2016步步高高考一轮复习外研版必修一book 1 module 1分析

2025高考英语步步高大一轮复习讲义人教版必修第一册基础知识默写本必修第一册Unit 1Teenage Life(限时：15分钟满分：100分)Ⅰ.阅读单词(每小题1分，共5分)1．freshman n．________________2．literature n．________________3．extra-curricular adj.________________4．generation n．________________5．adult n．________________adj.________________Ⅱ.重点单词(每小题1.5分，共12分)1．____________ n．辩论；争论v t.& v i.辩论；争论2．____________ n．内容；[pl.]目录；(书、讲话、节目等的)主题3．____________ n．(书、诗歌等的)名称；标题；职称；头衔4．____________ adj.额外的；附加的5．____________ ad v.显然；明显地6．____________ n．工作计划；日程安排v t.安排；预定7．____________ n．冒险；奇遇8．____________ n．专家；行家adj.熟练的；内行的；专家的Ⅲ.拓展单词(每小题2分，共18分)1．____________ adj.十几岁的(指13至19岁)；青少年的→____________ n．(13至19岁之间的)青少年2．____________ v t.较喜欢→____________ n．偏爱；优待；偏爱的事物/人3．____________ n．动作；运动；活动→____________ v t.& v i.移动；搬家v t.使感动4．____________ n．志愿者→____________ adj.志愿的；自愿的5．____________ v i.& v t.毕业；获得学位n．毕业生→____________ n．毕业6．____________ adj.高级的；高等的；先进的→____________ n．前进；发展v i.前进；发展v t.发展；促进7．____________ n．主编；编辑；编者→____________ v t.编辑；剪辑→____________ n．版本；版次8．________________ n．生存；幸存；幸存事物→____________ v i.& v t.幸存；比……活得长→____________ n．幸存者9．________________ adj.合适的；适用的→____________ v t.适合；适宜n．套装，西装Ⅳ.拔高词汇(每小题1分，共5分)1．____________ v t.使高兴；使愉快n．高兴；愉快；乐趣2．simplicity n．________________________3．twilight n．________________________adj.________________________4．cast off____________5．____________ n．重担；负担Ⅴ.核心短语(每小题2分，共10分)1．____________________对……适合的2．____________________分发3．____________________喜爱4．____________________集中；特别关注5．____________________独立地，独自地Ⅰ.词形变化填空(每小题2分，共20分)1．The good ____________ he came up with just now is good for ____________ the difficult problem.(solve)2．Many people are __________ about the __________ fact that the UK is made up of four countries.Their ____________ is difficult to solve.(confuse)3．____________，looking at the ____________ numbers adds to our confusion.(actual)4．Tod is worried that he has become an __________ to ____________ alcohol.Though he has tried all means to rid himself of the ____________，he is still ____________ to it.(addict)5．The teacher reminded us to mind our ____________ because some students ____________ badly at the lecture.(behave)6．This ____________ tourist ____________ ____________ numerous tourists every year.(attract) 7．As a ____________ person，I must shoulder my ____________ to help them ____________.(responsible)8．He strongly ____________ me to read classics and his ____________ is of great benefit to me.(recommend)9．I gathered my courage and ____________ him to a ____________ game of chess.(challenge) 10．I am ____________ in English.That is to say，I speak English ____________.Others admire my____________ in English.(fluent)Ⅱ.选词填空(每小题2.5分，共15分)prefer...to...，clean up，sign up for，be responsible for，focus on，be addicted to1．I strongly suggest ____________ the contents of these articles instead of their writing styles. 2．After ____________ the senior people’s rooms in the nursing house，we were exhausted but happy.3．________________ reading online novels at night makes him feel sleepy in class，which makes his mother quite annoyed.4．If I am allowed to ________________ the opening ceremony，I can’t thank you enough. 5．He ____________ physics ____________ English while English was my favorite subject. 6．Why not ____________ the meaningful extra-curricular activity to be held in the lecture hall next Sunday?Ⅲ.经典句型仿写(每小题3分，共15分)1．老师建议他的学生要集中精力学习。

