2014_0925_Aircraft icing in flight- effects of impact of supercooled large droplets
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AIRCRAFTICINGINFLIGHT:EFFECTSOFIMPACTOF
SUPERCOOLEDLARGEDROPLETS
EllenNorde∗,JaccoM.Hospers∗,EdwinvanderWeide∗,HarryW.M.Hoeijmakers∗
∗UniversityofTwente,Enschede,TheNetherlands
Keywords:Icing,Multi-Phase,Splashing,SLD,Eulerian
Abstract
Inthisstudyacomputationalmethodispresented
whichsimulatesthepresenceofaliquidlayer
onanairfoilanditseffectonsplashingofSu-
percooledLargeDroplets(SLD).Thethinliquid
filmisexpectedtohaveasignificantinfluence
ontheimpactbehaviourofSLD.Itwillarise
whentheimpactingdropletsfreezeonlypartially
andleavebehindalayerofrunbackwateron
topoftheicelayer.Theliquidfilmismodelled
usingthewallshearstressandbyassuminga
linearvelocityprofilewithinthewaterlayer.The
shearstressiscalculatedbycouplinganinte-
gralboundary-layermethodtoapotentialflow
method.
TheSLDsplashingmodelisextendedwitha
depositionmodelthataccountsforimpactona
liquidfilmandincludesthesolidificationtimeof
thedroplets.Thissolidificationtimeisobtained
usingmultipleapproacheswhicharebasedonei-
therplanarsolidificationordendriticsolidifica-
tion.Planarsolidificationiscontrolledbydif-
fusionandbasedontheStefanproblemforheat
conduction.Dendriticsolidificationismorerapid
andmostlygovernedbykinetics.
Thecomparisonofthecatchingefficiency
withexperimentalresultsforaNACA-23012air-
foilshowsasignificantimprovementemploying
thenewdepositionmodel.Also,goodagreement
isfoundwiththeexperimentalresultsfortheice
accretiononaNACA-0012airfoil.1Introduction
SupercooledLargeDroplets(SLD)arewater
dropletswithadiameterlargerthan40microns.
Incloudstheycanformthroughmeltingofsnow
orcoalescenceofsmallerdropletsunderinflu-
enceofwindshear.Afterthefatalcrashof
anATR-72commuteraircraftnearRoselawn,
Indianain1994[1]SLDwererecognizedasex-
tremelyhazardous.Thistypeoficingcanoc-
curatdifferentlocationsontheaircraftandis
fasterandmoreunpredictablecomparedtoicing
bysmallerdroplets.ThisyeartheFAAwill
presentthefinalregulationsforSLDicingcon-
ditionsspecifiedinappendixOof14CFRpart
25[2].
Inthepastyearsmuchresearchhasbeen
carriedoutconsideringin-flightSLDicing.
TheEuropeanUnionsponsoredprojectEXTICE
(EXTremeICingEnvironment)[3],thatranfrom
2008until2012,includeddropletimpactexperi-
ments,icingexperimentsandnumericalsimula-
tionswithimprovedSLD-specificmodels.Inthis
frameworktheUniversityofTwentedevelopeda
computationalmethodcapableofpredictingice
accretionduetomulti-dispersedropletdistribu-
tionsofsplashingandreboundingSLDbasedon
anEuleriantrajectorymodel.
Inthepresentpaperthecomputationofa
thinliquidfilmanditseffectonsplashingSLD
viaanimproveddepositionmodelwillbede-
scribedwithwhichtheexistingcomputational
methodhasbeenexpanded.Thenewdeposition
modelhasbeenproposedbyLietal.[4]from
DarmstadtUniversityofTechnologyandtakes
thesolidificationtimeoftheliquidlayerintoac-
1
E.NORDE,J.M.HOSPERS,E.VANDERWEIDE,H.W.M.HOEIJMAKERS
count.Numericalresultsarecomparedwithdata
fromexperimentsbyPapadakisetal.[5]fora
NACA-23012airfoilandwithdataobtainedby
DGAAero-engineTestingfromexperimentsfor
aNACA-0012airfoil.BothDarmstadtUniver-
sityofTechnologyandDGAAero-engineTest-
ingwerepartnersintheEXTICEproject.
2SLDPhysics
BecauseoftherelativelylargesizeofSLD,their
impactbehaviourneedstobetakenintoaccount
inordertomodelthephysicsofSLDaccurately.
Thephenomenaoccurringmayinclude:splash-
ing,rebound,breakup,deformationoracombi-
nationofthese.Incaseofsplashingthedroplets
willbreakupintosmallersecondaryparticles,as
isshowninFig.1,whilethedropletwillbounce
fromthesurfacecompletelyincaseofarebound
event.BeforeSLDhitthesurfacetheycanei-
therdeformorbreakupintosmallerdroplets.In
thecurrentmethodonlysplashingandrebound
areimplementedandpre-impactbreakupandde-
formationareignored.FortheSLDsplashing
modelamass-losscoefficientbyHonseketal.[6]
isused,whilethenumberofsecondarydroplets
andtheirvelocitydistributionhavebeenobtained
fromTrujilloetal.[7].Thereboundmodelis
basedonworkfromBaiandGosman[8].
Thecomputationalmethodsolvesthedroplet
distributionsequentially,thatisfromthebinwith
thelargestdropletstothebinwiththesmallest
droplets.Thisimpliesthatcoalescenceisig-
nored.Thesecondarydropletsthatarecreated
afterasplashingorreboundeventareadded
tothebinwithdropletsthathaveadiameter
correspondingtothediameterofthesecondary
droplets.Ifsplashingorreboundoccurs,inele-
mentsnexttothesurfaceoftheairfoil,thelocal
sudnddsud,s
Fig.1:Splashingvariables.re-injectedmassandmomentumareimposedvia
boundaryconditions.
3NumericalMethod
Thenumericalmethodthatformsthestarting
pointforthisresearchhasbeendevelopedby
J.M.Hospers[9,10].ThismethodusesanEu-
leriandroplettrackingapproachincombination
withaFiniteVolumeMethodforunstructured
grids.Adropletsizedistributiondividedintoa
numberofbinswithacertainrangeofdroplet
sizeandatwo-dimensionalpotentialflowfield
solutionwillbeprovidedasinputforthecalcu-