Total Mean Curvature and Closed Geodesics
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TotalMeanCurvatureandClosedGeodesicsJuanCarlos´AlvarezPaiva
ThepurposeofthisnoteistogiveaproofofthefollowingtheoremandtogivesomeeasyapplicationsofitanditsprooftotheextrinsicgeometryofconvexZollsurfaces.Inwhatfollowswewillusethewordsurfacetomeansmoothclosedsurface,andthewordsstrictlyconvextomeanofpositiveGaussiancurvature.
Theorem1OnastrictlyconvexsurfaceΣ⊂R3thereexistsaclosedgeodesic
whoselengthislessthanorequaltoonehalfthetotalmeancurvatureofΣ.
TheproofsandapplicationsarebasedonaRiemannianversionofGromov’snon-squeezingtheoremandclassicalintegralgeometry.GivenaconvexsurfaceΣ⊂R3andapointqintheunitsphereS2wedenoteby
UΣ(q)theperimeteroftheorthogonalprojectionofΣontoaplaneperpendiculartoq.WeobtainafunctionUΣonthespherewhichisclearlycontinuous,even,andpositive.LetusdenotetheminimumvalueforthisfunctionbyuΣ.Theanalogueofthenon-squeezingtheoremwewishtopresentisthefollowingresult.
Lemma1LetΣ⊂R3beastrictlyconvexsurface.ThereexistsonΣaclosedgeodesicwhoselengthislessthanorequaltouΣ.
Thetheoremfollowsfromthislemmaandthefollowingintegral-geometricchar-acterizationofthetotalmeancurvatureintermsoftheaverageoftheperimeterfunctionoverthesphere.
Lemma2LetΣ⊂R3beastrictlyconvexsurfaceandletH:=1
2πS2UΣdω.374J.C.´AlvarezPaivaForaproofoflemma2wereferthereadertopages66and67oftheclassicbookofBonnesenandFenchel[3].
1TheBirkhoffInvariantandProofofLemma1WebeginbystatingaslightvariantofBirkhoff’stheoremontheexistenceofatleastoneclosedgeodesiconasurfacediffeomorphictoasphere.Let(S2,g)denotethesphereprovidedwithanarbitraryRiemannianmetric.Iff:S2→Risasmoothfunctionwithonlytwocriticalpoints,wedefine
β(f):=max{lengthoff−1(c):c∈R}.WenowdefinetheBirkhoffinvariant,β,ofthemetricgastheinfimumoverallsuchsmoothfunctionsofthenumbersβ(f).Intuitively,βistheminimumlengthofaclosedstringwhichmaybeslippedoverthesurface(see[2]).TheBirkhoffinvariantisaRiemannianinvariantof(S2,g)resemblingasymplecticcapacity.
Theorem[Birkhoff]Thereexistsaclosedgeodesicon(S2,g)withlengthβ.
Proofoflemma1.If(S2,g)isisometricallyembeddedinR3asastrictlyconvexsurfaceΣwemaycompareβwithβ(hq),wherehqistheheightfunctionoftheconvexsurfaceΣinthedirectionofq∈S2.Fromthiscomparisonitfollowsimmediately
thatβ≤uΣandhencelemma1.UsingtheBirkhoffinvarianttheorem1canbeslightlysharpenedtothefollowingresult:
Theorem1’LetΣbeastrictlyconvexsurfaceinR3.TheBirkhoffinvariantofΣislessthanorequaltoonehalfthetotalmeancurvatureofΣ.
Proof.Usinglemma2andthefactthatUΣ(q)≥uΣwehavethatΣHdΣ=12πS2uΣdω=2uΣ.
Thetheoremfollowsfromtheinequalityβ≤uΣ.
Remark.Duringthefallof1994Gelfandposedthefollowingquestioninhissemi-nar:IsitpossibletolocalizesymplecticinvariantsinthesamewaythattheGauss-BonnettheoremlocalizestheEulercharacteristic?Theorem1’arosefromtryingtounderstandandanswerthisquestion.AlthoughthisresultisbynomeansalocalizationoftheBirkhoffinvariant,itseemstobeastepintherightdirection.Integralgeometrycanbeused,muchinthesamewayithasbeendonehere,togiveanupperboundforthecapacityofaconvexsetinR2nintermsoflocalU(n)-invariantsofitsboundary.Thisresultwillbepublished
elsewhere.TotalMeanCurvatureandClosedGeodesics3752ApplicationstoZollSurfacesAllproofsandoriginalsourcesfortheunpovedstatmentsinthissectionmaybefoundinBesse’sbook[1].
DefinitionAZollsurfaceisaRiemannianmetriconthe2-spherewhosegeodesicflowisperiodicwithminimalperiod2π.
HerearesomeofthethingsthatareknownaboutZollsurfaces:•ThereareinfinitelymanyZollsurfaceswhicharenotisometrictotheunitsphere(Zoll,Darboux).
•TheareaofaZollsurfaceisequalto4π(Weinstein).•GiventwoZollsurfacesthereexistsadiffeomorphismbetweenthemanifoldsofunitcovectorswhichpreservesthecanonicalcontactforms.Inparticular,thegeodesicflowsofanytwoZollsurfacesareconjugate(Weinstein).
InthissectionweapplythepreviousresultstothestudyoftheextrinsicgeometryofZollsurfaces.Itseemsthatthesearethefirststepsinthisdirection.Tostateourfirsttheoremweintroducesomenotations:Letusagreetocallanembeddinge:S2→R3aZollembeddingiftheinduced
metricisZoll,andletussaythataconvexsubsetofR3isacylinderifitistheunionofafamilyofparallellines.Bytheperimeterofacylinderweshallmeantheperimeteroftheplaneconvexsetobtainedbyintersectingthecylinderwithaplaneperpendiculartoitslines.
Theorem2(Non-squeezing)TheredoesnotexistanystrictlyconvexZollem-beddingofS2intoacylinderofperimeterlessthan2π.
Proof.IfΣ⊂R3isaconvexsurface,thenitcannotbeembeddedinacylinderofperimeterlessthanuΣ.Now,byBirkhoff’stheorem,theβinvariantofaconvexZollsurfaceis2πandthereforeuΣ
≥2π.
Theorem3ThetotalmeancurvatureofastrictlyconvexZollsurfaceΣisgreaterthanorequalto4π.Moreover,equalityholdsifandonlyifΣistheunitsphere.