地物1班小组翻译方向

一. 综合类1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类1.residual soil残积土groundwater level地下水位2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位3.clay minerals粘土矿物4.secondary minerals次生矿物ndslides滑坡6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土28.zonal soil区域性土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess黄土33.frozen soil冻土三. 土的基本物理力学性质 compression index2.cu undrained shear strength3.cu/p0 ratio of undrained strength cu to effective overburden stress p0(cu/p0)NC ,(cu/p0)oc subscripts NC and OC designated normally consolidated and overconsolidated, respectively4.cvane cohesive strength from vane test5.e0 natural void ratio6.Ip plasticity index7.K0 coefficient of “at-rest ”pressure ,for total stressesσ1 andσ28.K0‟domain for effective stressesσ1 … andσ2‟9.K0n K0 for normally consolidated state10.K0u K0 coefficient under rapid continuous loading ,simulating instantaneous loading or an undrained condition11.K0d K0 coefficient under cyclic loading(frequency less than 1Hz),as a pseudo- dynamic test for K0 coefficient12.kh ,kv permeability in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively13.N blow count, standard penetration test14.OCR over-consolidation ratio15.pc preconsolidation pressure ,from oedemeter test16.p0 effective overburden pressure17.p s specific cone penetration resistance, from static cone test18.qu unconfined compressive strength19.U, Um degree of consolidation ,subscript m denotes mean value of a specimen20.u ,ub ,um pore (water) pressure, subscripts b and m denote bottom of specimen and mean value, respectively21.w0 wL wp natural water content, liquid and plastic limits, respectively22.σ1,σ2principal stresses, σ1 … andσ2‟ denote effective principal stresses23.Atterberg limits阿太堡界限24.degree of saturation饱和度25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度27.saturated unit weight饱和重度28.effective unit weight有效重度29.density密度pactness密实度31.maximum dry density最大干密度32.optimum water content最优含水量33.three phase diagram三相图34.tri-phase soil三相土35.soil fraction粒组36.sieve analysis筛分37.hydrometer analysis比重计分析38.uniformity coefficient不均匀系数39.coefficient of gradation级配系数40.fine-grained soil(silty and clayey)细粒土41.coarse- grained soil(gravelly and sandy)粗粒土42.Unified soil classification system土的统一分类系统43.ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineer美国土木工程师学会44.AASHTO= American Association State Highway Officials美国州公路官员协会45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy‟s law达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水1 excavation开挖（挖方）2 dewatering（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板。

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土木工程英语
Smeaton, the builder of famous Eddystone lighthouse near Plymouth, England, is said to have begun calling himself a “civil engineer” to distinguish himself from the military engineers of his time. However, the profession is as old as civilization.
希腊建筑师通常是建筑工程杰作的设计师同时也是建造师。 他既是一个建 筑师也是工程师。工匠、石匠和雕塑家在他的监督下工作。在希腊古典时期所
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土木工程英语
有重要建筑物是由石灰石或大理石建造的；以帕台农神庙为例，由大理石建成 的。
UNIT 3 The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers（砖层） were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athen（s 雅典的帕台农 神庙）, for example, have holes drilled（钻孔） in them for iron bars that have now rusted away（锈蚀殆尽）. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.

地图的语言【学习目标】1．知道地图的三要素。

2．知道地图上比例尺的三种表示方法，会运用比例尺计算实地距离。

3．会比较比例尺的大小。

4．会在地图上判断方向。

【学习重难点】重点知识：1．地图的三个基本要素2．能在地图上确定方向。

难点知识：1．比例尺大小的判别以及与地图内容详略的关系。

2．在经纬网地图上辨别方向。

【学习过程】完成自主学习部分。

小组合作学习，完成新课探究；独立完成课堂检测，合作交流后纠错并标记。

一、自主学习（一）地图的三个基本要素是__________、__________和__________。

1．地图上的比例尺（1）比例尺是表示______________比__________缩小的程度。

比例尺=__________。

（2）比例尺的三种表示方法：A．式：1：5000000；B．式：C．式：图上1厘米代表实际距离50千米。

（3）比例尺大小的判断：分母越大，比例尺越__________；分母越小，比例尺越__________。

比较比例尺大小时，把所要比较的各比例尺转换成同一形式，就能方便地判断大小。

2．地图上的方向：三种定向法A．指向标地图：箭头指向__________，根据所给方向，确定其它三个方向；B．经纬网地图：经线指示_________方向，纬线指示________方向。

C．普通地图：面对地图，通常用__________________________。

3．图例和注记：图例---地图上表示各种地理事物的符号，注记----说明各种地理事物的文字和说明各种地理事物的数字。

二、新课探究1．图台湾岛地图上所使用的是哪种形式的比例尺？__________。

2．观察图思考：同样图幅的两幅地图，比例尺较大的是哪幅？表示内容较详细的是哪幅？表示范围较大的是哪幅？小结：同样图幅，比例尺较大的地图，表示的范围较__________，内容较__________；比例尺较小的地图，表示的范围较__________，内容较__________。

