雨中漫步时,听到有人叫我的名字。 2.由if/unless引导的条件状语从句例:She won’t come to party unless(she is)invited. 3.由though/although/even if/even though引导的让步状语从句 例:He is very good at painting, though(he is)very young. T hough(he was)exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪,他仍很晚才睡。4.由because引导的原因状语从句 例:He was praised because (he was)brave. 5. 由wherever/where引导的地点状语从句 例:Fill in the blanks with articles where(it is)necessary. 6.从句和主句中相同或大体相同部分都可以省略 例:The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 She is as tall as I. 她和我一样高。 7.由as if/as though/as 引导的方式状语从句 例:The boy looked as if(he was)afraid of nothing. I wonder why he didn’t do as(he was)told to. 8.比较状语从句省略相同的部分: 例:She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties. He has lived here longer than I (has lived). In winter it is colder in Beijing than(it is)in Guangzhou. 1

主语和谓语的一致教学教材

主语和谓语的一致

主语和谓语的一致 ⒈ Definition: 主语要和谓语在人称和数上保持一致叫主谓一致。 ⒉主谓一致包括三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 ㈠语法一致原则:指用作主语的名词词组的中心词和谓语动词在单复数形式上的一致。 ⑴介词短语 with, as well as, including, except, except for, but, together, besides, rather than, along with, together with 等修饰主语时,谓语动词的数的形式与介词前面的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。 e.g. I, along with my parents, am a football fan. The girl as well as boys likes playing basketball. ⑵由each 和 every 修饰的名词以及由 every-, any-, some-, no- 构成的复合代词都当作单数,谓语动词用单数。 e.g. Every hour and every minute is important. Every boy and every girl enjoys the holiday. Someone is waiting for you. Everyone is here. Everything is ready. ⑶动名词(短语),不定式(短语)和从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。 e.g. To see is to believe. Walking on the moon is very difficult. What he said is wrong. 注:ⅰ. 在用形式主语it 的句中和在用it 作主语的强调句中,谓语动词总用单数。 e.g. It isn’t obvious who will be the best. It was he who taught us English last year. ⅱ. what 引导的主语从句,谓语一般用单数,但如果表示复数意义时谓语动词要用复数。 e.g. What he left me are some old books. ⅲ. 定语从句中谓语动词的单复数和先行词保持一致,但如果先行词受到 one of 的修饰时定语从句的谓语动词用复数,谓语动词受到the only (very, last) one of 的修饰时定语从句的谓语动词用单数。 e.g. He has some books which were bought yesterday. He is one of the students who have passed the exam. He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam. ⑷ many a + n.(单数)/ more than one +n.(单数) 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 e.g. More than one student likes the popular song- Fly Freely. Many a boy and many a girl has been to Beijing. ⑸ a number of , a good/ great many, quite a few, scores of 加可数名词的复数形式时,谓语动词用复数; a large amount of, a great deal of 加不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数;a lot of, lots of, a quantity of, plenty of 等后面如果接可数名词复数形式时,谓语用复数形式, 如果接不可数名词时谓语动词用单数形式; amounts of…, masses of…, quantities of…, varieties of 无论后接什么名词,谓语动词都要用复数形式。 注:the number of +n.(pl.)谓语动词用单数形式。 ⑹分数和百分数作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后面名词的形式。 e.g. One third of the books are worth reading. 20% of the students are absent today. ⑺ kind/ sort/ type/ form/ series/ species of + n. 作主语时,谓语动词形式取决于这些名词的单复数而不是它们后面的名词。 e.g. This new type of buses is new on show. (但 Buses of this kind are new on show.) All kinds of difficulties have to be over come. ㈡意义一致原则:指在意义上,主语的单复数形式需要与谓语动词的单复数形式保持一致。有时主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数。 ⑴主语是 the people, the police, the public, the cattle, the youth 等集体名词,谓语动词用复数形式。

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