2025高考英语步步高大一轮复习讲义人教版必修第一册高考题型组合练必修第一册Unit 4Natural DisastersⅠ.阅读理解A(★)As a shift in the polar vortex(极地涡旋) swept across much of the US，many people in the country were hit with a sudden snap of cold.Heavy ice and snow coupled with fallen trees caused the outages in major cities，with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be restored.Polar vortices were noticed long ago.But the first known use of the term “polar vortex” was in a magazine in 1853.Polar vortices are present year-round，but we don’t hear about them until they cause problems.They maintain freezing temperatures at the North and South Poles by moving in tight counterclockwise patterns.Polar vortices grow stronger in winter and weaken in summer.They are kept in place at the poles by another atmospheric current called the jet stream.However，when the jet streams weaken，the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards and it is during this time that people begin to pay attention!In Texas，roads froze over，causing six traffic deaths，and many schools were shut down.People are not the only Earthlings to struggle with the cold.Crops and animals are also freezing.This could have major consequences，especially if herds of cattle die.If snow blocks cattle，the animals can’t reach basic necessities like food and fresh water.On a brighter note，some Texas cities were more prepared than others，for instance，Amarillo，which is located in North Texas，so they are more accustomed to colder temperatures.Amarillo is notable because the city was redesigned to stand up to severe winter storms.Officials have spread out fire stations to increase coverage of first responders，employed modified dump trucks for clearing ice，and upgraded civic centers to provide shelter during storms.Hopefully，other Texas cities will follow the good example set by Amarillo!1．What does the underlined word “outages” refer to in paragraph 1?A．Traffic jams. B．Power struggles. C．Power cuts. D．Traffic accidents.2．What can we learn about polar vortices?A．They grow stronger in summer. B．They are affected by jet streams.C．They were first observed in 1853. D．They move in a clockwise direction.3．What is the last but one paragraph mainly about?A．The definition of the polar vortex.B．The characteristics of the polar vortex.C．The ways to deal with the polar vortex.D．The serious impact made by the polar vortex.4．Why is Amarillo striking?A．Because it is located in the north of Texas.B．Because it has been upgraded and modernized.C．Because it has been regarded as an example to other cities.D．Because it has taken effective measures to resist winter storms.BWhat is the 15-minute city？It’s the urban planning concept that everything city residents need should be a short walk or bike ride away—about 15 minutes from home to work，shopping，entertainment，restaurants，schools，parks and health care.Supporters argue that 15-minute cities are healthier for residents and the environment，creating united mini-communities，boosting local businesses，and encouraging people to get outside walk，and cycle.Many cities across Europe offer similar ideas，but Paris has become its poster child.Mayor Anne Hidalgo has sought to fight climate change by decreasing choking traffic in the streets and fuel emissions.In 2015，Paris was 17th on the list of bike-friendly cities; by 2019，it was 8th.Car ownership，meanwhile，dropped from 60 percent of households in 2001 to 35 percent in 2019.The 15-minute city figured largely in Hidalgo’s successful 2020 re-election campaign.The idea has also gained support in the U．S.It clearly won’t work everywhere：Not every city is as centralized and walkable as Paris.Some car-dominated cities like Los Angeles and Phoenix would be hard-pressed to provide everything people need within walking distance.In addition，some urban planners argue that the 15-minute city could increase the separation of neighborhoods by income.Neighborhoods equipped with all the conveniences required by the 15-minute city also tend to have high housing costs and wealthier residents.Despite some resistance，the basic principles behind the 15-minute city are influencing planning in cities around the world，including Melbourne，Barcelona，Buenos Aires，Singapore，and Shanghai.Urban designer and thinker Jay Pitter says cities where basic needs are within walking distance create more individual freedom than needing to drive everywhere.“In a city where services are always close by，” he says，“mobility is a choice：You go where you want because you want to，not because you have to.My fight is not against the car.My fight is how we could improve the quality of life.”5．Which best describes the 15-minute city?A．Modern. B．Smart. C．Entertaining. D．Convenient.6．What’s the original intention for Paris to advocate the 15-minute city?A．To address climate issues. B．To beautify the city.C．To promote the bike industry. D．To help Hidalgo get re-elected.7．What’s some urban planners’ worry about the 15-minute city?A．It slows the city’s expansion.B．It represents a setback for society.C．It may widen the gap between neighborhoods.D．It can cause the specialization of neighborhoods.8.What’s Jay Pitter’s attitude to the concept of 15-minute city?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable. C．Critical. D．Uninterested.C(★)Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind.From ancient Greece to the present day，countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes.Their attempts usually focused on searching for reliable evidence of coming quakes.However，there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard.“We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes，” said Egill，a research professor at the California Institute of Technology.Scientists have also attempted to create mathematical models of movement，but precisely predicting would require great mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust.Other challenges include a lack of data on the early warning signs，given that these warning signs are not yet entirely understood.Actually，real earthquake prediction is very similar to the diagnosis of potential human illnesses based on observing and analyzing each patient’s signs and symptoms.As it turns out，quake prediction is extremely difficult.Many sources show that earthquake forecasting was recognized science in ancient Greece.Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature and were able to detect unusual phenomena and forecast earthquakes.The first known forecast was made by Pherecydes of Syros about 2,500 years ago：he made it as he scooped water from a well and noticed that usually very clean water had suddenly become muddy.Indeed，an earthquake occurred two days later，making Pherecydes famous.Nowadays，seismic(地震的) and remote-sensing methods are considered to have the greatest potential in terms of solving the earthquake prediction problem.Currently，Terra Seismic can identify a forthcoming earthquake with a high level of confidence.Generally，Terra Seismic does not predict a quake if the earthquake’s epicenter is located beyond a depth of 40km.Fortunately，such quakes are almost always harmless，since quake’s energy reduces before reaching the Earth’s surface.“Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes，” Bruneau said.“Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction.”9．What do we know about earthquake forecasting?A．Scientists have been passionate about accurately predicting earthquakes.B．As long as enough data is collected，earthquakes can be avoided.C．Mathematical models of motion can simulate and predict earthquakes.D．Scientists have fully studied the structure of earthquakes.10．How did Pherecydes successfully predict that earthquake?A．By seismic and remote-sensing methods.B．By observing unusual natural phenomena.C．By living in seismic zones throughout the year.D．By looking into data on the early warning signs.11．What was Bruneau’s opinion about the current methods of earthquake prediction? A．He strongly believed the Terra Seismic can solve the difficult problem.B．He was sure that humans could accurately predict earthquakes in the future.C．He considered it harmless to humans for an earthquake deeper than 40km.D．He thought that scientists had no reliable method to predict earthquakes.12．What is the text mainly about?A．Why do humans predict earthquakes.B．How to protect oneself during an earthquake.C．What methods can be used to forecast earthquakes.D．When to achieve accurate earthquake forecasting.Ⅱ.七选五(★)Hurricane season can be wild and unpredictable. 1 Here are some ways you can beef up your home security in hurricane weather，even if you need to move out.2 That actually does nothing to ensure your safety in the powerful winds.Sticking to hurricane shelters or plywood(胶合板) is the only way to go when it comes to protecting those points of entry in hurricane conditions.Buy sheets of plywood，measure your windows and use brackets(支架) to hold the plywood in place.Sandbags are very useful.While sandbags won’t be able to help in the extreme storm，many people will be able to prevent flooding and extensive damage to their belongings by placing sandbags. 3 Any storm water that is kept out of your home is storm water that won’t be able to damage the belongings inside your home，so sandbags are well worth having at your doorways during a hurricane.It’s important to prepare the inside of your home for strong winds and rain.But you should also keep an eye on the outside of your house，too.Trim(修剪) trees，especially dead branches，to prevent anything else that could fly through a window and cause damage during a hurricane. 4 You should also take pictures of expensive items like electronics and keep notes of their serialnumbers. 5 Also，there are always bad people out right after a storm.If the worst happens and your home is broken into right after a bad storm，having pictures and detailed notes about what was in your home prior to the hurricane will make it easier for police to track down stolen items. A．You should have a camera at home.B．It can be strong enough to resist the forceful winds.C．Making sure nothing is loose in your yard is important.D．You may see people taping windows before a hurricane comes.E．They will be able to effectively keep storm water out in many cases.F．It will aid with your insurance company if anything needs to be replaced.G．These dangerous storms can bring damage to your home and belongings.必修第一册Unit 5Languages Around the WorldⅠ.阅读理解AMost of us take the task of buying a cup of coffee for granted，as it seems simple enough.However，we have no idea just how stressful tasks like this can be for people who suffer from disabilities.That’s why it’s so heart-warming to see a story like this in which a barista (咖啡师) does something small to make life a little easier for someone who is deaf.Ibby Piracha lost his hearing when he was only two years old，and he now goes to his local cafe in Leesburg，Virginia to order a cup of coffee at least three times a week.Though all the baristas who work there have his order memorized，Ibby always writes his order on his phone and shows it to the barista.One day，however，one of the baristas did something that changed everything! After Ibby ordered his coffee，he was amazed when barista Krystal Pane handed him a note in response.“I’ve been learning sign language just so you can have the same experience as everyone else，” the note read.Krystal then asked Ibby in sign language what he would like to order.Ibby was touched that she would learn sign language just to help him feel welcome.“I was just so moved that she actually wanted to learn sign language.It is really a totally different language and it was something that she wanted to do because of me.Because I was a deaf customer.I was very，very impressed，” Ibby said.Krystal had spent hours watching teaching videos so that she could learn enough sign language to give Ibby the best customer service that she could! “My job is to make sure peoplehave the experience they expect and that’s what I gave him，” Krystal says.Ibby posted a photo of Krystal’s note online，and it quickly went viral，getting hundreds of likes and comments that praised Krystal for her kind action.1．What can we learn about Ibby Piracha from paragraph 2?A．He was born deaf. B．He lives a hard life.C．He loves to order take-out food. D．He visits the cafe regularly.2．Why did Krystal learn sign language?A．To serve Ibby better. B．To attract more customers.C．To give Ibby a big surprise. D．To make herself more popular.3．Which of the following can best describe Krystal?A．Kind and considerate. B．Honest and responsible.C．Sociable and humorous. D．Ambitious and sensitive.4．What message does the author want to convey in the text?A．Two heads are better than one. B．A small act makes a difference.C．One good turn deserves another. D．Actions speak louder than words.B(★)(2024·湖北武汉调研)When I mentioned to some friends that we all have accents，most of them proudly replied，“Well，I speak perfect English/Chinese/etc.” But this kind of saying misses the point.More often than not，what we mean when we say someone “has an accent” is that their accent is different from the local one，or that pronunciations are different from our own.But this definition of accents is limiting and could give rise to prejudice.Funnily enough，in terms of the language study，every person speaks with an accent.It is the regular differences in how we produce sounds that define our accents.Even if you don’t hear it yourself，you speak with some sort of accent.In this sense，it’s pointless to point out that someone “has an accent”．