高中英语-巧学非谓语动词人教版.doc
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用心 爱心 专心 巧学非谓语动词 重庆市武隆中学 罗映红 一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能 (一)概述: 在英语中,有动词特点,却不作句子谓语,有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);分词(the Participles)即:现在分词(the Present Participle)和过去分词(the Past Participle)。 1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有: 1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. 2)都可以被状语修饰: The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. 3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如: He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态) He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式) We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时) Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式) 4)都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语) The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语) We are League members.(谓语动词的主语) We being League member, the work was well done.(现在分词的逻辑主语) 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有: 1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。 (二)非谓语动词的句法功能: 句子成分 非谓语 主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语
不定式
动名词 (极少) 用心 爱心 专心
现在分词
过去分词
二、非谓语动词用法: (一)动词不定式: 动词不定式基本用法口诀 不定式有标记,to与动原连一起。 没有人称数变化,动词特点它具备。 主宾定补表状语,惟独作谓不可以。 not加上不定式,否定结构要牢记。 疑问词与不定式,构成短语有意义。 仔细推敲多思考,准确判断有依据。 1、不定式的表现形式: (to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
主 动 被 动 一般式 to write to be written
进行式 to be writing /
完成式 to have written to have been written
否定式:not + (to) do 1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如: I’m glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. 2)进行式:不定式的进行式表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式动作正在发生。例如: The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. 3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作先于谓语动词动作发生,例如: I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend. 2、不定式的句法功能: 1)作主语,谓语要用第三人称单数。 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 用心 爱心 专心
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用形式主语it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式: It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 如果要说明不定式动作的执行者,可以在不定式前假一个for引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally. 2)作表语:对主语进行解释和说明。 Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. 3)作宾语: 巧记接不定式作宾语的动词: 三个希望两答应(Hope, wish, want, agree, promise) 两个要求莫拒绝(Demand, ask, refuse ) 设法学会做决定(Manage, learn, decide ) 不要假装在选择(Pretend, choose ) She promised to return in a hour. When the teacher came in, he pretended to be reading a book. 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语,如: When to start hasn’t been decided. I don’t know what to do next . He gave us some advice on how to learn English. The question is how to begin. 接疑问词加to do 作宾语的常见常见动词可记如下顺口溜: 学会忘记是有难处,(learn,forget) 想知道就别来劝阻。(wonder,know,advise) 展开讨论教人对付,(show, discuss,teach) 弄清楚才决定告诉。(find out,decide,tell) 4)作宾语补足语: 要求跟不定式作宾补的动词有: (1)劝教命请叫(advise,teach,order, command,ask,tell) (2)允许又警告(allow,permit,warn) 用心 爱心 专心
(3)使役表意向(cause,let,have,make,lead, set,leave,get,wish,want,expect) (4)知觉动词妙(feel,hear,watch,see, observe,notice) 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema. 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.
既可跟动名词也可跟不定式的动词 一旦开始莫后悔,( begin, start, regret) 爱憎分明要切记。(like, love, hate, remember, forget) 继续努力有打算,(continue, try, mean ) 三个需要由你选。 (need, want, require, prefer)
用不定式和动名词造成的意义上的差别归为五点: A)不定式表某一具体行动,动名词指一般的、经常的情况 B)不定式表示主语和宾语的动作,动名词可能表示任何人动作 C)动名词主动表被动 D)不定式表未发生的事,动名词表已发生的事 E)不定式表短暂的或可能进行的事,动名词表延续或重复发生的事 She hated to talk about people's shortcomings. (某一具体行动) She hate talking about people's shortcomings. (指一般的、经常的情况) She wants to repair the desk. (表示主语的动作) He teach us to write a letter.( 表示宾语的动作) The desk wants repairing. (主动表被动) We don't allow smoking here.( 表示任何人动作) I remembered to call her (未发生的事) I remembered calling her. (已发生的事) 常见的既要求跟动名词作宾语,又可跟不定式作宾补的动词可记为: 阿福的帽子, 代表七动词, 宾补用不定式, 宾语用动名词 advise,forbid,understand,suppose, consider,allow,permit.连接首字母即为: A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子) 5)作定语: