文献信息：
文献标题：The impact of green supply chain management in small to medium enterprises: Cross-sectional evidence（绿色供应链管理对中小企业的影响：横断面证据）
国外作者：Chengedzai Mafini，Asphat Muposhi
文献出处：《Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management》,2017,11(1):1-11字数统计：英文2138单词，12710字符；中文3681汉字
外文文献：
The impact of green supply chain management in small to medium enterprises: Cross-sectional evidence Background: South Africa has a high rate of small to medium enterprises (SMEs) failure, especially in the manufacturing sector. The operational challenges confronting manufacturing SMEs are acknowledged by the Global Competitiveness Index that ranked South African SMEs as one of the lowest in emerging economies.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the association between green supply chain management (GSCM) practices, environmental collaboration and financial performance in SMEs.
Method: The study is quantitative in nature and involves a convenient sample of 312 SMEs based in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Data analyses follow a two-step process involving a confirmatory factor analysis to test the psychometric properties of the measurement scale and Structural Equation Modelling to test the proposed hypotheses.
Results: The study shows that three GSCM practices, namely, green procurement, green logistics and green manufacturing in SMEs exert a positive effect on environmental collaboration, with green manufacturing exerting a higher effect than the other two constructs. In turn, higher levels of environmental collaboration
inspired higher levels of SME financial performance.
Conclusion: The study advances that SMEs can succeed financially through the influence of enhanced environmental collaboration, which emanates, in part, from the adoption and implementation of GSCM practices.
Introduction
Over the years, green supply chain management (GSCM) has attracted extensive research interest as a business practice and strategic option (Chin, Tat & Sulaiman 2015; Lee, Kim & Choi 2012; Zhu, Sarkis & Lai 2012). Although research has examined the effect of greening the supply chain on organisational performance, the majority of such studies have been confined to large corporations with less attention devoted to Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (Ahi & Searcy 2015; Mitra & Datta 2014; Shang, Lu & Li 2010). This is despite the view that, globally, small to medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute immensely to employment creation and economic growth (Cant & Wiid 2013). In South Africa, it is estimated that SMEs contribute up to 57% of the gross domestic product and 60% in terms of employment (Bureau for Economic Research, 2016). However, notwithstanding these contributions, a host of challenges, such as lack of operational skills, access to finance, attracting and retaining skilled personnel, continue to plague the survival of SMEs in South Africa (Pretorius 2009). Hence, growth and development of the SME sector in South Africa remain constrained.
With the ever-growing concern on environmental sustainability, the challenges confronting SMEs in the manufacturing sector are becoming more amplified (Urban & Naidoo 2012). As noted by Rettie, Burchell and Riley (2012) environmentalism continues to influence corporate strategy in the 21st century, and operational skills lacking in SMEs appear to be embedded in the concept of GSCM. Apart from the operational advantages associated with GSCM, greening of the supply chain provides business opportunities in product innovation and eco-preneurship (Kirkwood & Walton 2010; Mohanty & Prakash 2014). Thus, this study aims to contribute to and address the gap in operational skills of manufacturing SMEs by examining the
influence of GSCM on environmental collaboration and financial performance.
Research objectives
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between GSCM practices, environmental collaboration and financial performance in SMEs. In order to address this aim, the following objectives were formulated:
?to examine the influence of green procurement, green logistics and green manufacturing on environmental collaboration
?to examine the influence of environmental collaboration on financial performance.
Hypothetical model and hypotheses development
Figure 1 provides the hypothetical model utilised in this study to understand GSCM from the perspective of SMEs.