We all do!Every person speaks a dialect，too.In the field of language study，a dialect is a version of a language that is characterized by its variations of structure，phrases and words.For instance，“You got eat or not？”(meaning “Have you eaten？”) is an acceptable and understood question in Singapore Oral English.The fact that this expression would cause a standard American English speaker to take pause doesn’t mean that Singapore Oral English is “wrong”or “ungrammatical”．The sentence is well-formed and clearly communicative，according to native Singapore English speakers’ solid system of grammar.Why should it be wrong just because it’s different?We need to move beyond a narrow conception of accents and dialects—for the benefit ofeveryone.Language differences like these provide insights into people’s cultural experiences and backgrounds.In a global age，the way one speaks is a distinct part of one’s identity.Most people would be happy to talk about the cultures behind their speech.We’d learn more about the world we live in and make friends along the way.5．What does the author think of his/her friends’ response in paragraph 1?A．It reflects their self confidence.B．It reflects their language levels.C．It misses the point of communication.D．It misses the real meaning of accents.6．Why does the author use the example of Singapore Oral English?A．To justify the use of dialects. B．To show the diversity of dialects.C．To correct a grammatical mistake. D．To highlight a traditional approach.7．What does the author recommend us to do in the last paragraph?A．Learn to speak with your local dialect.B．Seek for an official definition of accents.C．Appreciate the value of accents and dialects.D．Distinguish our local languages from others’．8．What can be a suitable title for the passage?A．Everyone Has an Accent B．Standard English Is at RiskC．Accents Enhance Our Identities D．Dialects Lead to MisunderstandingⅡ.完形填空One summer night in a seaside cottage，a small boy was in bed，sound asleep.Suddenly，he felt himself 1 from bed and carried in his father’s arms onto the beach.Overhead was the clear starry sky.“Watch！” As his father spoke， 2 ，one of the stars moved.It 3 across the sky like a golden fire.And before the 4 of this could fade，another star leapt from its place，then another...“What is it？” the child asked in 5 .“Shooting stars.They 6 every year on a certain night in August.”That was all：just an 7 encounter of something magic and beautiful.But，back in bed，the child stared into the dark，with mind full of the falling stars.I was the 8 seven-year-old boy whose father believed that a new experience 9 more for a small boy than an unbroken night’s sleep.That night，my father opened a door for his child，leading him into an area of splendid10 .Children are naturally curious，but they need someone to 11 them.This art of adding new dimensions to a child’s world doesn’t 12 require a great deal of time.It simply 13 doing things more often with children instead of for them or to them.Good parents know this：The most precious gift they can give a child is to spark their flame of 14 .That night is still deeply 15 in my memory.Next year，when August comes with its shooting stars，my son will be seven.1．A.hidden B．robbed C．lifted D．kicked2．A.incredibly B．accidentally C．apparently D．actually3．A.exploded B．circled C．spread D．flashed4．A.success B．wonder C．exhibition D．discovery5．A.amazement B．horror C．relief D．delight6．A.blow up B．turn up C．show off D．give out7．A.uncomfortable B．unbearable C．undetected D．unexpected8．A.curious B．fortunate C．determined D．chosen9．A.worked B．mattered C．deserved D．proved10．A.newness B．emptiness C．freedom D．innovation11．A.protect B．challenge C．guide D．believe12．A.absolutely B．basically C．possibly D．necessarily13．A.involves B．risks C．admits D．resists14．A.hope B．faith C．curiosity D．wisdom15.A.trapped B．set C．lost D．rootedⅢ.语法填空(★)The Olympics are a series of international athletic competitions held in different countries.They’re 1. important multi-sport event that takes place every four years.For the Olympics，participants from all over the world train for years and try their best 2. (win)．Pierre Coubertin，a French man,3. (found) the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894.He was once a teacher and historian.In his honor，French had the official status(地位) and 4. (prior) over other languages at the Olympics.According to the Olympic Charter，English and French are the official languages of the Olympics.Therefore，every participant needs to have their documents 5. (translate) in both languages.Besides，real-time interpretations in Arabic，German，Russian，and Spanish must be available for all sessions.The IOC has a complete guide for those 6. want to apply to these contests.French has the status of being the first official language for Olympic events and it was the language of diplomacy (外交) in the beginning.But later，more countries considered 7. (participate) in this contest.The IOC then made French and English the official languages of the Olympics.8．(actual)，more than 100 countries in the world speak English now.Besides，almost every country has made 9. a must that children learn English in schools and colleges.This 10. (influence) status has caused the IOC to make English one of the official languages.必修第一册Welcome UnitⅠ.阅读理解AThroughout all the events in my life，one in particular sticks out more than the others.As I reflect on this significant event，a smile spreads across my face.As I think of Shanda，I feel loved and grateful.It was my twelfth year of dancing，I thought it would end up like any other year：stuck in emptiness，forgotten and without the belief of any teacher or friend that I really had the potential to achieve greatness.However，I met Shanda，a young，talented choreographer(编舞者)．She influenced me to work to the best of my ability，pushed me to keep going when I wanted to give up，encouraged me and showed me the real importance of dancing.Throughout our hard work，not only did my ability to dance grow，but my friendship with Shanda grew as well.With the end of the year came our show time.As I walked to a backstage filled with other dancers，I hoped for a good performance that would prove my improvement.I waited anxiously for my turn.Finally，after what seemed like days，the loudspeaker announced my name.Butterflies filled my stomach as I took trembling steps onto the big lighted stage.But，with the determination to succeed and eagerness to live up to Shanda’s expectations for me，I began to dance.All my troubles and nerves went away as I danced my whole heart out.As I walked up to the judge to receive my first-place shining，gold trophy(奖杯)，I realized that dance is not about becoming the best.It is about loving dance for dance itself，a getaway from all my problems in the world.Shanda showed me that you could let everything go and just dance what you feel at that moment.After all the doubts that people had in me，I believed in myself and did not care what others thought.Thanks to Shanda，dance became more than a love of mine，but a passion.1．What did the author think her dancing would be for the twelfth year?A．A change for the better. B．A disappointment as before.C．A proof of her potential. D．A pride of her teachers and friends.2．How did Shanda help the author?A．By offering her financial help. B．By entering her in a competition.C．By coaching her for longer hours. D．By awakening her passion for dancing.3．How did the author feel when she stepped on the stage?A．Proud. B．Nervous. C．Scared. D．Relieved.4．What can we learn from the author’s story?A．Success lies in patience. B．Fame is a great thirst of the young.C．A good teacher matters. D．A youth is to be treated with respect.B(★)Are you a good judge of character？Can you make an accurate judgement of someone’s personality based only on your first impression of them？Interestingly，the answer lies as much in them as it does in you.One of the first people to try to identify good judges of character was US psychologist Henry F Adams in 1927.His research led him to conclude that people fell into two groups—good judges of themselves and good judges of others.Adams’s research has been widely criticized since then，but he wasn’t entirely wrong about there being two clearly different types.More on that in a moment，but first we need to define what a good judge of character is.Is it someone who can read personality or someone who can read emotion？Those are two different skills.Emotions such as anger or joy or sadness can generate easily identifiable physical signs.Most of us would probably be able to accurately identify these signs，even in a stranger.As such，most of us are probably good judges of emotion.In order to be a good judge of personality，however，there needs to be an interaction with the other person，and that person needs to be a “good target”．“Good targets” are people who reveal relevant and useful signals to their personality.So this means “the good judge” will only manifest when reading “good targets”．This is according to Rogers and Biesanz in their 2019 journal entitled “Reassessing the good judge of personality”．“We found consistent，clear and strong evidence that the good judge does exist，” Rogers and Biesanz concluded.But their key finding is that the good judge does not have magical gifts of perception—they are simply able to “detect and use the information provided by the good target”．So，are first impressions really accurate？Well，if you’re a good judge talking to a “good target”，then it seems the answer is “yes”．And now we know that good judges probably do exist，more research can be done into how they read personality，what kind of people they are—and whether their skills can be taught.5．What can we learn about Adams from paragraph 2?A．He is a good judge of character.B．He divided psychologists into two groups.C．His research result has been widely accepted.D．His research on good judges was partially right.6．What does the author think of emotion reading?A．Annoying. B．Joyful. C．Simple. D．Strange.7.Which of the following would Rogers and Biesanz agree with?A．A good target is necessary for personality judgement.B．A good target needs to get his personality reassessed.C．A good judge can provide useful signals to our personality.D．It’s possible to be a good judge just by looking at the other person.8．What does the author think future research should focus on?A．The skills of good communication. B．The features of good judges.C．The ways to read personality. D．The accuracy of first impressions.C(2023·新课标Ⅱ，C)Reading Art: Art for Book Lo v ers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book，represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history，in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智)，wealth or faith of the subject.Before the wide use of the printing press，books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right.More recently，as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers，pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where theinformation we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.9．Where is the text most probably taken from?A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing.C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings.10．What are the selected artworks about?A．Wealth and intellect. B．Home and school.C．Books and reading. D．Work and leisure.11．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Understand. B．Paint. C．Seize. D．Transform.12．What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?A．The printed book is not totally out of date.B．Technology has changed the way we read.C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked.D．People now rarely have the patience to read.Ⅱ.七选五Wonderful views from the mountains，breathtaking places waiting to explore，fresh air，as well as all the special health benefits，are the main rewards of mountain hiking. 1You need to train your lower body muscles，anytime and anywhere.Strong legs and core muscles will improve your balance and help you hike longer.Focus on your lower body strength and on your cardiovascular(心血管的) workout. 2 You really can train anywhere：use your backyard，living room，or bedroom to keep your body ready for the true conditions in the mountains.You will need a stronger back.Who’s going to carry your backpack？ 3 So we are quite sure what the true answer is.Develop back muscles with exercises like V-ups，deadlifts，diver push-ups，and exercise named “mountain climbers”：Start in a traditional plank(平板支撑) position and then bring your knee forward under your chest.You will start to feel your abs(腹肌) for sure，too.4 Even Rome wasn’t built in a day so give yourself the pleasure to enjoy discovering what your body is capable of! All the perfect benefits will improve your blood pressure and blood sugar levels，helping you strengthen your core，and even help you control your weight as an additional benefit.5 Just don’t forget to stretch after each training.Please remember that your training for mountain hiking should be combined with real hiking.And don’t miss the other clues on what to do for mountaineering training!。

