美国文学学期论文发表

中国大学教学 2010年第10期94赵 硕，西北工业大学人文经法学院副教授，瑞典卡尔斯塔德大学客座教授，美国洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学（UCLA ）访问学者。

美国UCLA 大学英语教学模式的发展与启示赵 硕摘 要：本文在分析UCLA （美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）英语教育特点的基础上，探讨了21世纪以来UCLA 大学英语教育的变革动因，概括了基于ESL 学习标准的UCLA 大学英语教学目标和策略，分析了UCLA 在交际能力培养和使用现代教育技术的基础上如何创造性地运用轻松自由教学模式以更好地实施跨学科教学，在此基础上提出了其教学模式与策略对我国大学外语教学的启示。

关键词：UCLA ；大学英语；教学模式；第二语言美国加州大学洛杉矶分校共设有13个学院，其中文理学院人文学科设有英语外语教学专业，这既是基于UCLA 的学生来自世界一百多个国家和地区，也是为了推进英语的国际化和学生的教学需要而设置的，UCLA 的大学英语教学模式的发展值得我们研究与探讨。

一、UCLA 大学英语教育变革的动因自2004年起，随着美国政府在教育政策、教育经费投入、教师待遇和教育国际交流等诸方面向外语教育倾斜，UCLA 给予大学外语教学前所未有的资助和扶持，其高校英语教育变革也随之启动。

随着全球化进程和高等教育国际化的日益推进，UCLA 日益感觉到让学校的各国大学生学习英语语言与文化的重要性。

美国著名的民意分析和社会学家丹尔·扬克洛维奇认为：让居住在美国的外来人口理解英语语言和文化是美国高等教育在今后十年内必须解决的五大迫切需要之一[1]。

无疑，通过高校英语教育，UCLA 的各国大学生可以熟悉和了解美国或其他国家的文化和语言，更多地理解他人的思想和看法。

UCLA 认为学校需要对世界持有一种包容开放的姿态，要学会从别人的视角和眼光看待世界，而大学英语教育恰好能使青年一代唯我独尊的思想有所改善, 从而使各国的大学生能够在毕业后更好地融入美国这样一个多元文化的社会。

英美文学论文范文一：大学英语教学学生英美文学素养培养摘要：大学英语教育应注重学生综合素质的培养，提升学生的英美文学素养是教学目标之一。

大学英语教学不同于中学时期的英语授课，应在基础语法、词汇等内容之上进行文学素养层面的渗入。

本文简要阐述了培养大学生英美文学素养的必要性，并就大学生英美文学素养培养方法展开探讨。

关键词：英美文学;大学英语教学;素养新时期背景下，社会的人才需求体现出全面性和综合性的特点，要求具备良好的综合素质。

大学英语是我国高等教育的重要课程，在教学中应注重学生英美文学素养的培养，加强各方面能力的提升。

英美文学素养是立足于英美文学阅读基础上的能力提升，包括有文化素养、语言能力、心理素养等内容，因此文学素养的培养越来越受到广大教师的重视。

本文将对培养大学生英美文学素养的必要性进行研究，并探讨详细的教学策略。

一、大学英语教学中培养学生英美文学素养的必要性大学英语教学的目的不仅要求学生能够在工作和社交中流畅地用英语进行交流，培养学生的英语应用能力，而且要求提高学生的综合文化素养，增强自学能力，从而能够适应未来社会的发展要求。

要达到上述目标就要求教师在授课的过程中，不能仅仅注重听说读写的训练，因为技能简单的相加不等于综合运用能力，从某种意义上来讲，综合运用能力应当接近于包含听说读写在内的文化素养。

一增强学生的文化感知语言与文化是一体的，任何一方都无法独立存在。

语言是文化的载体，文学学习是一种快速掌握文化知识的学习方法。

大量阅读西方的文学作品，了解西方文化的价值取向、思维方式，以及评判视角等多方面的意识形态，能够包容、理解、尊重不同文化的学生，才是能够走向国际的人才。

二增强学生的英语综合能力语言的学习十分重视积累，只有积累达到一定的程度才能正确的、灵活的进行语言输出。

而文化的学习可以仿效语言的学习。

大量的阅读可以增强学生的语感，同时增加词汇量，并且还可以提升其语言的实际运用能力。

ThebestwaytolearnEnglishistouseit，在英语学习的过程中，学生要注意在学习中和生活中经常使用英语，只有在实际运用中才能使学生快速掌握英语知识，加深对文章的理解，发现文章中的美，体会作者的情感，进而提升学生的文学素养。

