2007年4月全国自考英语(一)真题参考答案

20GG年考研英语（一）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblanAand marA[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindepe ndentnations.Theroughly20million___1___ofthesenationslooAed___2___to thefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoft heleadersofindependence___3___theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,c areers___4___totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the___5___toprivatep roperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.___6___therewasabe liefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeen oughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya___7___setoflaws.Ontheissueof___8___ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,___9___,the rewaslessagreement___10___theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenth estatereligionandtheonlyone___11___bytheSpanishcrown.___12___mostle aderssoughttomaintainCatholicism___13___theofficialreligionofthenewst ates,somesoughttoendthe___14___ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurch becamearallying___15___fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,val uingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad___16___inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeena bolishedeverywhereeGceptSpain’s___17___colonies.Earlypromisestoend IndiantributeandtaGesonpeopleofmiGedorigincamemuch___18___becau sethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies___19___.Egalitarians entimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas___ 20___self-ruleanddemocracy.1. [A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2. [A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3. [A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4. [A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5. [A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6. [A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7. [A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8. [A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9. [A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10. [A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11. [A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12. [A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13. [A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14. [A]spread[B]interference[C]eGclusion[D]influence15. [A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16. [A]urged[B]intended[C]eGpected[D]promised17. [A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18. [A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19. [A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20. [A]puzzledby，[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout，[D]unpreparedforSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosi ng[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarAyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1IfyouweretoeGaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin20GG ’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostli AelyfindanoteworthyquirA:elitesoccerplayersaremoreliAelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheye arthaninthelatermonths.IfyoutheneGaminedtheEuropeannationalyoutht eamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranAs,youwouldfindthisstran gephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesse s:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccersAills;b)winter-bornbabi estendtohavehigheroGygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)socc er-madparentsaremoreliAelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannua lpeaAofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniv ersity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSw eden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreop portunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.HisfirsteG periment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandt henrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20h oursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“He Aep timproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbe rs.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnot geneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingis moreofacognitiveeGercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinb orndifferencestwopeoplemayeGhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosediff erencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondet ermined,wasaprocessAnownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentai lsmorethansimplyrepeatingatasA.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,o btainingimmediatefeedbacAandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueason outcome.EricssonandhiscolleagueshavethustaAentostudyingeGpertperformer sinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,n otjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsofth eirownlaboratoryeGperimentswithhighachievers.TheirworAmaAesarathe rstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,pu tanotherway,eGpertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorco mputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21. Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmaAeseGpertperformance.[D]eGplainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.22. Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]eGcitement.23. AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveeGercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.[D]requiresimmediatefeedbacAandahighdegreeofconcentration.24. Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidetheAeytoeGcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooAed.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.25.WhichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagetheteGttriest oconvey?[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]“Practicema A esperfect.”[D]“Li Aefather,liA eson.”TeGt2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasf eaturedacolumncalled“As A Marilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynv osSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23years old;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsasAyout ocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfolde dandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasAs.Soiti sabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(who seIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orw hatisth enatureoflucA andcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualiz eobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionstha thaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdo esitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuc hcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfi elds?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,ev enthoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprima rilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelli genceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughv ariationsofthempopulatebooAstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.Superhighsc oresliA evosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedon astatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividi ngthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstan dardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateR ecordEGam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecess arytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“Ho wIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthatt raditionaltestbes tassessanalyticalandverbalsAillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalA nowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.More over,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationsc hange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipsAillswhenthetestsw eregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwa snegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.Anyo newhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-taAingsAillalsomatters,wh etherit`sAnowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstosAip.26. Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.27. WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant ’sbecause[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creativityratherthananalyticalsAillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavant’scaseisaneGtremeonethatwillnotrepeat.[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.29. Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.[C]testinginvolvesalotofguessworA.[D]traditionaltestareoutofdate.30. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?[A]Supportive.[B]SAeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.TeGt3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncec ouldcountonhardworAandfairplaytoAeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeent ransformedbyeconomicrisAandnewrealities.NowapinAslip,abaddiagnosi s,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewl ypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetoworA,transformi ngbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymaAers,andcriticsofallstripeshav edebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelooAedatthesi deeffect:familyrisAhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtotheli mitsoftheirnewtwo-paychecAstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutet heyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetbacA–abacA-upearner(usuallyMom)wh ocouldgointotheworAforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsicA.This“added-worA ereffect”co uldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday, adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwitheGtraincomefro manotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenasAedtoabsorbmuchmoreris Aintheirretirementincome.SteelworAers,airlineemployees,andnowthosei ntheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutintere strates,stocAmarAetfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutliveth eirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedto moveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchor alloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentretur ns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofh ealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen–andnewlyfashionabl ehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-MartworAer s,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentrisAforfam ilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsarewor Aingagainstthemiddlec lassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweaAelderlyparent–andalltheattendantne edforphysicalandfinancialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegen eration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,l ooAsfarlessliAeanopportunitytoeGercisemorefinancialresponsibility,and agooddealmoreliAeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinanci alrisAontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbeg un,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.31. Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialrisAinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.32. AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.33. Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamilies’investmentris A.34. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialrisAstendtooutweighpoliticalrisAs.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.35. WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisteGt?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict[D]TheMiddleClassinRuinsTeGt4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedoutt heirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecor porationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem–especiallyinAm erica–thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheeGec utivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,a ndseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanAing,telecomsand airtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusines sesofeveryvariety.SeveralmassiveleaAagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear–fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorSci enceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Ber Aeley–haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsand businessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyoth erasset,”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.“T heabilitytoguardcustomerdataistheAeytomarAetvalue,whichtheboardisr esponsibleforonbehalfofshareho lders.”Indeed,justasthereistheconcepto fGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASP, GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYorA’sCol umbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redu ndancy,andrecover yisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshoul dbeobvioustothedimmesteGecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconom icassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyeGpensivetorestore–andthatfewthin gsaremoreliAelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldat agetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustifi ed–bythelacAoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleaAage.Un tilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,ev enthevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddat a-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile, thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearli erbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmerica onnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.36. Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations.[C]thethreatfromnewsreports.[D]theseverityofdataleaAage.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecAtheirsystemstof indout[A]whetherthereisanyweaApoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleaAage.[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.38. InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismaAingthepointthat[A]shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.[D]themarAetvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesf ailto[A]seethelinAbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.40. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A]dataleaAageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]CaliforniataAestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleaAage.PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandateGtaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA —GthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartoftheteGt(41-45).Thefirs tandlastparagraphsoftheteGtarenotnumbered.TherearetwoeGtraheadin gsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarAyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.(10poi nts)A.SetaGoodEGampleforYourAidsB.BuildYourA ids’Wor ASAillsC.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesD.TalAabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpAidsDevelopCopingStrategiesF.HelpYourAidsFigureOutWhoTheyAreG.BuildYourA ids’SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthood fortheirA ids.Evenifajob’sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergi ngadult’sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltowor Acanbeles sofasetbacAifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures, drawnfrommybooAReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaAetopr eventwhatIcall“wor A-lifeunreadiness.”Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheire mergingstrengthsandweaAnesseswiththemandworAtogetheronanyshort comings,liAedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifyt heAindsofintereststheyAeepcomingbacAto,astheseoffercluestothecareer sthatwillfitthembest.Aidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels–asopposedtomembersofthe irclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussion saboutpeoplethefamilyAnowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejo ysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourAidstoformsomeide asabouttheirownfuture.WhenasAedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbedis couragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.”Theycanchangetheirminds200time s,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.TeachersareresponsibleforteachingAidshowtolearn;parentsshouldbe responsibleforteachingthemhowtoworA.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthe houseandmaAesurehomeworAdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstot aAeapart-timejob.Aidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddep loyingeffectiveorganizationalsAills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriori ties.Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.Andhoursofwatchi ngTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteachesAidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonot onousbeatsforlongstretchesencouragesAidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinste adofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofi mportantcommunicationandthinAingsAillsandmaAeitdifficultforAidstod eveloptheAindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.TheyshouldAnowhowtodealwithsetbacAs,stressesandfeelingsofinad equacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,wa ystobrainstormandthinAcritically.DiscussionsathomecanhelpAidspractice doingthesethingsandhelpthemapplythesesAillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglinga ndwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorrol etoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossas disappointedintheirchild.TheyshouldeGhibitstronginterestandrespectfor whatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitm ayseem)whilebecomingapartnerineGploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostof all,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamily thatappreciatesthem.PartCDirections: ReadthefollowingteGtcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyon ANSWERSHEET2.(1 0points)Thestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdis ciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafe atureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisesta blishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbegunt oofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofagener aleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducat wisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheoneha nd,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfr eedom.(47)On the other, it linAs these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the linAs journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.ForeGample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinter estareatworAintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasinc ourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesir ablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law moreprofoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectf orjournalists.ThebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworAs,theb ettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitarepri marysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatl y,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppl iedtothembylawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and maAe their own judgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthel egalsystem.SectionIII WritingPartA51. Directions:Writealettertoyouuniversitylibrary,maAingsuggestionsforimprovingi tsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordson ANSWERSHEET2.Donot e“LiMing”instead.Donot writetheaddress.(10points)PartB52. Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyoures say,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)eGplainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithaneGample/eGamples.Youshouldwriteneatlyon ANSWERSHEET2.(20points)20GG年考研英语（一）答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)PartB(10points)PartC(10points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。