2025高考语文步步高大一轮复习讲义教材文言文点线面复习重点 1.积累并记牢“方”“作”“如”“让”“爱”“若”“徒”“御”“族”等重要实词。

2.背诵《子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐》，翻译重点句子。

3.掌握通假字及形容词活用的特点。

单篇梳理1子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐通读全文，解释加点的词语。

(第1段)子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐。

(第2段)子曰：“以．①()吾一日长乎尔，毋吾以．②()也。

居．③()则曰：‘不吾知．④()也！’如或知尔，则何以哉？”(第3段)子路率尔．．①()而对曰：“千乘之国，摄．②()乎大国之间，加之以师旅．．．．③()，因．④()之以饥馑．．⑤()；由也为之，比及⑥()三年，可使有勇，且知方也。

”(第4段)夫子哂．()之。

(第5段)“求！尔何如？”(第6段)对曰：“方六七十，如五六十，求也为之，比及三年，可使足民．．①()。

如其礼乐，以俟．②()君子。

”(第7段)“赤！尔何如？”(第8段)对曰：“非曰能．()之，愿学焉。

宗庙之事，如会同，端章甫，愿为小相焉。

”(第9段)“点！尔何如？”(第10段)鼓瑟希，铿尔，舍瑟而作，对曰：“异乎三子者之撰．()。

”(第11段)子曰：“何伤．．()乎？亦各言其志也。

”(第12段)曰：“莫春者，春服既．①()成．②()，冠者五六人，童子六七人，浴乎沂，风乎舞雩，咏．③()而归。

”(第13段)夫子喟然．．①()叹曰：“吾与．②()点也！”(第14段)三子者出，曾皙后。

曾皙曰：“夫三子者之言何如？”(第15段)子曰：“亦各言其．()志也已矣。

”(第16段)曰：“夫子何哂由也？”(第17段)曰：“为国以礼，其言不让．()，是故哂之。

”(第18段)“唯求则非邦也与？”(第19段)“安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者？”(第20段)“唯赤则非邦也与？”(第21段)“宗庙会同，非诸侯而何？赤也为之小，孰能为之大？”[记忆导图]1．通假字例句本字及意义①毋吾以．也②鼓瑟希．③莫．春者④唯求则非邦也与．2.古今异义词词语例句解析(古今义)3.多义词语(1)方(2)作(3)如(4)让4.词类活用5.特殊句式6.常识梳理(1)千乘之国．．．．千乘之国，指有一千辆兵车的诸侯国。

入舵市安恙阳光实验学校Module1 British and American EnglishⅠ.阅读理解(共两节)第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项。

