补充资料-2

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discount.Thisapparentanomalyisexplainedbythefactthattheshares

arepaidfor,buttheyarepaidforbythecompanyitself,ratherthanthe

members.Itisperfectlypossibleforthecompanytoissuepartlypaid-up

bonusshares,inwhichcasetherecipientsmayhavetomakesome

contributioninthefuture.

Ineffectwhattheissueofbonussharesamountstoisacapitalisationof

thecompany’sreserves,someofwhichcouldhavebeendistributedtothe

membersinsomeotherwaysuchasdividends.Thisisnotthecasewith

allreservesassomenon-distributableones,suchasthesharepremium

accountandthecapitalredemptionreservemaybeusedtofundthebonus

issue.Bonusissuesmustneverbefundedfromacompany’sordinary

capital.

6.Arightsissueistheprocedurethroughwhichacompanyraisesnew

capitalbyofferingnewsharestoitsexistingmembers.

Asthesharesareofferedtotheexistingshareholdersinproportionto

theirexistingholding,itcanbeseenasrespectingandgivingeffecttothe

shareholders’pre-emptionrights,eveninsituationswherethoserights

havebeensuspended,asindicatedpreviously.Asthepurposeistoraise

newcapitalforthecompany,eitherbecauseitisindifficulty,orneedsthe

additionalcapitaltoexpanditsbusiness,theshareholderswhoareoffered

thenewsharesarerequiredtopayforthem.However,asaninducement

toengageinthedeal,itisusualforthenewsharestobeofferedata

discounttothecurrentmarketvalueoftheexistingshares.Itisessential

tonotethatthediscountisnotonthenominalvalueoftheshares,which

isrequiredbytherulesofcompanylawtobefully-paidascompanies

cannotissuesharesatadiscount.

Onceagainthereisnocompulsiontoparticipateintherightsissueand

oftentherightstoparticipateintheallotmentofnewsharesareusually

tradeablesecuritiesinthemselves.Consequentlyshareholderswhodonot

wanttobuythenewsharesthemselvesmayselltherightstoathirdparty.

7.Abonusissueofshares,sometimesreferredtoasascripissueormore

accuratelyacapitalisationissueissimilartoarightsissueinthatexisting

membersreceivenewsharesinproportiontotheirexistingholdings,but

itdiffersinoneessentialpoint:

theindividualswhoreceivethenewsharesusuallydonothavetopay

anythingforthem;theyarereceivedfree.However,asalreadypointed

outin(b)above,itisastrictruleofcompanylawthatsharesmustbepaid

forandcannotbeissuedatadiscount.Thisapparentanomalyis

explainedbythefactthatthesharesarepaidfor,buttheyarepaidforby

thecompanyitself,ratherthanthemembers.Itisperfectlypossiblefor

thecompanytoissuepartlypaid-upbonusshares,inwhichcasethe

recipientsmayhavetomakesomecontributioninthefuture.

Ineffectwhattheissueofbonussharesamountstoisacapitalisationof

thecompany’sreserves,someofwhichcouldhavebeendistributedtothe

membersinsomeotherwaysuchasdividends.Thisisnotthecasewith

allreservesassomenon-distributableones,suchasthesharepremium

accountandthecapitalredemptionreservemaybeusedtofundthebonus

issue.Bonusissuesmustneverbefundedfromacompany’sordinary

capital.

8.InsolvencyAct1986(groundsonwhichanactionforcompulsory

windingup)

(i)thecompanyhaspassedaspecialresolutionthatitbewoundupbythe

court;

(ii)itisapubliccompanywhichhasnotwithinayearsinceits

registrationobtainedatradingcertificatewiththesharecapital

requirements;

(iii)itisan‘oldpubliccompany’whichhasfailedtore-register;

(iv)ithasnotcommencedbusinesswithinayearfromitsincorporationor

hassuspendeditsbusinessforawholeyear;

(v)(exceptinthecaseofaprivatecompanylimitedbysharesorby

guarantee)thenumberofmembersisreducedbelowtwo;

(vi)thecompanyisunabletopayitsdebts;

(vii)thecourtisoftheopinionthatitisjustandequitablethatthe

companyshouldbewoundup.

Themostcommonofthesegroundsare(i),(vi),(vii).

Ifforanyreasonthemembersofthecompanynolongerwishtocontinue

thebusinesstheywilluse(i).

Outsidersmayapplytohaveacompanywoundupunder(vi).Section

123(IA)providesthat,ifacompanywithadebtexceeding£750failsto

payitwithinthreeweeksofreceivingawrittendemand,thenitisdeemed

unabletopayitsdebts.

Procedure(vii)maytobeusedinprivatecompanieswherethereis

deadlockinmanagement(ReYenidjeTobaccoCoLtd(1916)).