其他真题试卷见文库个人首页Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure1、C2、D3、D4、B5、A6、A7、B8、A9、D 10、CⅡ.Cloze Test11、D 12、A 13、B 14、D 15、A 16、A 17、B 18、C 19、B 20、C Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension21、A 22、B 23、D 24、B 25、C 26、D 27、C 28、B 29、D 30、C 31、C 32、A 33、B 34、A 35、DⅣ.Word Spelling36.symbol 37.hobby 38.account 39.operate 40.deceive 41.planet 42.whenev er43.employee 44.fancy 45.tendency 46.recover 47.infer 48,gaze 49.legal 50.truthfully 51.juice 52.reward 53.magic 54.creative 55.neglectⅤ.Word Form56.direction 57.characteristic 58.exceptions 59.increasingly 60.widenedsting 62.classified 63.original 64,partly/partially 65.practicallyⅥ.Translation from Chinese into English66.She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.67.We couldn't live without air.68.The wine is made from grapes.69.She found it very difficult to adapt/adjust to life in Australia.70.Mrs.Brown made.me stay in Ncw York for two more weeks..Ⅶ.Translation from english into Chinese世界上有一半的动植物物种生长在热带雨林里。

2007年04月份全国自考英语(二)真题一、Vocabulary and Structure(10 points,1 point each)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。

1. It is difficult to _________ the implication between the lines.A.get toB.get withC.get atD.get down答案：C2.The volleyball match was televised ________ on CCTV.A.aliveB. lifeC.liveD. lively答案：C3.The newspaper will have to close down if it cannot increase its _________considerably.A.distributionB.contributionC.prescriptionD.circulation答案：D4. The central theatre has a seating ______ of more than 3,000 people.A. capabilityB. capacityC. abilityD.facility答案：B5.The furniture in her bedroom is quite different from ______ in the living room.A.thatB. itC. oneD.which答案：A6. Because of the bad weather,the sports meet had to be _______.A.shut downB. done awayC.taken offD.called off答案：D7. Jenny complained that the hospital ______ her too much for the treatment.A. expendedB. paidC. costD.charged答案：D8. Having decided to rent a flat，we ______ contacting housing agencies in thecity.A.set aboutB. set downC. set outD.set up答案：A9.The book fair has received a positive ______ from readers.A. resultB. responseC.settlementD.solution答案：B10. If the operation _______ carefully prepared，it would not have beensuccessful.A. was notB. has not beenC. had not beenD. were not答案：C二、Cloze Test(10 points,1 point each)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。

仅供参考2007年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（一）试卷更多历次真题及解析请参见北航出版社《全国高等教育自学考试英语(一)历次真题全解》本试卷分为两部分，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。

第一部分为选择题，1页至7页，共7页。

应考者必须在“答题卡”上按要求 填涂，不能答在试卷上。

第二部分为非选择题，8页至9页，共2页。

应考者必须在“答题纸”上答题。

PART ONE （50 POINTS ）. Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point e Ⅰach)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。

1. To some extent the good service at the hotel ________ the poor food.A. brought outB. came aboutC. got down toD. made up for2. If you ________ in taking this attitude, we’ll have to ask you to leave.A. insistB. resist C persist D. exist3. He’ll ________ his nervousness once he's on stage.A. get overB. get offC. get outD. get through4. At the age of fourteen, Maggie went to a ________ girls' school along with her sister.A. nearB. nearbyC. closeD. neighbor5. Miranda happily accepted an invitation to lunch at Rules, her ________ restaurant.A. popularB. preferredC. favoredD. favorite6. We request that all cell phones ________ for the duration of the performance.A. be turned offB. should turn offC. ought to be turned offD. to be turned off7. Who was the first person ________ today?A. spoke to youB. with you spokeC. you spoke toD. spoke with you8. A person who talks to ________ is not necessarily mad.A. himselfB. oneselfC. yourselfD. itself9. Spanish people usually speak ________ than English people.A. quickB. quicklyC. more quickD. more quickly10. Did you hear ________ Mary said?A. thatB. whatC. whichD. that what. Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point each)Ⅱ下列短文中有＋个空白，每个空白有四个选项。