FIGURE 1: Hypothetical model of the association between green supply chain management,
environmental collaboration and financial performance
As illustrated in Figure 1, GSCM is the antecedent variable, which is multidimensional in nature and is represented in this case by three elements, namely, green procurement, green logistics and green manufacturing. Environmental collaboration is the mediator variable between GSCM and financial performance, the latter being the outcome variable. The GSCM phenomenon is of significant interest to
SMEs’survival, especially in the operational domain. This is so because lack of top-notch operational skill has been cited as the major impediment of SME sustainability in South Africa (Blackburn, Hart & Wainwright 2013; Mbonyane & Ladzani 2011). An operational skill refers to a set of competencies related to production efficiency and meeting customer requirements (Luthra, Gary & Harleem 2014). GSCM acknowledges green procurement, green manufacturing, green distribution and green logistics as operational dimensions required by SMEs to enhance competitiveness (Lee et al. 2012; Thoo et al. 2014; Wisner et al. 2012).
Green procurement represents a set of best practices employed by the firm to evaluate and select suppliers on the basis of environmental performance and compliance with environmental regulation (Paulraj 2011). The key benefits of green procurement to SMEs include cost reduction, waste reduction and enhanced corporate image (Chien 2014). However, Chin et al. (2015) noted that the benefits accruing from green procurement are contingent on the support of suppliers. Thus, it is hypothesised that:
?Hypothesis 1 (H1 ): There is a positive relationship between green procurement and environmental collaboration in SMEs.
The green logistics value chain is defined as a sequence of interrelated activities involving the retrieval of used products from the consumer through recycling, remanufacturing or reusing (Genchev et al. 2010; Mangan et al. 2012). It can be deduced from the green logistics definition that customers, suppliers and manufacturers play a central role in green logistics implementation. Accordingly, it is hypothesised that:
?Hypothesis 2 (H2): There is a positive relationship between green logistics and environmental collaboration in SMEs.
Green manufacturing is also a key component of GSCM. To SMEs, green manufacturing accords benefits such as new product development innovation, lean production and remanufacturing options (Chien 2014). In addition, GSCM reduces production costs and environmental non-compliance risks and improves corporate image and environmental performance (Lee et al. 2015). To sustain green
manufacturing operations, Chin et al. (2015) as well as Elrod, Murray and Bande (2013) emphasised the importance of long-term collaborative relationships with suppliers. Thus, it is hypothesised that:
?Hypothesis 3 (H3): There is a positive relationship between green manufacturing and environmental collaboration in SMEs.
Collaboration among supply chain members is the most critical success factor of GSCM (Azevedo, Carvalho & Machado 2011; Dangelico, Pontrandolfo & Pujari 2013; De Giovanni & Vinzi 2012). Green supply chain collaboration refers to the extent to which supply chain partners seamlessly integrate and mutually cooperate in performing value chain addition activities, such as procurement, transportation, warehousing, distribution, manufacturing and reverse logistics, in a manner that fosters organisational performance (Yang et al. 2013). The core benefits of green supply chain collaboration include synergies in procurement, cost reduction and operational leverage that translate into improved financial performance (Chen & Hung 2014; Zhu et al. 2010). The effective implementation of GSC collaboration results in a reciprocal benefit among supply chain members that ultimately offers customer value and competitive advantage (Ramanathan, Gunasekaran & Subramanian 2011; Yang et al. 2013). As collaboration offers insightful market intelligence, operational synergies and relational efficiency (Lee et al. 2015; Zacharia et al. 2009), it is hypothesised that:
?Hypothesis 4 (H4): There is a positive relationship between environmental collaboration and financial performance.
Research method
This study is quantitative in nature and based on a cross- sectional survey of manufacturing SMEs in South Africa. The selection of the research approach is premised on the hypothetical model illustrated in Figure 1. As suggested by Schmidt and Kohlmann (2008), cross-sectional surveys are usually relational because they are designed to scientifically investigate associations between two or more research constructs. In view of this, the survey method was deemed appropriate for this study
because the interplay between several constructs (green procurement, green logistics, green manufacturing, environmental collaboration and financial performance) was under spotlight.