Apple SeedsCirculation(发行量)：1 Year,9 IssuesCover Price: $ 44.55Price For You: $ 33.95Product Description: Apple Seeds is an award winning magazine filled withstories for kids aged from 7 to 9.The cover is very soft，providing durability(耐用性) that allows each issue to be enjoyed for many years to come.Besides，there is a big surprise for you－－it’s being sold at a more favorable discountthan usual.Better LifeCirculation: 1 Year,12 IssuesCover Price: $ 44.55Price For You: $15.00Product Description: Designed for those who have a strong interest in personallifestyle，Better Life is America’s complete home and family servicemagazine.It offers help with food，recipes，decorating，building，gardening，family health，money management，and education.Humor TimesCirculation: 1 Year,12 IssuesCover Price: $ 36.00Price For You：$11.95Product Description: Humor Times Magazine is for those who love to laugh！Fullof cartoons and humor columns，it shows up in your mailbox once a month and keepsyou smiling all year round！In today’s world，you need a reason to laugh.Solet’s find it in Humor Times.News ChinaCirculation: 1 Year,12 IssuesCover Price: $ 47.88Price For You：$19.99Product Description: News China Magazine is the English edition of ChinaNewsweek.The magazine covers the latest Chinese domestic news in politics，business，society，environment，culture，sports and travels，etc.It is the firstcomprehensive news magazine for readers interested in China.A．The soft cover enables it to be read and kept long.B．It can be purchased as an award for your children.C．It offers the biggest discount among all the magazines. D．The magazine is going to surprise you for many years.解析：选A。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版Unit 1 People Of AchievementⅠ. 词块记单词1. a crucial new treatment for malaria一种治疗疟疾的至关重要的新疗法2. a vital part of the treatment治疗的关键成分3. with the objective of discovering a new treatment 带着发现一种新的治疗方法的目的4. traditional botanical treatments 传统的植物疗法5. boil fresh wormwood水煎新鲜青蒿叶6. the liquid obtained from fresh wormwood从新鲜青蒿叶中熬出的液体7. acknowledge defeat 承认失败8. find a substance that works发现一种有效物质9. mostly contain facts一般都包含事实10. come to some conclusions 得出一些结论11. under the circumstances 在这种情况下12. draw a flow chart 绘制一个流程图13. found high­tech and futuristic companies 创立高科技和未来的公司14. the general theory of relativity 广义相对论15. this gentle genius 这位性情温和的天才16. a strong passion for knowledge对知识的强烈热情17. four extraordinary physics papers 四篇非凡的物理学论文18. encounter people on the street在街上遇到行人19. rhetorical device 修辞手法20. review your partner's draft 检查你搭档的草稿Ⅱ. 语境记单词1. As a committed doctor, she makes a commitment that she will turn up whenever and wherever she is needed. (commit)2. One of the worst consequences of smoking for a long time is that you may suffer lung cancer. Consequently, you and your family will suffer a lot. (consequent)3. I want to be a scientist to discover a scientific breakthrough to save people'slives in medical science. (science)4. The scientist remarked that he had found a remarkable way to solve the problem, but others made no remarks about it. (remark)5. If you want to evaluate your intelligence, just complete the evaluation form below. (evaluate)6. With my classmates' help, I analysed the data of this experiment and the teacher thought my analysis was reasonable. (analyse)7. Apparently, she took no notice of the apparent mistakes in the accident. (apparent)8. The results of the survey fell into distinct groups. The old were scholars of great distinction while the young were the opposite. (distinct)9. He acknowledged that Tom had helped him a lot so he wrote a letter in acknowledgement of his help. (acknowledge)Ⅲ. 语境记短语1. In conclusion, so long as you insist on (坚决要求) doing so, you will reapa harvest.2. The situation has become better and better since the new government came to power (上台；执政)．3. At first, she took up a position (任职) as a secretary. Soon, she quit it and received a further education in a university.4. His words led to (导致) a heated discussion among the students.5. The pair met often — at first by chance (偶然) but later by design.6. Both sides committed themselves to (承诺；保证) settle the quarrel peacefully.7. As a consequence (因此), he had to flee Germany.8. The insurance policy does not cover damage caused by normal wear and tear (磨损；损耗)．9. It is worthwhile to consider his suggestion put forward (提出) at the conference.10. Which Chinese characters would you choose to sum up (总结) the past year?Ⅳ. 公式练句型1. 运动员们一回国，就收到了赞誉和鲜花。

【重大版】2013版英语《步步高大一轮复习讲义》【word版文档】Book1 Unit 4 Unforgettable Films1．By the time＋从句＋主句＋完成时By the time you came back，I had finished this book.到你回来的时候，我已经读完了这本书。

By the time of next year，you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候，你们已经成为大学生了。

2．Each/Every time＋从句＋主句Each time he comes to Xi’an，he always drops in on me.每次他来西安，他都来看我。

3．Where从句＋主句Farming is difficult or impossible where there is no rain.在没有雨水的地方，农业是困难的或不可能的。

1．you really look sharp today：someone dresses well and attractively你真漂亮；你真时髦You really look sharp today in your new suit.穿上新衣服你真好看。

2．no way：to say that you’ll definitely not do something不(表断然拒绝)；没门—Can I borrow your car?—No way!——我能借用你的汽车吗？——不行！1. pray vt.祈祷；祝愿→pray ________ 为……祈祷2. bless vt.祝福；保佑→be blessed ________ sth./sb.在某方面有福气；很幸运地享有……3. guide vt.引导；指引→guide sb.________ 给某人领路4．behaviour n．行为；品行→b ehave ________ 守规矩5．photograph n．照片→________ a photograph of 给……拍照6．doubt n．疑惑；怀疑→________ doubt 毫无疑问地7．appreciation n．感激→appreciate ________ 感激做某事8．earn vt.获得；挣得→earn ____________ living 维持生计9．respect vt.尊敬；敬重→show respect ________ sb.尊敬某人1．mature adj.成熟的→________ adj.未成熟的2．producer n．制作人；制片人→________ vt.生产；制造3．memorable adj.值得纪念的；难忘的→________ n．记忆(力)4．apparent adj.明显的；显而易见的→________ adv.好像；表面上；显然5．obvious adj.明显的→________ adv.显然地6．unforgettable adj.令人难忘的→________ adj.健忘的学情自测语境填词1．May you always be ____________ with good health.2．He made great progress in English under the ____________ of his teacher. 3．He doesn’t like to have his ____________ taken.4．I am __________ whether I should tell her the story.5．You will ____________ his novels better if you read his autobiography. 6．He ______________ his living by teaching at a language school.7．We have been told to show __________ for our elders.8．With his ages increasing, he became ____________.9．Her poems show great ________________.10．It is ________ from what she said that something is wrong.1．take ________ 喜欢；开始从事于take ________ 吸入；理解；被欺骗2．hold a great ________ 引起了极大的兴趣hold ________ 抓住；不放弃3．bring ________ 使显出；使明白表示出来bring ________ 养育；提出(话题)；呕吐4．put ________使被理解；使被接受put ________ 把……放在一边；储蓄5．in search ________...寻找……；寻求……search ________ 寻找……学情自测选词填空bring up take in in search of put aside hold on1．Don’t be ____________ by the product promising to lose weight.2．It was hard to keep the business going, but he ____________.3．I looked everywhere ____________ my glasses.4．She didn’t feel well and she ____________ her supper.5．I’ve ____________a few hundred thousand dollars to buy a house.1．背诵：...for she is young_enough_to_enjoy their fun and she is also mature_enough_to_guidetheir behaviour.仿写：他足够大会自己穿衣服了。