2007年考研英语一真题及答案解析Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

2007年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二)试卷(课程代码0015)本试卷共满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure(10 points，1 point each)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。

1.It is difficult to ____ he implication between the lines.A.get toB.get withC.get atD.get down2.The volleyball match was televised____0n CCTV.A.aliveB.1ifeC.1iveD.1ively3. The newspaper will have to close down if it cannot increase its considerably.A.distributionB.contributionC.prescriptionD.circulation4. The central theatre has a seating ____ of more than 3,000 people.A.capabilityB.capacityC.abilityD.facility5.The furniture in her bedroom is quite different from ____ in the living room.A.thatB.itC.oneD.which6. Because of the bad weather, the sports meet had to be____.A.shut downB.done awayC.taken offD.called off7.Jenny complained that the hospital—her too much for the treatment.A.expendedB.paidC.costD.charged8. Having decided to rent a flat，we ____ contacting housing agencies in the city.A.set aboutB.set downC.set outD.set up9.The book fair has received a positive ____ from readers.A.resultB.responseC.settlementD.solution10.If the operation ____ carefully prepared，it would not have been successful·A.was notB.has not beenC.had not beenD.were notⅡ.Cloze Test(10 points，1 point each)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。

2007年4月全国自考《综合英语（二）》真题及答案课程代码：00795Ⅰ.语法、词汇。

从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填入答题纸相应位置。

（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer. (25 points)1. Nowadays some mothers still play __ big part in the lives of their grown-up children.A. /B. aC. theD. an【答案】B2. It’s much braver to ask questions than to suppress your questions and become deadened ____ the world around you.A. ofB. inC. onD. to【答案】D3. The decorator suggested that he ____ up a screen on the window to let in fresh air and keep out flies.A. fixB. fixedC. fixesD. fixing【答案】A4. Since she was trapped in a lift for about two hours a year ago she ______ to get back into one.A. doesn’t dareB. didn’t dareC. hasn’t daredD. hadn’t dared【答案】C5. He has been sitting at the table for several hours, _______ considerably more wine than is good for his health.A. drinksB. drankD. to drink【答案】C6. “Shall I turn on the television for you?”“No, thanks. I’d rather not ______ television tonight.”A. watchB. to watchC. watchingD. for watching【答案】A7. The eldest son ______ an outsider when he talks about providing for his old and sick parents.A. seemsB. looks likeC. sounds likeD. appears【答案】C8. It is estimated that the price of a personal computer __ by an average of 25% a year since 1990.B. had fallenC. is fallingD. has fallen【答案】D9. On a quiet weekend one ______ by the noise of the home interior decoration of one’s neighbors.A. annoysB. is annoyedC. annoyedD. annoying【答案】B10. If you had listened to me, you ______ in such great trouble now.A. wouldn’t beB. would not have beenC. won’t beD. won’t have been【答案】A11. Peter planned to convert his house into three flats, ______ two bedrooms, a living-room, a kitchen and a bathroom.A. every one consisted ofB. all consisting inC. each consisting ofD. one consisted in【答案】C12. ______ been so many people on a diet as today.A. More than ever before have thereB. In the past there have neverC. Never before there haveD. Formerly there had never【答案】B13. In the operation two armed robbers were killed and ______ were captured.A. restB. othersC. the restD. the other【答案】C14. The director was told that he had finally got the ______ to film Moment in Peking.A. promiseB. offerC. agreementD. permission【答案】D15. We had a marvelous holiday; only the last two days were slightly ______ by the bad weather.A. damagedB. spoiledC. ruinedD. wasted【答案】B16. I kept the little girl ______ till her parents returned home.A. the companyB. the companionC. companyD. companion【答案】C17. Typing all in capital letters is generally considered as impolite, because it ______。

2007年全国统一高考英语试卷（全国卷1）.doc2007 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试全国 I 卷英语英语本试卷分第 I 卷（选择题）和第 II 卷（非选择题）两部分。

第至14 页。

考试结束,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

I 卷 1 至 12 页。

第 II 卷 1第 I 卷注意事项：答题前,考生在答题卡上务必用直经0.5 毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名,准考证号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。

请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。

每小题选出参考答案后, 用 2 B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的参考答案标号涂黑。

如需改动, 用干净后,再选涂其他参考答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效。

第一部分听力（共两节,满分 30 分）做题时, 先将参考答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后, 你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上参考答案转涂答题卡上。