The sampling region selected for this study is the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The Gauteng Province was selected as it is the heartland of entrepreneurship, accounting for approximately 38% of all SMEs in South Africa (Urban & Naidoo 2012). Although the precise number of SMEs in Gauteng Province is unclear, it is estimated that there are at least 1.1 million small businesses, which buttresses the notion that it is the province with the highest number of SMEs in South Africa (SME South Africa 2015). However, there apparently exists no known single reliable sample frame for SMEs in Gauteng Province, which made it difficult to employ probability sampling approaches in selecting participating SMEs. Accordingly, a non-probability convenience (or availability) sampling approach was employed to select sampling elements in this study. A convenience sampling approach is one in which the elements chosen for inclusion in the sample are those that are available to the investigators, such that all population elements do not have an equal chance of being selected (Ozdemir, Louis & Topbas 2011). Application of convenience sampling in this study made the data collection process easier and simpler and facilitated savings in terms of time and the costs of conducting the study.
Discussions and conclusion
The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between GSCM practices, environmental collaboration and financial performance in SMEs. The study is anchored on the increasing importance of sustainability-based practices such as GSCM in most industrial sectors of economies the world over. To test the proposed hypotheses, data were collected from 312 SMEs in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Four hypotheses are put forward, which are supported significantly by the empirical results of the study. Consistent with hypothesis H1, the results of the study reveal that the embracing of green procurement has a positive stimulus effect of the level of collaboration between SMEs and the strategic constituencies within their external
environment. Also, in parallel with hypothesis H2, the study discloses that implementation of green logistics practices within SMEs leads to better environmental collaboration. Still, in line with hypothesis H3, the study reveals that the application of green manufacturing practices boosts environmental collaboration. Finally, in resonance with hypothesis H4, the study advances that higher environmental collaboration by SMEs leads to improved financial performance.
Interesting to note from the results of this study is the fact that among the three GSCM practices considered, green manufacturing has a stronger effect on environmental collaboration than both green procurement and green logistics. This implies that green manufacturing within SMEs influences environmental collaboration to a greater extent than green procurement and green logistics. Perhaps this outcome can be attributed to the fact that manufacturing is the nucleus of the activities of most business enterprises. Although the procurement and logistics functions are important to any enterprise, they remain a support service to the operations (manufacturing) function of the business. Manufacturing remains the primary function of the business; hence, collaboration with suppliers, customers and other stakeholders is bound to improve to a greater extent through improvements in the production function (Baines et al. 2012). It is logical then to expect that the implementation of green manufacturing practices exerts a greater influence on the degree of collaboration between SMEs and their environmental partners. Overall, it can be concluded that financial success within an SME can be achieved to the degree that environmental collaboration between SMEs and their partners has been enhanced through the adoption of GSCM practices by SMEs.
Implications
The present study has both academic and practical implications. On the academic front, the study contributes to an emergent research area of sustainability or GSCM literature in the context of SMEs in developing countries such as South Africa. Accordingly, the study is expected to enlarge further the horizons associated with the understanding of recent developments in the field of supply chain management in
Southern Africa.
Some strategic implications may be put forward as a practical contribution of the present study. In light of the importance of GSCM practices in stimulating environmental collaboration, it is necessary for SMEs to bolster the adoption and implementation of green procurement, green logistics and green manufacturing practices. Perhaps measures to achieve this may include aligning green supply chain goals with business goals, prescribing basic environmental requirements across the supply chain, integrating operational efficiency and waste reduction with supply chain objectives, use of environmentally friendly technology and innovation, development of recycling systems and the use of performance standards (Yan & Xia 2011). In implementing these measures, more emphasis should be directed towards increasing green manufacturing as it has a greater effect on environmental collaboration than both green procurement and green logistics. Because environmental collaboration has a positive effect on financial performance, it is important for SMEs to enhance their environmental collaboration activities. This can be achieved through, among other things, the adoption of technology (e.g. inter-organisational systems), joining or establishing communities of practice, employing dedicated staff and commitment to organisational flexibility (Chin et al. 2015). Implementation of these activities is likely to lead to improved financial performance within SMEs.