英美文学相关论文范文英美文学,是指英国的文学和美国的文学代表作品。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英美文学相关论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 英美文学相关论文范文篇1浅析《外国文学》的多媒体教学论文摘要:在《外国文学》教学中，运用多媒体技术的形象特点可创设生动的教学情境，突破教学重点、难点，极大地激发学生学习的兴趣;同时可扩大课堂教学的信息量;但使用多媒体教学应注意它的辅助性、实用性特点。

论文关键词:多媒体教学手段整体优化0引言多媒体是一种把超文本、图形、图像、动画、声音等运载信息的媒体结合在一起，并通过计算机进行综合处理和控制的技术，使人通过多个感官来获取相关信息，提高信息传播效率，运用多媒体教学有利于促进教学现代化的进程。

《外国文学史》是一部时间跨度大，地域涵盖广，教学内容异常丰富的文学史材料。

在汉语言文学专业的课时安排中，教学时间极其有限。

在传统的《外国文学》教学中，主要是教师讲解，学生围绕教师的讲解，进行课外阅读，扩大阅读范围。

但实际情况是，外国文学作品众多，内容繁杂，学生花在大部头名著上的读书活动越来越少，即使天天阅读也跟不上教师讲课的进程，因而教师在课堂上经常是填鸭式的“一言堂”，课堂的信息量受到很大的影响。

这样，实现“提高学生的文学素养，训练学生的阅读和鉴赏外国文学名著的能力”的目标往往有很大局限。

如何在有限的时间里完成(外国文学》的教学任务，同时又最有效的激发学生的学习兴趣呢，针对学生的实际情况，经过这几年的教学实践，我认为，结合教学内容用多媒体技术来辅助《外国文学》的教学，设计出不同的教学思路，效果会比较好。

下面是我的几点教学体会。

1.运用多媒体技术创设教学情境，激发了学生的学习兴趣充分利用多媒体手段，可达到事半功倍的效果。

教育心理学研究表明:人获取的外界信息中，83%来自视觉，11%来自听觉，3.5%来自嗅觉，1.5%来自触觉，1%来自味觉。

显然增加视觉、听觉信息量是多获取信息最可取的方法。

英美文学的论文投稿 英美文学是世界文学的一个重要分支,学习和分析英美文学的历史和发展有利我们更好的了解西方文化,有利于我们吸收英美文学中非常好的方面,促进文化交流。下文是店铺为大家搜集整理的关于英美文学的论文投稿的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 英美文学的论文投稿篇1 浅谈英美文学中跨文化意识的渗透与养成 经济全球化在给各国带来商机的同时，也带来了相当大的挑战。要想在全球化风暴中获得发展，首先就要求国人了解外国优秀的文化，在吸收其精华的同时，针对外国的文化特点发展经济。因此，作为外国文化主力的英美文化就成为重点关注对象。在学习中，可以通过经常阅读英美文学作品的方式，在积累文学知识的同时不断培养跨文化意识，提高自身的综合素质，为推动国家发展做好准备。 1 英美文学中跨文化的含义 国际上给定的跨文化的定义是：对于与本民族文化有差异或冲突的文化现象、风俗、习惯等有充分正确的认识，并在此基础上以包容的态度予以接受与适应[1]。由于地理位置的不同，世界上形成了多元的民族和文化，在此基础上也产生了不同的信仰和独特的文化，在对待相同的事情上也有不同的见解。在古代，由于交通和科技的限制，各种国家和民族交流甚少，发达的国家就会用自己的道德标准和价值观去判定他国的道德文化，认为自己是正确的先进的，其他的都是落后的。不仅先行的发达国家英国、西班牙認为印第安人是落后的土著，连我们的老祖宗也将我们周边的民族称为“蛮夷”。在全球化迅速发展的今天，世界各国都在用和平发展的方式进行文化的交流和合作，文化已经成为各国互相了解的重要纽带。因此，我们不应再以自己的道德文化标准去衡量判定他民族的文化。培养跨文化意识，在了解异国文化的基础上，包容，认同，接纳异域文化才是和平发展的前提。 跨文化意识有四个层次：第一是对那些被认为怪异文化的认识。就像欧洲的裸体画，在中国人看来是道德败坏，但在欧洲眼中那是美。对于这种现象，我们就应该考虑到这是由于我们之间审美的差异产生的，不应否定它。第二是那些异族文化中与我们语言和礼仪文化相反的，看起来不可思议的事情。在我国古代，儿女不能直呼父母的姓名，平民姓名不能与帝王重合，同音字要避讳，但在欧美国家孙子可以直呼爷爷的名字，给小孩子起名会专门和伟人重名。这种就不能用中国的礼仪道德去评判。第三是要通过理性和科学的分析去认识异族文化。第四是站在异族文化持有者的角度去看待他们的文化特征。这四个层次中。第四层次是跨文化意识的最高境界[2]。 2 英美文学中跨文化的重要性 在全球化加速发展的时代，每个民族的文化都在政治、经济、生活的发展中具有重要意义，无论忽视哪种文化都会带来不可估量的损失，因此只有包容不同文化才能让自己变得更加强大。由此可见，培养跨文化意识具有十分重要的意义，吸纳多元文化不仅具有文化上的多元意义，还能影响国家的发展。 3 英美文学中跨文化意识的渗透与养成的方法 3.1 培养阅读兴趣 人们常说，兴趣是最好的老师。英美文学中跨文化意识的渗透与养成不是一朝一夕的事，对于英美文学，我国有相当一部分人在阅读的时候发现自己并不能理解作者所要表达的意思，这种现象出现的根本原因在于没有了解到英美的历史，没有注意作品的时代背景。因此，了解外国的文学，必须先了解英美的历史背景，可以先从自己感兴趣的作家的作品入手，比如说莎士比亚的喜剧。在被故事情节吸引之后可以慢慢了解作者的艺术表现手法，在这个过程中，跨文化意识就会在不经意的时候渗透与养成。 3.2 注意文化差异性 文学作品的内容可以反映出当时社会所倡导的思想意识，因此，在了解英美文学的时候要注意文化的差异性。比如说，中国文学和英美文学中人们的服饰是不一样的，英国女性多穿蓬蓬裙，梳着高高的发髻或辛劳地生活在社会的底层，或游走于上层社会。而中国古代古代等级制度森严，妇女更是不允许抛头露面，服饰也较为保守。就说作品中主角改变自己命运的方式也多有不同，我国古代多是通过科举考试，而英美多是冒险改变自己生活。英美文学中的主角若是孤苦也多是自我奋斗获得美好的生活，而我国的文学作品多是寄养依靠他人。注意文化的差异性对于跨文化意识的渗透与养成是十分有必要的。 3.3 多渠道提升修养 虽然多阅读是英美文学跨文化意识的渗透与养成的最佳途径，但是多渠道入手才会更快提高自身的修养。对于有条件的读者可以在世界历史的时候，去英美国家实地旅游，了解一下当地的风土人情，也可以了解下____、伊斯兰教和佛教在哪些地方盛行，不同的教派有什么不同的文化。没有条件的可以通过上网查看纪录片的方式进行了解。只有这样，才能够推动跨文化意识的渗透与养成。 作为世界大国的中国拥有上下五千年的文化历史，并且当下在全球文化潮流中也是中流砥柱，但是我们必须清楚地认识到自身的发展离不开对外国文化的吸收和借鉴，英美文学跨文化意识的渗透与养成是十分有必要的。