第一节（共 5 小题；每小题 1.5 分,满分 7.5 分）听下面 5 段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅项,并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后,你都有读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt? ￡19.15. ￡9.15. ￡9.18. 参考答案是 B 。

1. Who is coming for tea? A. John.B. Mark.C. Tracy. 2. What will the man do next? A. Leave right away. B. Stay for dinner. C. Catch a train. 3. What does the man come for?A. A lecture.B. A meeting.C. A party. C. 39.4. What size does the man want? A. 9.B. 35.5. What are the speakers talking about? A. Life in Southeast Asia. B. Weather condition.C. A holiday tour.第二节（共 15 小题；每小题 1.5 分,满分 22.5 分）听下面5 段对话或独白。

2007年考研英语一真题及答案解析Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试试题卷(全国卷I)英语第I卷注意事项：1．答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直经0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名，准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。

请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。

2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分7.5 分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.15.C.￡9.18.答案是B。

1. Who is coming for tea?A. John.B. Mark.C. Tracy.2. What will the man do next?A. Leave right away.B. Stay for dinner.C. Catch a train.3. What does the man come for?A. A lecture.B. A meeting.C. A party.4. What size does the man want?A. 9.B. 35.C. 39.5. What are the speakers talking about?A. Life in Southeast Asia.B. Weather condition.C. A holiday tour.第二节（共15小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分22.5 分）听下面5 段对话或独白。

全国自考《英语（一）》试题安全生产试题推举度：自考毕业自我鉴定推举度：自考本科自我鉴定推举度：全国统一商品房购房合同推举度：全国自考《英语（一）》试题导语：要学好英语，应当多做真题。

下面是全国自考英语(一)的试题，欢送参考!1.We can come to the ______ that the more we practice，the more skillful we will be.A. traditionB. generationC. conclusionD. fact2.I wished it ______ but it did.A. had not occurredB. occurred notC. did not occurD. would not occur3.I have no choice ______ lay the facts before the publicexactly as they occurred.A. but toB. and toC. with toD. only to4.His illness accounts ______ his absence from class.A. toB. forC. overD. after5.______ a little earlier，I would have caught the train.A. Did I leaveB. Would I leaveC. Had I leftD. Have I left6.I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia.A. to goB. goingC. to goingD. of going7.To some extent the good service at the hotel ______ the poor food.A. brought outB. came aboutC. got down toD. made up for8.The manager would rather his daughter ______ in the same company.A. would not workB. will not workC. does not workD. did not work9.By the end of next month I ______ here for five years.A. will workB. have been workingC. have workedD. will have worked10.It was ______ that we went for a picnic in the country.A. such nice a dayB. such nice dayC. so nice a dayD. so nice day。

2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4.[A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10.[A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13.[A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine th e birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And t he best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.” [B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.” [D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indi cators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive. [B] Skeptical. [C] Impartial. [D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionablehealth-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just a s there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, red undancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point. [B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage. [D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B] Build Your Kids’ Work Skills[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G] Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can tak e to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take apart-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)have while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legaleducation is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links theseconcepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.Thesecan only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsWrite a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own na me at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文主要论述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立以后面临的各种问题。

2007年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲2007年考研英语(一)阅读 Text 4 精读精讲2007年考研英语(一)阅读 Text 4 文章主要讲述了大自然中一种特殊现象——十二月的冬季鸟群。

本文通过描述壮丽的鸟群迁徙场景和对其原因的探讨，展示了生态系统中动物与环境之间的一种独特互动关系。

Text 4的文章结构主要由三个部分组成：引言、主体和结论。

首先，文章以壮丽的场景描写作为引言，展示了冬季鸟群迁徙的壮观景象，如“开始时只是一小撮黑点，但很快变成飘飘动动的黑色浪潮”和“数以千计的小精灵背对着南邦，追随着一个声音，前往他们命中注定的目的地”。