Ⅰ.词汇与派生A．语境填词1．“I can’t tolerate(容忍) your bad manners any longer，” said the man angrily. 2．When she bent(弯腰) down to tie her shoes，other athletes ran past her. 3．What else would you like to say to defend(辩护) yourself?4．Anyone who helped put out the fire deserves(值得) the praise.5．You should apologize to the lady for your rudeness(无礼)．6．The most important thing to keep in mind when dealing with a(n) emergency(紧急情况) is to stay calm.7．A good student is someone who always minds his behavior(行为) in school. 8．—What’s wrong with David?—Failing the test made him very upset(不高兴的).9．The manager thinks that Mary should give a(n) explanation(解释) for being late. 10．“Why is everything always my fault(错)？” the boy shouted angrily.11．Now the young man has come back from the prison，but his mother still sighs(叹气) all day.12．An American ship hit an iceberg (冰川) and sank(沉没) to the bottom of the sea. 13．If you think that these transport problems can be solved by building more roads，you completely misunderstand(误解) the nature of the problem.B．用所给词的适当形式填空14．After seeing the frightening film，the frightened boy was frightened to walk home alone in the dark.(frighten)15．I tended my brother carefully，and he had the tendency to recover soon.(tend) 16．Time is limited but there is no limit to serving the people.(limit)17．Miss Smith is always patient with us，as she knows patience is what it takesto be a good teacher.(patient)18．In a society full of challenges and chances，we should do what we can to improve ourselves，which is both challenging and rewarding.(challenge)Ⅱ.短语运用A．用方框内所给动词短语的适当形式填空mix up；insist on；be supposed to；stay up；be hard on；go out；feel like；act like 19．A good boss knows when to be hard on his employees.20．He insists on going swimming with me although he’s very bu sy.21．You were not supposed to play football in the classroom.22．Don’t mix up the bottles，or you’ll have to repeat the experiment.23．I used to stay up late with my mom，watching movies.24．My grandpa sometimes acts like a child，especially when he is playing with my younger brother.25．Jane said that she felt like crying when she heard the sad news.26．They were having a meeting when the lights went out.B．用方框内所给的短语填空can’t wait to；at present；out of control；along with27．We’re so excited that we can’t wait to tell our parents the good news. 28．She lost her job when the factory closed，along with hundreds of others. 29．The children are completely out of control since their father left.30．I’m sorry he’s out at present.Ⅲ.经典句式31．Some people，on losing a job or a special relationship，may feel as if it were the end of the world.有些人一失去工作或失恋，就觉得好像到了世界末日似的。