因此，我们要培养市民的阅读兴趣，同时注意中英美文化的差异性，多渠道提升自身的修养，只有这样才能够实现跨文化意识的渗透与养成。 英美文学的论文投稿篇2 浅论露丝本尼迪克特《文化模式》 摘 要：露丝• 本尼迪克特以其文化整体观和文化相讨主义确立了她在西方文化界的地位。她的文化模式理论具有强大的解释力,它既是文化哲学的理解范式,又是对社会历史的解释模式。本文对其文化模式论的主要观点、理论贡献做出了简要的自我解读。 关键词：文化模式 文化整合 文化相对主义 美国杰出人类学家露丝.本尼迪克特(1887——1948)的《文化模式》一书于20世纪30年代出版，该书阐发了一种新的文化研究理论——文化模式论。在本尼迪克特看来，文化，也即民族性，它在各个民族(部落、族群)的形成都有其自身的发展脉络和历史背景，它表现为一定的文化形态及行为。她把所有潜在的人类意图、动机以及行为能力比作一个巨大的圆弧，所有可能的人类行为都分布在其上的这个大弧对于任何一个文化来说都太繁杂，太充满矛盾了，以致其中绝大部分是不能利用的，一个社会或部族面对无数人类行为的可能性，首要的就是选择。每个人类社会都在其文化风俗中做出了自己的选择，这种选择具有自身文化独特的社会价值取向，选择的行为方式包括各种人生阶段的庆典仪式、宗教、婚姻、经济、政治等各领域的习俗, 经过代代流传，最终演化成为风俗、礼仪, 从而形成一个部落或部族的文化模式。 一、关于“文化模式”的概念 本尼迪克特的文化模式论的创造性贡献的一部分在于把心理分析概念引入对于文化的研究。她的“模式”概念就是一个行动心理学的概念，不同于许多学者所说的“类型”。文化类型是把已知的文化按事先规定的若干型加以归纳和分类;而文化模式则是规定文化特征的统一表现形态的特殊性和异质性，而非预先设定的类型分类。她明确指出“我们这里作为‘类型’来讨论的这些完型，并不是说它们代表了一种固定的特性的群集分布。 世界上最不幸的事就是致力于把所有文化说成是一定数量的稳定的经过选择的形态的样品。若形态对所有文明来说都是不可避免且适用的东西，那范畴就成为一种义务了。”不同文化所展露出的相似性特征和意图是同它们各自不同的文化特性相联系的，彼此相像的文化也不可能选择同样的文化特性来按它们支配地位的意图去把握。因此，文化在本质上是异质性的，是千差万别的，是不可化约不可类型化的。 她的目的是要区别其所考察研究的三个民族在文化特质及民族性格方面的差异，作为说明这种差异的操作概念，使用了分类用语，但她并非试图把人类各种文化都类型化为日神型、酒神型，并非在建构类型学，其学说并非文化类型论。在她那里，“模式”是一个给予各种行为以意义并将各种行为包括在文化整体中的框架。“每一社会的文化中都会形成一种并不必然是其他社会形态都有的独特意图，在顺从这些意图时，每一民族逐步加深其经验，文化逐渐发展出越来越确定的选择标准，形成行动的驱动力，与这些驱动力相适应，文化特性的不同方面和行为领域也取一种越来越一致的外形。”于是我们发现，本尼迪克特想要向我们阐释的是，我们在做文化研究时，必须要把每一个文化视为一种独特的历史存在，一个独立的分析单元。 二、关于文化整合 本尼迪克特认为，整合的首要条件就是选择，不经选择，没有任何一种文化是可以被理解的。“任何社会都要选择人类可能的行为这个弧上的某个片段，只要该社会的文化要完成整合，它的种种风俗、它的各个文化特质就倾向于推动它所选择的片断的表达，而阻止那些相反的片断，”它们在本身特有的文化意图和主旨的统摄下，不断融合、改变、修正，趋向于具有一致性的行为模式。“一种文化在它自身某种规范化的动机、情感、价值、准则的作用下,从周围地区的那些可能的特性中选择其可用者,而舍弃了不可用者,把其他的特性都重新改造,使它们符合自己的需要”以达整体或完全的状态，也即整合的结果。 因而，文化整合也是文化自我完善的一种形式，既体现了文化在历时中的变迁，又使文化在共时中在一定限度内维持稳定秩序成为可能。她认为，整合不是文化诸特性、现象的机械组合或总和,而是那些部分的独特排列和内在关系，形成的一种相互联系的新的有机实体,因此,一种文化作为诸多元素所组成的复合体产生着一些新的潜在性质，因此总是多于其各个特质的总和。 因此,在研究一种文化时，不能只偏重于单个文化特质的考察,而是应把握各种文化特质在其千变万化的特殊的联系中所形成的文化模式的有机整体,即要把研究重点放在分析整体结构上,并“按照每一文化的原样，根据文化发生的来龙去脉研究文化现象本身”。若只把注意力放在对单个文化元素的研究上,那实际上就只能是在描述一种文化的表层现象。 但同时，在文化整合方面本尼迪克特也认识到了这样一个事实，那就是：绝非所有的文化都具有她所描述祖尼人和克瓦基特尔人时所勾勒出来的那种和谐一致的样态的。文化缺乏整合的情况比比皆是，并不是所有的文化都能够把它们的无数行为全部都铸入一个均衡的模式。 “要削足适履的强使每一种文化都去适应那些‘一言以蔽之’的特点是再愚蠢不过了。”因此，她提出了具有重要方法