中文译文：
绿色供应链管理对中小企业的影响：横断面证据
背景：南非中小企业（SMEs）的倒闭率很高，特别是制造业。全球竞争力指数确认了制造型中小企业所面临的业务挑战，该指数将南非中小企业评为新兴经济体中最低的企业之一。
目标：本研究的目的是探讨中小企业的绿色供应链管理（GSCM）实践、环境合作与财务绩效之间的关系。
方法：本研究在本质上是定量研究，包括南非豪登省312家中小型企业的便利样本。数据分析遵循一个两步骤的过程，包括测试量表的心理测量特性的验证性因素分析和测试所提出的假设的结构方程建模。
结果：研究表明，三种绿色供应链管理实践，即中小企业的绿色采购、绿色物流和绿色制造对环境合作发挥了积极作用，绿色制造比其他两种方式发挥的作用更大。反过来，更高水平的环境合作激发了中小企业财务绩效的更高水平。
结论：研究发现，中小企业可以通过加强环境合作的影响来获得财务上的成功，部分原因在于采纳和实施绿色供应链管理实践。
引言
多年来，绿色供应链管理（GSCM）作为一种商业实践和战略选择，引起了广泛的研究兴趣（Chin，Tat和Sulaiman 2015；Lee，Kim和Choi 2012；Zhu，Sarkis 和Lai 2012）。虽然有研究已经研究了绿色供应链对组织绩效的影响，但大多数研究都局限于大公司，很少关注中小企业（Ahi和Searcy 2015；Mitra和Datta 2014；Shang，Lu 和Li 2010）。有观点认为，在全球范围内，中小企业(SMEs)对创造就业和经济增长做出了巨大贡献（Cant和Wiid2013）。在南非，据估计，中小企业在国内生产总值中的贡献高达57%，而在就业率方面则占 60%（经济研究局2016）。然而，尽管有这些贡献，但许多挑战, 如缺乏业务技能、难以获得资金、难以吸引和留住技术人才，继续困扰着南非中小企业的生存（Pretorius，2009）。因此，南非中小企业部门的增长和发展仍然受到制约。
随着对环境可持续性的日益关注，制造型中小企业面临的挑战也越来越大（Urban和Naidoo 2012）。正如Rettie、Burchell和Riley（2012）所指出的，环保主义继续影响着21世纪的企业战略，而中小企业所缺乏的操作技能似乎被纳入了绿色供应链管理的概念。除了与绿色供应链管理相关的运营优势外，供应链绿化也为产品创新和生态创业提供了商机（Kirkwood和Walton 2010；Mohanty 和Prakash 2014）。因此，本研究旨在通过研究绿色供应链管理对环境合作和财务绩效的影响，从而有助于解决制造型中小企业运营技能的差距。
研究目标
本研究的目的是研究中小企业绿色供应链管理实践、环境合作和财务绩效之间的关系。为了实现这一目标，制定了以下目标：
?研究绿色采购、绿色物流和绿色制造对环境合作的影响
?研究环境合作对财务绩效的影响。
假设模型和假设发展
图1提供了本研究中使用的假设模型，从中小企业的角度来理解绿色供应链管理。
图1：绿色供应链管理、环境合作与财务绩效之间的假设模型如图1所示，绿色供应链管理是前因变量，具有多维性，在这种情况下表现为绿色采购、绿色物流和绿色制造这三个要素。环境合作是绿色供应链管理与财务绩效之间的中介变量，财务绩效是结果变量。绿色供应链管理现象对中小企业的生存意义重大，特别是在运营领域。之所以如此，是因为缺乏一流的操作技能依然是南非中小企业可持续发展的主要障碍（Blackburn，Hart和Wainwright2013；Mbonyane和Ladzani2011）。操作技能是指与生产效率和满足客户要求相关的一系列能力（Luthra，Gary和Harleem2014）。绿色供应链管理认为绿色采购、绿色制造、绿色分销和绿色物流是中小企业为提高竞争力所需要的运营维度（Lee等人2012；Thoo等人2014；Wisner等人2012）。
绿色采购是公司根据环境绩效与遵守环境法规，来评估和选择供应商的一套最佳实践（Paulraj2011）。绿色采购对中小企业的主要好处包括降低成本，减少浪费和提升企业形象（Chien 2014）。但是，Chin等人（2015）指出，绿色采购
1) A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplying components needed for manufacturing.一个供应链仅包括直接参与提供所需的元件制造业的组织。Answer: FALSE 2) A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request.Answer: TRUE 供应链由所有各方，直接或间接参与，满足客户要求。 3) A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web. Answer: TRUE 供应链可以更准确地描述为供应网络。 4) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. TRUE 每一个供应链的目的是生成的整体价值最大化。 5) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for the manufacturing component of the supply chain.Answer: FALSE 每一个供应链的目标是最大化为供应链的制造组件生成价值。 6) Every supply chain must include all 5 stages.Answer: FALSE 每个供应链必须包括所有5 个阶段。 7) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages.Answer: TRUE 供应链周期认为供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。 8) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: FALSE 供应链周期观点认为，在供应链过程可以分为2 个类别，具体取决于他们是否发起回应或预期客户订单。 9) The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: TRUE 供应链推/拉认为，在供应链过程可以分为2 个类别，具体取决于他们是否发起回应或预期客户订单。 10) The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages. FALSE 供应链推/拉认为在供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。 11) The objective of the customer arrival process is to maximize the conversion of customer arrivals to customer orders.Answer: TRUE 客户到达过程的目标是最大化客户来港定居人士对客户订单的转换。 12) The objective of the customer arrival process is to ensure that orders are quickly and accurately
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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文献出处：Borkar S, Koranne S. Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry [J]. Pacific Business Review International, 2014, 6(9): 21-25. 原文 Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry Borkar; Sameer Abstract It is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well. Keywords:Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process. Introduction It has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques
软件工程专业BIOS资料外文翻译文献 What is the Basic Input Output System (BIOS)? BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input Output System. It is the program that stores configuration details about your computer hardware and enables your computer to boot up. Every time your computer is switched on the BIOS loads configuration data into main memory, performs a routine diagnostic test on your hardware, then loads the operating system. The BIOS resides in a ROM (Read-Only memory) chip, which is mounted on the motherboard, usually in a socket so it is removable. To the right is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like in your motherboard. This is a PLCC 32 pin type BIOS chip. It is a very common type. Every computer has BIOS. There are many types but the most common type of BIOS 's come from: AMI, Award and Phoenix. Motherboard manufacturers buy or lease the BIOS source code from these companies. The BIOS tells the operating system in your computer how to boot up, where to load everything, what to load, what memory and CPU are present and much more. A good comparison to further understand the
互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS0９000族标准以及QS 9０00标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的Ｎ型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢？ （１)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中，质量、价格、交付（交付日期、方式和手段）和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此，质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容，从战略的角度来规划质量。 （2）对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量，使顾客满意，来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求，特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意，就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量，这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法，不断进行质量管理创新. ２、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展，企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强，促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品，往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外，先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等，使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密，企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 900０族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约５0多万家企业通过ISO90０1质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ＩSO9000：2０00中，互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一，充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Application Fundamentals Android applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code — along with any data and resource files required by the application — is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; it's the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application. In many ways, each Android application lives in its own world: 1. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications. 2. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications. 3. By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself — although there are ways to export them to other applications as well. It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be able to see each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same
