补充资料-2
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discount.Thisapparentanomalyisexplainedbythefactthattheshares
arepaidfor,buttheyarepaidforbythecompanyitself,ratherthanthe
members.Itisperfectlypossibleforthecompanytoissuepartlypaid-up
bonusshares,inwhichcasetherecipientsmayhavetomakesome
contributioninthefuture.
Ineffectwhattheissueofbonussharesamountstoisacapitalisationof
thecompany’sreserves,someofwhichcouldhavebeendistributedtothe
membersinsomeotherwaysuchasdividends.Thisisnotthecasewith
allreservesassomenon-distributableones,suchasthesharepremium
accountandthecapitalredemptionreservemaybeusedtofundthebonus
issue.Bonusissuesmustneverbefundedfromacompany’sordinary
capital.
6.Arightsissueistheprocedurethroughwhichacompanyraisesnew
capitalbyofferingnewsharestoitsexistingmembers.
Asthesharesareofferedtotheexistingshareholdersinproportionto
theirexistingholding,itcanbeseenasrespectingandgivingeffecttothe
shareholders’pre-emptionrights,eveninsituationswherethoserights
havebeensuspended,asindicatedpreviously.Asthepurposeistoraise
newcapitalforthecompany,eitherbecauseitisindifficulty,orneedsthe
additionalcapitaltoexpanditsbusiness,theshareholderswhoareoffered
thenewsharesarerequiredtopayforthem.However,asaninducement
toengageinthedeal,itisusualforthenewsharestobeofferedata
discounttothecurrentmarketvalueoftheexistingshares.Itisessential
tonotethatthediscountisnotonthenominalvalueoftheshares,which
isrequiredbytherulesofcompanylawtobefully-paidascompanies
cannotissuesharesatadiscount.
Onceagainthereisnocompulsiontoparticipateintherightsissueand
oftentherightstoparticipateintheallotmentofnewsharesareusually
tradeablesecuritiesinthemselves.Consequentlyshareholderswhodonot
wanttobuythenewsharesthemselvesmayselltherightstoathirdparty.
7.Abonusissueofshares,sometimesreferredtoasascripissueormore
accuratelyacapitalisationissueissimilartoarightsissueinthatexisting
membersreceivenewsharesinproportiontotheirexistingholdings,but
itdiffersinoneessentialpoint:
theindividualswhoreceivethenewsharesusuallydonothavetopay
anythingforthem;theyarereceivedfree.However,asalreadypointed
outin(b)above,itisastrictruleofcompanylawthatsharesmustbepaid
forandcannotbeissuedatadiscount.Thisapparentanomalyis
explainedbythefactthatthesharesarepaidfor,buttheyarepaidforby
thecompanyitself,ratherthanthemembers.Itisperfectlypossiblefor
thecompanytoissuepartlypaid-upbonusshares,inwhichcasethe
recipientsmayhavetomakesomecontributioninthefuture.
Ineffectwhattheissueofbonussharesamountstoisacapitalisationof
thecompany’sreserves,someofwhichcouldhavebeendistributedtothe
membersinsomeotherwaysuchasdividends.Thisisnotthecasewith
allreservesassomenon-distributableones,suchasthesharepremium
accountandthecapitalredemptionreservemaybeusedtofundthebonus
issue.Bonusissuesmustneverbefundedfromacompany’sordinary
capital.
8.InsolvencyAct1986(groundsonwhichanactionforcompulsory
windingup)
(i)thecompanyhaspassedaspecialresolutionthatitbewoundupbythe
court;
(ii)itisapubliccompanywhichhasnotwithinayearsinceits
registrationobtainedatradingcertificatewiththesharecapital
requirements;
(iii)itisan‘oldpubliccompany’whichhasfailedtore-register;
(iv)ithasnotcommencedbusinesswithinayearfromitsincorporationor
hassuspendeditsbusinessforawholeyear;
(v)(exceptinthecaseofaprivatecompanylimitedbysharesorby
guarantee)thenumberofmembersisreducedbelowtwo;
(vi)thecompanyisunabletopayitsdebts;
(vii)thecourtisoftheopinionthatitisjustandequitablethatthe
companyshouldbewoundup.
Themostcommonofthesegroundsare(i),(vi),(vii).
Ifforanyreasonthemembersofthecompanynolongerwishtocontinue
thebusinesstheywilluse(i).
Outsidersmayapplytohaveacompanywoundupunder(vi).Section
123(IA)providesthat,ifacompanywithadebtexceeding£750failsto
payitwithinthreeweeksofreceivingawrittendemand,thenitisdeemed
unabletopayitsdebts.
Procedure(vii)maytobeusedinprivatecompanieswherethereis
deadlockinmanagement(ReYenidjeTobaccoCoLtd(1916)).