这些生动的描写使读者仿佛身临其境，感受到了鸟群迁徙的壮丽景象。

接着，文章的主体部分对此现象的具体原因进行了解释。

文中指出，冬季鸟群迁徙的原因之一是生存的需求。

由于冬季天气寒冷，食物资源稀缺，鸟类需要寻找更为温暖且丰富的地方以求求生存。

此外，鸟类还会因为数目众多而选择集体迁徙。

温暖地区的食物储备更为丰富，能够满足更多鸟类的需求。

而集体迁徙可以提供更大的保护力量，使得鸟类在途中遇到危险时更能互相支持和保护。

最后，文章的结论部分再次强调了冬季鸟群迁徙的壮丽景象，指出鸟类迁徙是大自然中一种奇妙而又美丽的现象。

迁徙不仅是鸟类保护自身生存的策略，也是生态系统中的一种重要互动关系。

这种鸟群迁徙现象反映了生态系统中动物与环境之间的相互依赖和平衡。

综上所述，2007年考研英语(一)阅读 Text 4 精读精讲的主题是冬季鸟群迁徙。

文章通过引人入胜的描写，让读者感受到鸟群迁徙的壮丽景象。

同时，文章还解释了为什么冬季鸟群选择迁徙，给出了生存需求和集体保护的原因。

最后，文章强调了鸟类迁徙是生态系统中一种独特的互动关系，展示了自然界的奇妙之处。

这篇文章共计xxx字。

2007年1月自学考试英语（一）试卷参考答案Ⅰ.V ocabulary and Structure1、C2、D3、D4、B5、A6、A7、B8、A9、D 10、CⅡ.Cloze Test11、D 12、A 13、B 14、D 15、A 16、A 17、B 18、C 19、B 20、CⅢ.Reading Comprehension21、A 22、B 23、D 24、B 25、C 26、D 27、C 28、B 29、D 30、C31、C 32、A 33、B 34、A 35、DⅣ.Word Spelling36.symbol 37.hobby 38.account 39.operate 40.deceive 41.planet 42.whenever 43.employee 44.fancy 45.tendency 46.recover 47.infer 48,gaze 49.legal50.truthfully 51.juice 52.reward 53.magic 54.creative 55.neglectⅤ.Word Form56.direction 57.characteristic 58.exceptions 59.increasingly 60.widenedsting 62.classified 63.original 64,partly/partially 65.practicallyⅥ.Translation from Chinese into English66.She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.67.We couldn't live without air.68.The wine is made from grapes.69.She found it very difficult to adapt/adjust to life in Australia.70.Mrs.Brown made.me stay in Ncw York for two more weeks..Ⅶ.Translation from english into Chinese世界上有一半的动植物物种生长在热带雨林里。