化学实验办公室Chemical experiment office化学仪器室Chemical equipment化学药品室Chemicals生物药品室Biological pharmaceutical room生物实验办公室Biological experiment office物理实验办公室Physics experiment office信息技术办公室Information technology office高一级部办公室（1）High first-year office（1）高二级部办公室（1）Takaji grade office（1）高三级部办公室（1）high Three grades office（1）部分门牌翻译物理实验办公室Teachers’ Office(Physics Experiment)物理实验准备室Preparatory Room物理实验室一Physics Lab (I)物理实验室二Physics Lab (II)物理实验室三Physics Lab (III)物理仪器室一Physical Apparatus Room (I)物理仪器室二Physical Apparatus Room (II)物理仪器室三Physical Apparatus Room (III)物理仪器维修室Physical Apparatus Maintenance Room 生物实验办公室Teachers’ Office(Biology Experiment)生物仪器室Biological Apparatus Room生物实验准备室Preparatory Room生物实验室一Biology Lab (I)生物实验室二Biology Lab (II)生物药品室Biological Drug Room生物玻璃仪器室Biological Glassware Room化学实验办公室Teachers’ Office(Chemistry Experiment)化学实验准备室Preparatory Room化学实验室一Chemistry Lab (I)化学实验室二Chemistry Lab (II)化学实验室三Chemistry Lab (III)化学药品室Chemicals Room化学危险药品室Dangerous Chemicals Room化学玻璃仪器室Chemical Glassware Room化学通、专用仪器室General & Special Purpose Chemistry Apparatus Room 机房一Computer Room (I)机房二Computer Room (II)机房重地，非工作人员免入Staff Only基本书库Stack Room采编室Editing Room阅报厅Reading Room学术报告厅Lecture Hall外借处Delivery Room机房Computer Room电子阅览室Electronic Reading Room学生期刊阅览室Students’E-press Reading Room教学教研活动室一Teaching & Research Centre (I)教学教研活动室二Teaching & Research Centre (II)教学教研活动室三Teaching & Research Centre (III)教师资料室Teachers’Data Bank电子阅览室Electronic Reading Room校友联络办公室Alumni Association Office校友联络办主任室Alumni Association Director’s Office报纸库Newspaper Data Bank纪检书记办公室Discipline Inspection Secretary’s Office纪检办公室Discipline Inspection Office总务副主任办公室General Affairs Deputy Director’s Office 学生会办公室Students’Union艺体中心Art & P.E. Centre音乐室Music Studio美术室Fine Arts Studio体育组P.E. Teaching & Research Group德育副主任室Moral Education Deputy Director’s Office六年级办公室Grade 6 Office教科室Edu R & D Office一年级（1）班: Grade 1 Class I二年级（1）班: Grade 2 Class I三年级（1）班: Grade 3 Class I四年级（1）班: Grade 4 Class I五年级（1）班: Grade 5 Class I六年级（1）班: Grade 6 Class I综合校长室: Headmaster Office德育主任室: Director of Moral Education Office教导主任室: Dean Office电子备课室: E-preparation Room一年级办公室: Grade 1 Office二年级办公室: Grade 2 Office三年级办公室: Grade 3 Office四年级办公室: Grade 4 Office五年级办公室: Grade 5 Office六年级办公室: Grade 6 Office英语办公室: English Office音乐室: Music Office舞蹈室: Dancing Office实验室（1）: Laboratory I实验室（2）: Laboratory II监控室: Supervisory Control Room劳技室: Labour Skill Room微机室（1）: Computer Room I微机室（2）: Computer Room II语音室: Pronunciation Voice Room美术室: Arts Room少先队活动室: Young Pioneers Activities Room文科器材室: Liberal Arts Material Room图书馆: Library游客The first grade (1) class the second grade (1) class the third grade (1) class the fourth grade (1) class the fifth grade level (1) class the sixth grade (1) class synthesizes Principal room moral education Director room director room the electron to prepare classroom first-grade officesecond-grade office third-grade office fourth-grade office fifth-grade level office sixth-grade office English office music studio dance room the laboratory (1) the laboratory (2) control room Lao Jishi the microcomputerRoom (1) microcomputer room (2) language sound chamber art room Young Pioneers activity room liberal arts supply room library上课教室：九年级1班Class 1 Grade 9；体育教室PE Room；科学教室/实验室Science Lab；美术教室Art Room；书法教室Calligraphy Room；音乐教室Music Room；舞蹈教室Dancing Hall；电脑教室Computer Room；阶梯教室Amphitheatre多功能演播室Multi-function Studio Room电教资料室Audio-visual Library多媒体教室Multimedia Room物理仪器室Physics Instrument Room物理实验室Physics Lab物理实验准备室Physics Pre-exp. Room生物仪器室Biology Instrument Room生物实验室Biology Lab生物实验准备室Biology Pre-exp. Room化学仪器室Chemistry Instrument Room化学实验室Chemistry Lab化学实验准备室Chemistry Pre-exp. Room办公室：校长室Principal’s Office党（总）支部CCP Branch Office；副校长室Vice Principal’s Office副书记室Vice Secretary’s Office教导处Teaching Affairs Dept.政教处\团委Students Affairs Dept.\ CYL Committee 教科室Edu. R & D Office总务处General Affairs Dept.财务室Financial Office教导处Dean’s Office；英语办公室English Office；音乐办公室Music Office；美术办公室Art Office；科学办公室Science Office；信息技术/现代教育办公室IT Office；体育办公室PE Teachers’Office；四年级办公室Office for Grade 4；活动室：图书馆Library；教师/学生阅览室Reading Room（T）/（S）；报告厅Lecture Hall；会议室Meeting Hall/Room；党员活动室CCP Room；教工之家/活动室Teachers’Home；少先队队室YP Room；心理咨询室Psychological Consultation；校史室School History Room其他设施：门卫Gatekeeper/值班室Watching Room；公告栏Bulletin Board；接待室Reception Room；档案室Archives Room印刷室Printing Room资源库/室Resource Bank；食堂仓库Warehouse；餐厅Dining Hall；教工/学生食堂Dining Room；控制室Monitoring Center；盥洗室Water Closet；体育器材室Sports Equipment Storage；保管室Keeping Room收发室mail room校长室 The principal's Office 总务处 General Affairs Dept.政教处 Church and State Department 教务处Dean's Office安保处Security Department教师办公室（1）The teachers' Office ( 1) 3个教室（1）The classroom（1） 10个。