英美文学论文英美文学类课程是传统英语本科的主干课程,对培养学生的英语语言、文学知识和人文素质起着重要的作用。

下面是店铺为大家整理的英美文学论文，供大家参考。

英美文学论文范文一：英美文学中文学批评的多元化探讨一、文学批评理论在英美文学教学中的意义目前我国大多数院校都开设了相应的文学教育理论课程，而在关于英美文学的教学过程中，文学批评与文学教学是相辅相成的关系，文学批评可以从其独特的视角关注和解读英美文学作品，得到与众不同的观点，从而充分了解了整部英美文学作品的历史意义和内涵。

文学批评也为英美文学教学提供了一把打开其大门的钥匙，让学生有机会从不同的角度，不同的观点、不同的思想关注英美文学，更好地促进了英美文学的发展。

以文学批评基本理论为依据，应用到英美文学教学中，将有助于在学习作品过程中，避免传统的、印象式的解读，使学生通过对原著的充分解读，仔细品味原著中作者想要表达的观点，以及写作的手法，培养学生踏实阅读的学风，还能够让学生充分感受到文学的魅力，增强学习兴趣，提高学习成绩。

二、英美文学中文学批评的多方位表现形式1.英美文学中新批评理论。

上世纪三四十年代开始出现以兰色姆(J.C.Ransom,1888-1974)、威姆塞特(W.K.Wimsatt,1907-1975)等为代表，形成了英美文学中的“新批评”理论。

他们认为一切从作者的原始写作动机与作者的阅读感受为出发点所进行的文学批评都是“错误的谬论”，脱离了文学批评的初衷，将文学批评的对象进行了根本的转移，即转移到了文学作品对阅读者心理影响方面上，脱离了被批评对象的本身，从而沦为了单一的印象论。