2007年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试高等数学基础 试卷(考试时间：4月22日上午8：30－11：00)本试卷分为两部分，满分100分；考试时间150分钟．第一部分为选择题，1页至4页，共4页．应考者必须在“答题卡”上按要求填涂，不能答在试卷上． 第二部分为非选择题，5页至11页，共7页．应考者必须在试卷上直接答题．第一部分 选择题(共30分)一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑．错涂、多涂或未涂均无分．1．已知点A(1，－1，2)和B(－2，1，0)，则的坐标为( )A ．{－3，－2，－2}B ．{－3，2，－2}C ．{3，－2，2}D ．{3，2，2}2．已知a ＝2i ＋j ，b ＝－i －k ，，则3a －2b ＝( )A ．8i －3j －2kB ．3i －8j ＋2kC ．8i ＋3j ＋2kD ．2i －8j ＋3k3．空间坐标轴上的单位向量i ，j ，k 有性质( )A ．x ×k ＝0， k ×j ＝0 ， j ×i ＝0B ．i ×j ＝k ， k ×j ＝i ， k ×i ＝jC ．i ×j ＝k ， j ×k ＝i ， i ×k ＝－jD ．i ×j ＝－k ， j ×k ＝i ， i ×k ＝j4．点(1，－2，1)到平面x ＋2y －2z －1＝0的距离为( )A ．2B ．2C ．35 D ．6 5．平面x －z ＝0的位置特点是( )A ．过x 轴B ．过y 轴C ．过z 轴D ．平行于xz 面6．直线332211 z y x 与平面3x －z ＝0的位置关系是( ) A ．平行 B ．互相垂直 C ．相交而不垂直 D ．直线在平面上7．方程4922y x ＝1在空间直角坐标系中表示( ) A ．双曲线 B ．双曲柱面 C ．椭圆 D ．椭圆柱面8．已知f (x )＝ 0,0,2x x x x ，则f (x 2)＝( )A ．－x 4B ．－x 2C ．x 2D ．x 49．对于函数y ＝cos x ，限制x ∈〔0， 〕，则它的反函数y ＝arc cos x 的定义域和值域分别为( )A ．〔－1，1〕和〔0， 〕B ．〔0， 〕和〔－1，1〕C ．〔－2π，2π〕和〔－1，1〕D ．〔－1，1〕和〔－2π，2π〕 10．数列21，－32，43，－ 54……，(－1)n ＋11 n n ，……( ) A ．极限是1 B ．极限是－1C ．有两个极限1和－1D ．没有极限11．已知 n lim a n ＝a ，则 n lim (a 2n ＋2a n ＋1)＝( ) A ．a 2＋1 B ．2a ＋1 C ．1 D ．(a ＋1)212．当x →0时，下列函数中极限为1的是( )A ．f (x )＝xx sin B ．f (x )＝sin x C ．f (x )＝x x cos D ．f (x )＝x 1 13．已知0lim x x f (x )＝a ，0lim x x g (x )＝b ，若f (x )≤g (x )，x ∈(－∞，＋∞)，则必有( )A ．a ＜bB ．a ≠bC ．a ≤bD ．a ≥b14．下列数列中n →∞时为无穷小量的是( )A ．{n 1sin n }B ．{n sin n1| C ．{n sin n } D ．{sin n } 15．下列函数中，x ＝1是f (x )的可去间断点的是( ) A ．f (x )＝x 1 B ．f (x )＝ 11 x C ．f (x )＝ 1，211，1x x x D ．f (x )＝ 1，211，11x x x 16．已知f (x )＝0，30，0x x x ，在点x ＝0处f (x )( ) A ．既不连续也不可导 B ．不连续但可导C ．连续但不可导D ．既连续也可导17．已知f (x )＝e cos x ，则f ＇(x )＝( )A ．e cos xB ．e sin xC ．sin x ·e cos xD ．－sin x ·e cos x18．已知x ＋y ＝a ，则dxdy ＝( ) A ．x y B ．－x y C ．y x D ．－yx 19．设y ＝f (u )是可微函数，u 是x 的函数，则dy ＝( )A ．f ＇(u )udxB ．f ＇(u )dxC ．f ＇(u )duD ．f (u )du20．设f (x )在(a ，b )内可导，x 0∈(a ，b )，则( )A ．f ＇(x 0)＝0时，f (x 0)是极值B ．f (x 0)是极值时，f ＇(x 0)＝0C ．f (x 0)是极小值时，f ″(x 0)＞0D ．f (x 0)是极大值时，f ″(x 0)＜021．若函数F (x )是f (x )的一个原函数，则( )A ． F (x )dx ＝f (x )＋CB ． F ＇(x )dx ＝f (x )＋CC ． f (x )dx ＝F (x )＋CD ． f ＇(x )dx ＝F (x )＋C22．下列计算正确的是( ) A ． 221x a dx ＝arc sin x ＋C B ． 221x a dx ＝arc tan x ＋CC ． xdx sec ＝cscx ＋CD ．tan xdx ＝－1n | cos x |＋C23．下列不等式成立的是( )A ．B ．C ．D ． 24．设f (x )为可导函数，且 03xf (t )dt ＝x 3，则f (3)＝( )A ．3B ．1C ．0D ．32 25．设＝0，则该等式成立的充分必要条件为( )A ．k ＝0B ．k ＝2C ．k ＝－2D ．k ＝2或－226．n 级排列n n －1 n －2…3 2 1的逆序数是( )A ．0B ．n －1C ．n (n －1)D ．2)1( n n 27．矩阵的逆阵为( )A ．B ．C ．D ．28．矩阵A ＝的秩为( )A ．3B ．2C ．1D ．429．设矩阵A m ×n 有r (A)＝r ，若r (A)＜r (A b )，则线性方程组Ax ＝b ( )A ．有解B ．无解C ．有无穷多解D ．有唯一解30．齐次线性方程组Ax ＝0是线性方程组Ax ＝b 的导出组，则下列说法正确的是( )A ．Ax ＝b 有无穷多个解时，Ax ＝0有非零解B ．Ax ＝0只有零解时，Ax ＝b 有唯一解C ．Ax ＝0只有零解时，A 可逆D ．Ax ＝0一定有解第二部分 非选择题(共70分)二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案．错填、不填均无分．31．已知|a |＝3，|b |＝2，∠(a ，b )＝3π，则a ·b ＝________________． 32．过点(1，－2，－1)且垂直于平面x －y ＋2z －5＝0的直线的标准式方程为________________．33．已知f (x )在[－1，1]上连续，且取到最大值1，最小值0，则f (x )在[－1，1]上的值域为________________．34．已知f (x )＝ 1,311,1x x a x 是定义域上的连续函数，则常数a ＝________________． 35．若f (x )＝3x 2－e x ，则f ″(0)＝________________．36．若变换x ＝ψ(t )使 x dx 1＝ dt t t 12，则ψ(t )＝________________．37．设f (x )为(－∞，＋∞)内周期为T 的连续函数，且，则＝________________． 38．设n 阶行列式D ＝|a ij |＝1，A ij 是D 中元素a ij 的代数余子式，则a 11A 11＋a 21A 21＋…＋a n 1A n 1＝________________．39．设A ＝，B ＝，则矩阵AB ＝________________．40．如果非齐次线性方程组Ax ＝b 的增广矩阵(A b )经初等行变换后化为，则该非齐次线性方程组的一般解为________________．三、计算题(一)(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)41．求通过点(2，1，－3)且平行于平面x －8y ＋2z ＋3＝0的平面方程．42．求极限． 43．计算． 44．用公式A －1＝|A |1A*，求A ＝的逆．四、计算题(二)(本大题共4小题，每小题7分，共28分)45．求以点(1，2，3)与点(－1，6，－5)所连线段为直径的球面方程．46．设y ＝ln(2－sin x )，求y ″|x ＝ ．47．计算．48．若线性方程组有解，求a 的值．五、解答题(本大题共2小题，每小题8分，共16分)49．求函数y ＝2)1(4x x 的极值与拐点． 50．设平面图形由曲线y ＝sin x ，x 轴及直线x ＝0，x ＝2π围成． 1)求该图形的面积S ．2)求该图形绕x 轴旋转形成的旋转体的体积V ．。