外文翻译 原文 Supply chain management for agricultural products Resource: MBA (IT), IIIT Allahabad Pulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of food for their people, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and several other reasons production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative. Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customer’s demand”. Any supply chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “return on investment” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses bo th kind of supply chain as per the need. Designing supply chain for agricultural products: Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly; as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There are some products which are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well. For designing a supply chain for any Agriculture product, it’s important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed. Supply chain for non perishable items: Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables like
关于企业质量管理文献综述 摘要：随着新世纪的到来，特别是我国加入WTO后，中国将进一步融入世界经济的主流，质量将成为我国广大企业抓住机遇、迎接严峻挑战的关键。要拓展海外市场，必须靠有竞争力的质量；要保护国内的市场，不再有高关税和政府的过渡保护，也要靠质量的较量。随着科学技术的进步，质量管理的理论和方法有了更大发展。本文综合了质量管理的发展历程，并简要评价，提出看法，以便为企业的质量管理和理论研究提供参考。 关键词：质量管理、管理改进 21世纪是质量的世纪”。随着经济全球化和信息革命的迅猛发展，竞争日益加剧。在“数量”问题已解决的今天，人们将越来越追求和依赖于高质量的产品和服务，而且质量的领域不断拓宽，生活的质量、环境的质量、文化的质量、经济增长的质量更加受到全社会的关注。质量已成为竞争的焦点，不仅关系到企业的生存发展，而且影响到国家经济实力的增强和民族的形象。质量已成为全球经济发展战略的核心问题。 一、质量管理理论的回顾 （一）、质量管理的发展阶段 （1）质量检验阶段（20世纪20-30年代） 生产力迅猛发展，生产过程分工细化、日益复杂，许多美国企业按照泰勒的管理模式，纷纷设立检验部门，使检验与生产分离开来，其最大特点为“事后把关”。（2）统计质量阶段（20世纪40-50年代） 早在20世纪20年代，美国贝尔实验室工程师休哈特就提出“控制与预防缺陷”的概念。主要是利用数理统计原理，预防产生废品并检验产品质量，在方式上由专业质量控制工程师和技术人员承担。但这种方法只是保证生产过程中的产品质量，而不能提高产品本身的质量。 （3）全面质量管理阶段（20世纪60年代至今） 美国的费根堡姆提出，“全面质量是为了能够在最经济的水平上，并考虑到充分满足顾客要求的条件下进行生产和提供服务，将企业各部门研制质量、维持质量和提高质量的活动构成为一体的一种有效体系”。 （二）、质量管理的理论流派 1、事后检验 20世纪，美国工程师泰勒提出“科学管理理论”，1911 年泰勒出版了专
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文献综述 供应链管理环境下家电企业第三方物流模式初探 中国目前正在成为世界家电的制造中心，在2000年前后，家电企业的规模效应就已经充分显现，国内市场处于供过于求的状态，企业承受着原材料涨价和价格战的双重压力，生产领域可挖掘的降低企业成本的潜力已不太大而在产品流通环节的竞争中却出现了最后一公里不能到位的情况，严重影响了企业的形象。高磊在《供应链一体化条件下我国家电企业物流管理的研究》一书中认为，随着家电行业价格战愈演愈烈，以及我国加入WTO国内家电生产企业遇到外来产品的冲击,家电业的利润空间持续萎缩。物流管理作为家电企业的第三利润源泉,如何降低其物流成本提高物流服务成为众多企业关注的焦点。 供应链目前尚未形成统一的定义，许多学者从不同的角度出发给出了许多不同的定义。早期的观点认为供应链是制造企业中的一个内部过程，它是指把从企业外部采购的原材料和零部件，通过生产转换和销售等活动，再传递到零售商和用户的一个过程。传统的供应链概念局限于企业的内部操作层上，注重企业自身的资源利用。哈理森（Harrison）将供应链定义为：“供应链是执行采购原材料、将它们转换为中间产品和成品、并且将成品销售到用户的功能网”。“供应链”作为一个引发行业热潮的词出现在1993 年左右, 吴清一在《现代物流概论》书中将供应链定义为：产品生产和流通过程中所涉及的原材料供应商、生产商、批发商、零售商以及最终消费者组成的供需网络，即由物料获取、物料加工、并将成品送到用户手中这一过程所涉及的企业和企业部门组成的一个网络。 “供应链管理”产生于20世纪80年代晚期，20世纪90年代得以广泛传播。Lambert，James Stock，Lisa Ellram在《Fundamentals of Logistics Management》将供应链定义为供应链是那些把产品或服务提供给市场的公司排列。供应链是一个设备和分销选择的网络，它的功能是获取原材料，把这些原材料转变成中间产品和最终产品，并把最终产品传递到顾客手中。 Douglas Lambert，James Stock，Lisa Ellram，在其著作《物流管理》中将供应链管理定义为：从终端用户到提供产品、服务和信息的初始供应商的业务过程的整合，综合考虑了供应链中物资、服务和商品的输入流和输出流，代表一种较新的业务运作方法和对所涉及的业务流程的不同观点，是一种高度互动而且复杂的系统方法，需要同时进行许多权衡。供应链管理是在供应链参与者中进行生产、存货、选址和运输的协调，从而在所服务的市场达到响应和效率的最佳组合，不仅包括传统的物流还包括诸如市场营销、新产品开发、金融和顾客服务等行为。 第三方物流一词是从国外引进的，其英文表达为Thrid Party Logistics，简称3TPL，是20世纪80年代中后期才在欧美发达国家出现的概念，源自业务外包。将业务外包引入物流管理领域就产生了第三方物流的概念。Robert C.Lieb认为，第三方物流指的是用外部公司去完成传统上由组织内部完成的物流功能，这些功能包括全部物流功能或所选择的部分物流功能。David Simchi—Levi等认为，第三方物流就是利用一家外部的公司完成企业全部或部分物料管理和产品配送职能。 美国物流管理协会于2002年10月1日公布的《物流术语词条2002升级版》的解释是：第三方物流是将企业的全部或部分物流运作任务外包给专业公司管理经营，