英美文学中的新批评理论认为单纯依靠阅读者的感觉，会使阅读者产生相对的“阅读错觉”——即带入阅读者已有的自我认知来干扰对作品进行正确的、客观的文学批评。

新批评理论强调的是以尊重和细读原著为基础，对原著进行客观、公正的、不带有固有主观意识的文学批评，形成踏实阅读的风气。

美国文学学期作业（2016-2017学年度第一学期）年级：姓名：学号：论文成绩：An Analysis of Scarlett’s Character inGone with the WindA war swallowed a beautiful woman, a perfect family and a love. Everything seemed to be a dream, going with the wind.Recently,I have just finished reading a famous novel written by Margaret Mitchell—Gone with the Wind,which is one of the most popular works among American novels.It took the author about 10years.Gone with the Wind is one of the most popular American novels. W hen it was published, its sales broke many records among the publishing circles, and it is famous all over the world. The novel mainly describes th e life of Scarlett who is the daughter of Tara’s master during the American Civil War. Meanwhile with the hint of a triangular love between Scarlett, Ashley and Rhett, the novel depicts a wide and prosperous picture of the social life of the South in America. Not only the rich content of the novel but also the complex plots and the contradictions between the figures of t he novel have an important artistic effect on shaping the characters in the novel. Among all the roles, Scarlett, is the most successful one who is full of conflicting and complicated features.Before the Civil War, spoiled and beautiful Scarlett is a proud prince ss. She is also naïve and carefree for she is brought up in a rich family, in which they have many large fertile fields to grow cottons and many slave s that work for them. It is no necessary for her to think about anything butjust to dress in new costumes to attract the sights of the boys and to join t he balls.Wherever she goes, she is always the focus and center among the young girls, and she is adored by many men, which irritates the other girl s. So she gradually becomes a girl who is coddled, undisciplined, egotisti c, fractious and narcissistic. She believes every man around the village will fall in love with her, and she can‟t endure the talk without a topic of her. But her self-centered and exclusive character causes the tragedies of her love. After her failure to confess to Ashley, she doesn’t fall down or le ave away which shows her courage for life at the first time.With the outbreak of the war, she loses everything she owns. In the summer of 1864, Sherman starts to attack Atlanta and everyone is fleeing the city. But Scarlett has to stay at Atlanta with Melanie for she has made a promise to Ashley to look after Melanie who is going into labor，she even braves the life danger to escort Melanie and her newly-born baby to go back to Tara in the flames of war. Her kindnessconquers theselfishness, which shows her nice aspect. She is so horrible but she sticks to go back home, but what she sees in Tara is only the endless loneliness and desolation.The war absolutely changes the way of her life and her affectionate h omestead, Tara. Scarlett can‟t lead a life comfortably as a child any more , for the reason that no one can protect her from threat. Scarlett changes h er concepts for the new life. She lays down her position of a lady of noblebirth and changes her concepts of the old Southern life. She wants to fee d her family and herself through her own work, which shows her realistic character towards life. When her sisters and the house servants complain, Scarlett even works in the fields of Tara herself to ensure a good harvest o f cotton. To her, the memory of hunger is clearer than the memory of brai n. She vows her famous line, "As God as my witness I will never be hung ry again.”The transition of the living environment is the exterior reason for Sc arlett‟s changing her character, which causes Scarlett‟s distinctive charac ter. Before the war, Scarlett lives in the traditional and conservative planta tion and the life style forms her plantation master‟s character of loving la nd than anything else in the world and her rebellious character spontaneo usly. She leads an extremely poor life during and after the war, and that a bominable environment molds her character to confront the reality bravel y; and her independence and selfishness to overcome difficulties. The rich life experience before war; the unstable life during the war and the extre mely poor life after war provide the foundation to form the character of S carlett. And thus in such environment, Scarlett’s character can be complic ated.Scarlett has the strong courage to face fresh and blood and to overco me difficulties, but this wish of independence is not accepted by the socie ty at that time. But in modern society, Scarlett is definitely an independent female who has strong will. She has the spirit of not admitting failure ev en it is at present.Scarlett is a hybrid who exhibits more of her Irish father’s hard-headedness than her mother’s refined Southern manners. Although initially she tries to behave prettily, her instincts rise up against social restrictions. Scarlett’s mother Ellen and Mammy also teach her all that a gentlewoman should know, but Scarlett never learns nor does she see any reason for learning it. Scarlett shows her distain for the artificial manners. She does as what she says with the development of the novel. Scarlett does not like the other girls at that time, who lead a life of waiting, they wait for men’s allegiance and acceptance; they wait for love and they wait for appreciation and compliment. Scarlett is completely different from them at all; instead, she strives for love and happiness actively. Her action is not different from the modern people.Scarlett hates the rules of the society. When she becomes a widow who has to wear black weeds and can’t show her face in the public, she is very displeased. After the war, in order to rebuild and protect Tara, she even goes outside to manage a sawmill herself and does other business successfully. People at that time can’t endure women to appear in public for earning money, and the men can’t tolerate the women who can defeat them. But Scarlett disregards of what people say, but just does what she believes.As f or Scarlett’ view of love and marriage spends most of her life being adored and loved by others. Wherever she goes, she is always the center and focus among the girls. Although she marries three times, she never understands the meaning of love or gets the true love. Scarlett divides love and marriage into two parts, which proves that she is a character full of contradictory and complexity. In the novel, Scarlett has been thinking that she loves Ashley and some decisions she made are also related with Ashley. However, she never considers marriage as a serious matter but just treats it as a play game, and she marries with the men she doesn’t love just in order to resolve living problems.Life is filled with various contradictions, and when a contradiction is over; another is coming, so the plots of the story will develop further and the portrayed image will be more charming.As readers, in my opinion, we don’t browse it, but peruse mind of it and apperceive it. To learn how to depict a character and to deliver a mind though the character is what we should do after perusing it.。