实验十六验证动量守恒定律考纲解读 1.会用实验装置测速度或用其他物理量表示物体的速度大小.2.验证在系统不受外力的作用下，系统内物体相互作用时总动量守恒．考点一对实验原理和操作的考查例1某同学用如图1所示装置通过半径相同的A、B两球的碰撞来验证动量守恒定律．图中PQ是斜槽，QR为水平槽．实验时先使A球从斜槽上某一固定位置G由静止开始滚下，落到位于水平地面的记录纸上，留下痕迹．重复上述操作10次，得到10个落点痕迹．再把B球放在水平槽上靠近槽末端的地方，让A球仍从位置G由静止开始滚下，和B球碰撞后，A、B球分别在记录纸上留下各自的落点痕迹，重复这种操作10次．O点是水平槽末端R在记录纸上的垂直投影点．B球落点痕迹如图2所示，其中米尺水平放置，且平行于G、R、O所在的平面，米尺的零点与O点对齐．图1图2(1)碰撞后B球的水平射程应取______ cm.(2)在以下选项中，本次实验必须进行测量的有________(填选项号)．A．水平槽上未放B球时，测量A球落点位置到O点的距离B．A球与B球碰撞后，测量A球及B球落点位置到O点的距离C．测量A球或B球的直径D．测量A球和B球的质量(或两球质量之比)E．测量O点相对于水平槽面的高度(3)实验中，关于入射球在斜槽上释放点的位置对实验影响的说法中正确的是()A．释放点越低，小球受阻力越小，入射小球速度越小，误差越小B．释放点越低，两球碰后水平位移越小，水平位移测量的相对误差越小，两球速度的测量越准确C．释放点越高，两球相碰时，相互作用的内力越大，碰撞前后动量之差越小，误差越小D．释放点越高，入射小球对被碰小球的作用力越大，轨道对被碰小球的阻力越小解析(1)用一尽可能小的圆把小球落点圈在里面，可知圆心的位置是65.7 cm，这也是小球落点的平均位置．(2)本实验中要测量的数据有：两个小球的质量m1、m2，三个落点到O点的距离x1、x2、x3，所以应选A、B、D.(3)入射球的释放点越高，入射球碰前速度越大，相碰时内力越大，阻力的影响相对越小，可以较好的满足动量守恒的条件，也有利于减小测量水平位移时的相对误差，从而使实验的误差减小，选项C正确．答案(1)65.7(2)ABD(3)C考点二对实验数据处理的考查例2某同学设计了一个用电磁打点计时器验证动量守恒定律的实验：在小车A的前端粘有橡皮泥，推动小车A使之做匀速直线运动，然后与原来静止在前方的小车B相碰并粘合成一体，继续做匀速直线运动．他设计的装置如图3甲所示．在小车A后连着纸带，电磁打点计时器所用电源频率为50 Hz，长木板下垫着薄木片以平衡摩擦力．甲乙图3(1)若已测得打点纸带如图乙所示，并测得各计数点间距(已标在图上)．A为运动的起点，则应选________段来计算A碰前的速度．应选________段来计算A和B碰后的共同速度(以上两空选填“AB”或“BC”或“CD”或“DE”)．(2)已测得小车A的质量m1＝0.4 kg，小车B的质量为m2＝0.2 kg，则碰前两小车的总动量为________ kg·m/s，碰后两小车的总动量为________ kg·m/s.解析(1)从分析纸带上打点的情况看，BC段既表示小车做匀速运动，又表示小车有较大速度，因此BC段能较准确地描述小车A在碰撞前的运动情况，应选用BC段计算小车A碰前的速度．从CD段打点的情况看，小车的运动情况还没稳定，而在DE段内小车运动稳定，故应选用DE段计算A和B碰后的共同速度．(2)小车A在碰撞前速度v0＝BC5T＝10.50×10－25×0.02m/s＝1.050 m/s小车A在碰撞前动量p0＝m1v0＝0.4×1.050 kg·m/s＝0.420 kg·m/s 碰撞后A、B的共同速度v＝DE5T＝6.95×10－25×0.02m/s＝0.695 m/s碰撞后A、B的总动量p＝(m1＋m2)v＝(0.2＋0.4)×0.695 kg·m/s＝0.417 kg·m/s答案(1)BC DE(2)0.4200.417创新实验设计1．实验方案方案一：气垫导轨、光电计时器、天平、滑块(两个)、重物、弹簧片、细绳、弹性碰撞架、胶布、撞针、橡皮泥等．方案二：带细线的摆球(两套)、铁架台、天平、量角器、坐标纸、胶布等．方案三：光滑长木板、打点计时器、纸带、小车(两个)、天平、撞针、橡皮泥．2．实验步骤方案一：利用气垫导轨完成一维碰撞实验(1)测质量：用天平测出滑块质量．(2)安装：正确安装好气垫导轨．(3)实验：接通电源，利用配套的光电计时装置测出两滑块各种情况下(①改变滑块的质量．②改变滑块的初速度大小和方向)碰撞前后的速度．(4)验证：一维碰撞中的动量守恒．方案二：利用等长悬线悬挂等大小球完成一维碰撞实验(1)测质量：用天平测出两小球的质量．(2)安装：把两个等大小球用等长悬线悬挂起来．(3)实验：一个小球静止，拉起另一个小球，放下时它们相碰．(4)测速度：可以测量小球被拉起的角度，从而算出碰撞前对应小球的速度，测量碰撞后小球摆起的角度，算出碰撞后对应小球的速度．(5)改变条件：改变碰撞条件，重复实验．(6)验证：一维碰撞中的动量守恒．方案三：在光滑桌面上两车碰撞完成一维碰撞实验(1)测质量：用天平测出两小车的质量．(2)安装：将打点计时器固定在光滑长木板的一端，把纸带穿过打点计时器，连在小车的后面，在两小车的碰撞端分别装上撞针和橡皮泥．(3)实验：接通电源，让小车A 运动，小车B 静止，两车碰撞时撞针插入橡皮泥中，把两小车连接成一体运动．(4)测速度：通过纸带上两计数点间的距离及时间由v ＝Δx Δt算出速度． (5)改变条件：改变碰撞条件，重复实验．(6)验证：一维碰撞中的动量守恒方案四：利用斜槽上滚下的小球验证动量守恒定律例3 气垫导轨(如图4)工作时，空气从导轨表面的小孔喷出，在导轨表面和滑块内表面之间形成一层薄薄的空气层，使滑块不与导轨表面直接接触，大大减小了滑块运动时的阻力．为了验证动量守恒定律，在水平气垫导轨上放置两个质量均为a 的滑块，每个滑块的一端分别与穿过打点计时器的纸带相连，两个打点计时器所用电源的频率均为b .气垫导轨正常工作后，接通两个打点计时器的电源，并让两滑块以不同的速度相向运动，两滑块相碰后粘在一起继续运动．图5为某次实验打出的、点迹清晰的纸带的一部分，在纸带上以相同间距的6个连续点为一段划分纸带，用刻度尺分别量出其长度x 1、x 2和x 3.若题中各物理量的单位均为国际单位，那么，碰撞前两滑块的动量大小分别为____________、____________，两滑块的总动量大小为____________；碰撞后两滑块的总动量大小为________．重复上述实验，多做几次．若碰撞前、后两滑块的总动量在实验误差允许的范围内相等，则动量守恒定律得到验证．图4图5解析 打点周期为1b ，打x 1、x 2、x 3均用时5b.碰前其中一个滑块的动量 p 1＝m v 1＝m x 1t ＝a bx 15＝0.2abx 1 碰前另一个滑块的动量p 2＝m v 2＝m x 3t ＝a bx 35＝0.2abx 3，故碰前总动量 p ＝p 1－p 2＝0.2ab (x 1－x 3)，同理碰后总动量p ′＝2m x 2t＝0.4abx 2 答案 0.2abx 1 0.2abx 3 0.2ab (x 1－x 3) 0.4abx 21．在利用悬线悬挂等大小球进行验证动量守恒定律的实验中，下列说法正确的是 ( )A ．悬挂两球的线长度要适当，且等长B ．由静止释放小球以便较准确地计算小球碰前的速度C ．两小球必须都是刚性球，且质量相同D ．两小球碰后可以粘合在一起共同运动答案 ABD解析 两线等长能保证两球正碰，以减小实验误差，所以A 正确；由于计算碰撞前速度时用到了mgh ＝12m v 2－0，即初速度为0，B 正确；本实验中对小球的弹性性能无要求，C 错误；两球正碰后，有各种运动情况，所以D 正确．2．在做“验证动量守恒定律”实验时，入射球a 的质量为m 1，被碰球b 的质量为m 2，小球的半径为r ，各小球的落地点如图6所示，下列关于这个实验的说法正确的是 ( )图6A．入射球与被碰球最好采用大小相同、质量相等的小球B．让入射球与被碰球连续10次相碰，每次都要使入射球从斜槽上不同的位置滚下C．要验证的表达式是m1ON＝m1OM＋m2OPD．要验证的表达式是m1OP＝m1OM＋m2ONE．