2007年考研英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million ___1___ of these nations looked ___2___ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence ___3___ the ideals of representative government, careers ___4___ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the ___5___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. ___6___ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a ___7___ set of laws.On the issue of ___8___ of religion and the position of the church, ___9___, there was less agreement ___10___ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one ___11___ by the Spanish crown. ___12___ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ___13___ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the ___14___ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying ___15___ for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had ___16___ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Sp ain’s ___17___ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___18___ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies ___19___. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was ___20___ self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by，[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about，[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With th e first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait wecommonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentionedto[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probabl y means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the texttries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 –the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it`s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vosSavant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is t he author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effec t” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much asany other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to m arket value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of N ew York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore –and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, oversha dowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is u sed to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems tofind out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthat[A] shareholders’ interests sho uld be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that somebosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG . Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adu lthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work -life unreadiness.” You canstart this process when theyare 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.414243Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video gamesencourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)4445The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable com ponent of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2007年考研英语（一）答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。

2007年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试普通逻辑试卷（考试时间：4月21日上午8：30-11：00）本试卷分为两部分，满分100分；考试时间150分钟。

第一部分为选择题，1页至3页，共3页。

应考者必须在“答题卡”上按要求填涂，不能答在试卷上。

第二部分为非选择题，4页至8页，共5页。

应考者必须在试卷上直接答题。

第一部分选择题（共35分）一、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。

1．“所有S都是P”与“有S不是P”这两个逻辑形式，它们（）A．变项和逻辑常项都相同B．变项不同但逻辑常项相同C．逻辑常项不同但变项相同D．变项和逻辑常项都不同2．前一个概念与后一个概念之间是真包含关系的是（）A．“中国”与“江苏省”B．“中国大学生”与“大学生”C．“鲁迅”与“青年鲁迅”D．“动物”与“鸟”3．若概念S与概念P具有交叉关系，则能断定同时为真的是（）A．SAP与SEP B．SAP与SIP C．SIP与SOP D．SEP与SOP4．具有反对关系的一组判断是（）A．SAP与SEP B．SAP与SIP C．SEP与SIP D．SIP与SOP5．“占全世界人口五分之一的中国人是有志气的”这一判断是（）A．单称判断B．特称判断C．全称判断D．模态判断6．模态判断“□p”与“◇p”（）A．可以同真但不可以同假B．可以同假但不可以同真C．既可以同真又可以同假D．既不可以同真，也不可以同假7．如果一个三段论的结论为A判断，则三段论的两个前提必为（）A．A判断B．E判断C．I判断D．O判断8．“客观规律是不以人的意志为转移的，所以，以人的意志为转移的不是客观规律。

”该推理的过程可以用公式表示为（）A．SAP→SE P B．SAP→PISC．SAP→SE P→P OS D．SA P→SEP→PES9．已知“p→q”为假，则（）A．p真q真B．p真q假C．p假q假D．p假q真10．类比推理中的两个类比对象不能是（）A．两个不同的个体B．两个不同的类C．一个类与另一类中的个体D．一个类与此类中的某一个体11．“真金不怕火炼。