如何在美国杂志上发表学术论文如何在美国杂志上发表学术论文简单介绍一下儿在美国学术论文发表的过程。

当然，在不同领域中，这个过程可能不太一样，我主要介绍一下儿在传统工科领域里这个游戏是怎么玩儿的。

首先，你把自己的文章(paper)掂量一下儿，想想在哪个学术杂志(journal)上发表最合适。

也许有人会说，先投到最好的杂志去，如果文章被踢回来了，再另找门路不迟。

虽然这也有些道理，但是有的时候儿时间也是很重要的。

比如，你还剩六个月就必须申请这个研究题目下一阶段的经费，眼前一篇论文还没发表呢，这时候儿的当务之急是赶紧让你的文章面世。

不然的话，万一经费没申请到，就算断顿儿仨月后文章在最好的杂志上发表了，也是远水不救近火。

所以说，选对了杂志很重要。

学术杂志给多少稿费呢？绝对值还凑合，但是我知道的都是负值。

看是什么杂志，你发表一篇文章，一般要交几十、甚至上百美元。

对！是你交给杂志，不是杂志给你。

有些杂志可以不交钱，但是优先发表交了钱的作者的文稿（决定是否能够发表同交钱与否没关系）。

当然也有一分钱不要的杂志，我们这行最权威的杂志是英国大学剑桥大学办的，作者不用交钱（这一点上，我是很佩服英国学者的）。

文章寄出去了，你很快就会收到编辑(editor)的回信，说收到你的稿儿了，已经送到几个评审员(referees)手里了，会尽快给你答复，云云。

评审员何许人也？肯定都是你的专业同行，不然你写的这乱七八糟的东东谁能看懂？这儿就有一问题：俩同行A 和B，其研究经费来源可能是相同的。

如果 A 评审 B 的文章，正好儿可以玩儿点儿猫儿腻，打击一下儿B,把B的文章说的一钱不值，让他发表不了。

这样的情况不能说绝对没有，但是我感觉这种情况还是比较少见的。

看到的更多的是，有些人由于对某些问题的见解不同而每每争吵，久而生恨，以至于到了“凡是敌人反对的我们就要拥护，凡是敌人拥护的我们就要反对”的地步（都自我感觉良好，who怕 whom啊？）。

美国文学课程 学期论文

论文题目：（中文） 从写作技巧分析《厄舍府的倒

塌》

（英文）A simple analysis of The Fall of the House of Usher from Writing Techniques

学 生 姓 名 冶延菊 学 生 学 号 201107050201411 学 生 班 级 2011--2班 学 科 专 业 英语 学 年 学 期 2013--2014学年第二学期 指 导 教 师 杨华 所 在 学 院 语言文化学院

2014年7月1日 2

摘 要 作为爱伦坡恐怖小说代表作之一，《厄舍府的倒塌》不仅成功地塑造了典型的“不正常的”人物角色，而且在文章的框架结构、情节安排上有很多巧妙的设计。文章中有许多对外界环境以及人物心理的细节描写，作者以娴熟的写作技巧将它们融合，并生动地创造了一个充满恐惧的氛围。读者明知恐怖氛围是“被安排”好的，且其目的性显而易见，但是读者还是被恐惧紧紧包围，这就是爱伦坡所强调的“预期效果”。

关键词：写作技巧 ；恐怖氛围 ；预期效果

Abstract As one of the masterpieces of Edgar Allan Poe’s horror fictions, The Fall of the House of Usher in which the author not only successfully creates some typical characters who are usually “abnormal”, but also builds the whole essay through a clever design,especially in frame structure and organization of plots. Based on the skilled writing techniques, the writer make a horrific atmosphere vividly by lots of detail description about the outside environment and characters’ psychology. Although it appears that this atmosphere is managed from “deliberate policy”, the readers are still wrapped by a great fear, which is emphasized by Poe---”the expected effect”.