要验证的表达式是m1(OP－2r)＝m1(OM－2r)＋m2ON答案 D解析在此装置中，应使入射球的质量大于被碰球的质量，防止入射球反弹或静止，故A错；入射球每次滚下必须从斜槽的同一位置，保证每次碰撞都具有相同的初动量，故B错；两球做平抛运动时都具有相同的起点，故应验证的关系式为m1OP＝m1OM＋m2ON，D对，C、E错．3．在实验室里为了验证动量守恒定律，一般采用如图7甲、乙所示的两种装置：图7(1)若入射小球质量为m1，半径为r1；被碰小球质量为m2，半径为r2，则()A．m1>m2，r1>r2B．m1>m2，r1<r2C．m1>m2，r1＝r2D．m1<m2，r1＝r2(2)若采用图乙所示装置进行实验，以下所提供的测量工具中必需的是________．A．直尺B．游标卡尺C．天平D．弹簧测力计E．秒表(3)设入射小球的质量为m1，被碰小球的质量为m2，则在用图甲所示装置进行实验时(P为碰前入射小球落点的平均位置)所得“验证动量守恒定律”的结论为________________．(用装置图中的字母表示)答案 (1)C (2)AC (3)m 1·OP ＝m 1·OM ＋m 2·O ′N解析 (1)为防止反弹造成入射小球返回斜槽，要求入射球质量大于被碰小球质量，即m 1>m 2；为使入射小球与被碰小球发生对心碰撞，要求两小球半径相同．故C 正确．(2)设入射小球为a ，被碰小球为b ，a 球碰前的速度为v 1，a 、b 相碰后的速度分别为v 1′、v 2′.由于两球都从同一高度做平抛运动，当以运动时间为一个计时单位时，可以用它们平抛的水平位移表示碰撞前后的速度．因此，需验证的动量守恒关系m 1v 1＝m 1v 1′＋m 2v 2′可表示为m 1x 1＝m 1x 1′＋m 2x 2′.所以需要直尺、天平，而无需弹簧测力计、秒表．由于题中两个小球都可认为是从槽口开始做平抛运动的，两球的半径不必测量，故无需游标卡尺．(3)得出验证动量守恒定律的结论应为m 1·OP ＝m 1·OM ＋m 2·O ′N .4．如图8(a)所示，在水平光滑轨道上停着甲、乙两辆实验小车，甲车系一穿过打点计时器的纸带，当甲车受到水平向右的冲量时，随即启动打点计时器．甲车运动一段距离后，与静止的乙车发生正碰并粘在一起运动．图8纸带记录下碰撞前甲车和碰撞后两车运动情况如图(b)所示，电源频率为50 Hz ，则碰撞 前甲车运动速度大小为________m/s ，甲、乙两车的质量比m 甲∶m 乙＝________.答案 0.6 2∶1解析 由纸带及刻度尺可得碰前甲车的速度为v 1＝12×10－30.02m/s ＝0.6 m/s. 碰后两车的共同速度v 2＝8×10－30.02m/s ＝0.4 m/s. 由动量守恒定律有m 甲v 1＝(m 甲＋m 乙)v 2.由此得甲、乙两车的质量比m 甲m 乙＝v 2v 1－v 2＝0.40.6－0.4＝21. 5．气垫导轨上有A 、B 两个滑块，开始时两个滑块静止，它们之间有一根被压缩的轻质弹簧，滑块间用绳子连接(如图9甲所示)，绳子烧断后，两个滑块向相反方向运动，图乙为它们运动过程的频闪照片，频闪的频率为10 Hz ，由图可知：图9(1)A 、B 离开弹簧后，应该做________运动，已知滑块A 、B 的质量分别为200 g 、300 g ，根据照片记录的信息，从图中可以看出闪光照片有明显与事实不相符合的地方是____________________________________________．(2)若不计此失误，分开后，A 的动量大小为____kg·m/s ，B 的动量的大小为________kg·m/s.本实验中得出“在实验误差允许范围内，两滑块组成的系统动量守恒”这一结论的依据是__________________________________________．答案 (1)匀速直线 A 、B 两滑块的第一个间隔(2)0.018 0.018 A 、B 两滑块作用前后总动量不变，均为0解析 (1)A 、B 离开弹簧后因水平方向不再受外力作用，所以均做匀速直线运动，在离开弹簧前A 、B 均做加速运动，A 、B 两滑块的第一个间隔都应该比后面匀速时相邻间隔的长度小．(2)周期T ＝1f ＝0.1 s ，v ＝x t，由题图知A 、B 匀速时速度分别为v A ＝0.09 m/s ，v B ＝0.06 m/s ，分开后A 、B 的动量大小均为p A ＝0.018 kg·m/s ，方向相反，满足动量守恒，系统的总动量为0.6．某同学利用打点计时器和气垫导轨做“验证动量守恒定律”的实验，气垫导轨装置如图10甲所示，所用的气垫导轨装置由导轨、滑块、弹射架等组成．在空腔导轨的两个工作面上均匀分布着一定数量的小孔，向导轨空腔内不断通入压缩空气，压缩空气会从小孔中喷出，使滑块稳定地漂浮在导轨上，这样就大大减小了因滑块和导轨之间的摩擦而引起的误差．图10(1)下面是实验的主要步骤：①安装好气垫导轨，调节气垫导轨的调节旋钮，使导轨水平；②向气垫导轨通入压缩空气；③把打点计时器固定在紧靠气垫导轨左端弹射架的外侧，将纸带穿过打点计时器和弹射架并固定在滑块1的左端，调节打点计时器的高度，直至滑块拖着纸带移动时，纸带始终在水平方向；④使滑块1挤压导轨左端弹射架上的橡皮绳；⑤把滑块2放在气垫导轨的中间；⑥先________，然后________，让滑块带动纸带一起运动；⑦取下纸带，重复步骤④⑤⑥，选出较理想的纸带如图乙所示；⑧测得滑块1(包括撞针)的质量为310 g ，滑块2(包括橡皮泥)的质量为205 g ；试着完善实验步骤⑥的内容．(2)已知打点计时器每隔0.02 s 打一个点，计算可知，两滑块相互作用前质量与速度的乘积之和为________ kg·m/s ；两滑块相互作用以后质量与速度的乘积之和为______ kg·m/s(保留三位有效数字)．(3)试说明(2)问中两结果不完全相等的主要原因是_________________________．答案 (1)接通打点计时器的电源 放开滑块1 (2)0.6200．618 (3)纸带与打点计时器的限位孔有摩擦解析 (2)作用前滑块1的速度v 1＝0.20.1m/s ＝2 m/s ，其质量与速度的乘积为0.310 kg ×2 m/s ＝0.620 kg·m/s ，作用后滑块1和滑块2具有相同的速度v ＝0.1680.14m/s ＝1.2 m/s ，其质量与速度的乘积之和为(0.310 kg ＋0.205 kg)×1.2 m/s ＝0.618 kg·m/s.7．如图11是用来验证动量守恒的实验装置，弹性球1用细线悬挂于O 点，O 点下方桌子的边缘有一竖直立柱．实验时，调节悬点，使弹性球1静止时恰与立柱上的球2右端接触且两球等高．将球1拉到A 点，并使之静止，同时把球2放在立柱上．释放球1，当它摆到悬点正下方时与球2发生对心碰撞，碰后球1向左最远可摆到B 点，球2落到水平地面上的C 点．测出有关数据即可验证1、2两球碰撞时动量守恒．现已测出A 点离水------精品文档!值得拥有！------------珍贵文档!值得收藏！------ 平桌面的距离为a 、B 点离水平桌面的距离为b ，C 点与桌子边缘间的水平距离为c.图11(1)还需要测量的量是____________________、______________________和________________________．(2)根据测量的数据，该实验中动量守恒的表达式为__________________________．(忽略小球的大小)答案 (1)弹性球1、2的质量m 1、m 2 立柱高h 桌面离水平地面的高度H (2)2m 1a －h ＝2m 1b －h ＋m 2c H ＋h解析 (1)要验证动量守恒必须知道两球碰撞前、后的动量变化，根据弹性球1碰撞前后的高度a 和b ，由机械能守恒可以求出碰撞前、后的速度，故只要再测量弹性球1的质量m 1，就能求出弹性球1的动量变化；根据平抛运动的规律只要测出立柱高h 和桌面离水平地面的高度H 就可以求出弹性球2碰撞前后的速度变化，故只要测量弹性球2的质量和立柱高h 、桌面离水平地面的高度H 就能求出弹性球2的动量变化．(2)根据(1)的解析可以写出动量守恒的方程2m 1a －h ＝2m 1b －h ＋m 2c H ＋h .。