附录 Software Engineering-A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACH Written by Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D. （P.340-P.343） 13.3DESIGN PRINCIPLES Software design is both a process and a model. The design process is a sequence ofsteps that enable the designer to describe all aspects of the software to be built. It is important to note, however, that the design process is not simply a cookbook. Creative skill, past experience, a sense of what makes “good” software, and an overallcommitment to quality are critical success factors for a competent design. The design model is the equivalent of an architect’s plans for a house. It begins by representing the totality of the thing to be built (e.g., a three-dimensional renderingof the house) and slowly refines the thing to provide guidance for constructing eachdetail (e.g., the plumbing layout). Similarly, the design model that is created for softwareprovides a variety of different views of the computer software. Basic design principles enable the software engineer to navigate the design process.Davis suggests a setof principles for software design, which have beenadapted and extended in the following list: ? The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision.” A gooddesigner should consider alternative approaches, judging each based on therequirements of the the resources available to do the job, and thedesign concepts presented in Section ? The design should be traceable to the analysis model. Because a singleelement of the design model often traces to multiple requirements, it is necessaryto have a means for tracking how requirements have been satisfied bythe design model. ? The design should not reinvent the wheel. Systems are constructed usinga set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before.These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention.Time is short and resources are limited! Design time should be invested inrepresenting truly new ideas and integrating those patterns that already exist. ? The design should “minimize the intellectual distance” between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world.That is, the structure of the software design should (whenever possible)mimic the structure of the problem domain.
中文4400字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目：A logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement 出处：MARIT. POL. MGMT 作者：Khalid Bichou and Richard Gray 原文： A logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement By Khalid Bichou and Richard Gray MARIT. POL. MGMT 2004VOL. 31, NO. 1, 47–67 ABSTRACT Although there is widespread recognition of the potential of ports as logistics centres, widely accepted performance measurements for such centres have yet to be developed. The essence of logistics and supply chain management is an integrative approach to the interaction of different processes and functions within a firm extended to a network of organizations for the purpose of cost reduction and customer satisfaction. The logistics approach often adopts a cost trade-off analysis between functions, processes and even supply chains. This approach could be beneficial to port efficiency by directing port strategy towards relevant value-added logistics activities. This paper seeks to show that through conceptualizing ports from a logistics and supply chain management approach, it is possible to suggest a relevant framework of port performance. A proposed framework is tested in a survey of port managers and other international experts.