2014_0925_Aircraft icing in flight- effects of impact of supercooled large droplets

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AIRCRAFTICINGINFLIGHT:EFFECTSOFIMPACTOF

SUPERCOOLEDLARGEDROPLETS

EllenNorde∗,JaccoM.Hospers∗,EdwinvanderWeide∗,HarryW.M.Hoeijmakers∗

∗UniversityofTwente,Enschede,TheNetherlands

Keywords:Icing,Multi-Phase,Splashing,SLD,Eulerian

Abstract

Inthisstudyacomputationalmethodispresented

whichsimulatesthepresenceofaliquidlayer

onanairfoilanditseffectonsplashingofSu-

percooledLargeDroplets(SLD).Thethinliquid

filmisexpectedtohaveasignificantinfluence

ontheimpactbehaviourofSLD.Itwillarise

whentheimpactingdropletsfreezeonlypartially

andleavebehindalayerofrunbackwateron

topoftheicelayer.Theliquidfilmismodelled

usingthewallshearstressandbyassuminga

linearvelocityprofilewithinthewaterlayer.The

shearstressiscalculatedbycouplinganinte-

gralboundary-layermethodtoapotentialflow

method.

TheSLDsplashingmodelisextendedwitha

depositionmodelthataccountsforimpactona

liquidfilmandincludesthesolidificationtimeof

thedroplets.Thissolidificationtimeisobtained

usingmultipleapproacheswhicharebasedonei-

therplanarsolidificationordendriticsolidifica-

tion.Planarsolidificationiscontrolledbydif-

fusionandbasedontheStefanproblemforheat

conduction.Dendriticsolidificationismorerapid

andmostlygovernedbykinetics.

Thecomparisonofthecatchingefficiency

withexperimentalresultsforaNACA-23012air-

foilshowsasignificantimprovementemploying

thenewdepositionmodel.Also,goodagreement

isfoundwiththeexperimentalresultsfortheice

accretiononaNACA-0012airfoil.1Introduction

SupercooledLargeDroplets(SLD)arewater

dropletswithadiameterlargerthan40microns.

Incloudstheycanformthroughmeltingofsnow

orcoalescenceofsmallerdropletsunderinflu-

enceofwindshear.Afterthefatalcrashof

anATR-72commuteraircraftnearRoselawn,

Indianain1994[1]SLDwererecognizedasex-

tremelyhazardous.Thistypeoficingcanoc-

curatdifferentlocationsontheaircraftandis

fasterandmoreunpredictablecomparedtoicing

bysmallerdroplets.ThisyeartheFAAwill

presentthefinalregulationsforSLDicingcon-

ditionsspecifiedinappendixOof14CFRpart

25[2].

Inthepastyearsmuchresearchhasbeen

carriedoutconsideringin-flightSLDicing.

TheEuropeanUnionsponsoredprojectEXTICE

(EXTremeICingEnvironment)[3],thatranfrom

2008until2012,includeddropletimpactexperi-

ments,icingexperimentsandnumericalsimula-

tionswithimprovedSLD-specificmodels.Inthis

frameworktheUniversityofTwentedevelopeda

computationalmethodcapableofpredictingice

accretionduetomulti-dispersedropletdistribu-

tionsofsplashingandreboundingSLDbasedon

anEuleriantrajectorymodel.

Inthepresentpaperthecomputationofa

thinliquidfilmanditseffectonsplashingSLD

viaanimproveddepositionmodelwillbede-

scribedwithwhichtheexistingcomputational

methodhasbeenexpanded.Thenewdeposition

modelhasbeenproposedbyLietal.[4]from

DarmstadtUniversityofTechnologyandtakes

thesolidificationtimeoftheliquidlayerintoac-

1

E.NORDE,J.M.HOSPERS,E.VANDERWEIDE,H.W.M.HOEIJMAKERS

count.Numericalresultsarecomparedwithdata

fromexperimentsbyPapadakisetal.[5]fora

NACA-23012airfoilandwithdataobtainedby

DGAAero-engineTestingfromexperimentsfor

aNACA-0012airfoil.BothDarmstadtUniver-

sityofTechnologyandDGAAero-engineTest-

ingwerepartnersintheEXTICEproject.

2SLDPhysics

BecauseoftherelativelylargesizeofSLD,their

impactbehaviourneedstobetakenintoaccount

inordertomodelthephysicsofSLDaccurately.

Thephenomenaoccurringmayinclude:splash-

ing,rebound,breakup,deformationoracombi-

nationofthese.Incaseofsplashingthedroplets

willbreakupintosmallersecondaryparticles,as

isshowninFig.1,whilethedropletwillbounce

fromthesurfacecompletelyincaseofarebound

event.BeforeSLDhitthesurfacetheycanei-

therdeformorbreakupintosmallerdroplets.In

thecurrentmethodonlysplashingandrebound

areimplementedandpre-impactbreakupandde-

formationareignored.FortheSLDsplashing

modelamass-losscoefficientbyHonseketal.[6]

isused,whilethenumberofsecondarydroplets

andtheirvelocitydistributionhavebeenobtained

fromTrujilloetal.[7].Thereboundmodelis

basedonworkfromBaiandGosman[8].

Thecomputationalmethodsolvesthedroplet

distributionsequentially,thatisfromthebinwith

thelargestdropletstothebinwiththesmallest

droplets.Thisimpliesthatcoalescenceisig-

nored.Thesecondarydropletsthatarecreated

afterasplashingorreboundeventareadded

tothebinwithdropletsthathaveadiameter

correspondingtothediameterofthesecondary

droplets.Ifsplashingorreboundoccurs,inele-

mentsnexttothesurfaceoftheairfoil,thelocal

s󰀄ud󰀄ndds󰀄ud,s

Fig.1:Splashingvariables.re-injectedmassandmomentumareimposedvia

boundaryconditions.

3NumericalMethod

Thenumericalmethodthatformsthestarting

pointforthisresearchhasbeendevelopedby

J.M.Hospers[9,10].ThismethodusesanEu-

leriandroplettrackingapproachincombination

withaFiniteVolumeMethodforunstructured

grids.Adropletsizedistributiondividedintoa

numberofbinswithacertainrangeofdroplet

sizeandatwo-dimensionalpotentialflowfield

solutionwillbeprovidedasinputforthecalcu-