The Symbolism in the Scarlet Letter任彬英语二班03100221 Scarlet Letter is a very influential novel in American history, even in the whole world. I have read this novel in different life periods, and each time I can get different feelings and inspirations. Since it was published in 1850s, numerous writers and critics have ever commented on this masterpiece and get penetrating ideas. Therefore I’d like to view this novel in my own perspective. I will analysis the use of symbolism and its unique effects of the Scarlet Letter in my paper.1. The brief introduction of author and plotAt first, we can’t ignore the great author, Nathaniel Hawthorne. He is an American novelist and short story writer. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral aspects with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic Movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity.From the writing style of Hawthorne we can find that the Scarlet Letter can be said his masterpiece. The story happened in 17th-century in Boston, Massachusetts. Hester Prynne, our leading role who conceives a daughter through an adulterous affair. At that time it was a great sin and couldn’t be accepted by Puritan residents. So she was forced to wear a scarlet “A” on her bosom as a sign of shame. She and her daught er’s father Dimmesdale was revenged by Hester’s long-lost husband. But at last Hester use her kind heart and enthusiasm save the struggling soul of her lover and win a new life of repentance and dignity.2. The use of symbolism and its effects2.1The Scarlet LetterThe most obvious symbol in this novel must be the Scarlet Letter. And it’s also the most complex symbol. At first it means adultery. Then it means able. Its meaning then becomes indefinite. It is eventually looked on as a symbol of strength. The townspeople regard it as an object of scorn. Hester regards it as a constantreminder of her sin. Outsiders see it as a novelty and some Native Americans presume it's a distinguishing mark for someone of status. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live.The letter "A", worn on Hester's bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chillingworth. This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. At this time, Hester shows great courage. Many people in her position will have fled Boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. Hester chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity.But later, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning into being able, angel and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. Hester is a strong admirable woman who goes through more emotional torture that most people go through in a lifetime. The change of the meaning “A” can let us clearly know the ridiculous and cruel side of some aspects in Puritan culture. The society is changing and the social norms against humanity will finally be obsolete by era.2.2PearlOne of the outstanding characteristics of Hawthorne’s novel is that the characters’ names all have their specific meanings. But the name of Hester’s daughter, Pearl, leave me great impression. Pearl is one of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book. Pearl serves as moral in this novel. The moral she is meant to teach is that Hester and Dimmesdale should fully commits their sin and then take responsibility for their sin. She is really a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she has done wrong. At last, Pearl's role as the living scarlet letter is over, and Dimmesdale, who finally takes responsibility for his sin, has also learned the moral, which she is meant to teach.2.3The objectsIn The Scarlet Letter, most of the objects that are described have many symbolic meanings. The most usual symbols appeared in the novel maybe the contrastbetween light and darkness. They represent the most common battle of all time, good versus evil. There are some dark scenes, such as the dark forest and gloomy weather represent the sin and characters’ fear, while the light things may represent hope, love and redemption.Another important symbol is the prison which Hester had ever stayed. The prison represents several different symbols. It is a symbol for the Puritanical severity of law. The description of the prison indicates that it is old, rusted, yet strong with an "iron-clamped oaken door." This represents the rigorous enforcement of laws and the inability to break free of them. Hester is the person who has the courage to break them. She had succeeded even though bear great pain.Rose bush is also a significant symbol in this work. The rose bush is a symbol of passion. As will later become obvious, Hester Prynne's sin is one of passion. It is only in the forest wilderness where the Puritans' laws fail to have any force. We have discussed that Pearl brought redemption for Hester and Dimmesdale. Pearl is thus comparable to the blossoms on the rosebush. The rose may serve as a "moral blossom" in the story is therefore actually saying that Hester's child will serve to provide the moral of the story.2.4What the symbols bring to this novelSymbolism is a traditional artistic form; it also is a major feature of Romanticism. As a famous writer of romanticism, Hawthorne is skillful at the using of symbolism in his works. Over the centuries, numerous people have astonished and confused at the use of symbols in Hawthorne. Different people may have different ideas about the same symbol. As they explore the deep meaning of these symbols, they will get a better knowledge of the themes that author wanted to express. They will know more about the background of that era. Therefore we can say the various usage of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter makes the novel a work of the world.3. ConclusionThe use of symbolism plays an important role in the Scarlet Letter, which makes it a world famous masterpiece and has attracted hundreds of thousands readers over the centuries. Symbolism brings us plenty of imagines; at the same time makesus connect the fable story with reality, and attach realistic meaning to this novel. Hawthorne’s use of symbolism in Scarlet Letter is worthwhile being learned by all the people.。

美国文学史--语言文化论文文学史是人类文化成果之一的文学的历史。

它是研究文学的历史现象及其发展规律的科学。

根据不同国别、地域、民族及不同时期、不同体裁等分类标准，可分为国别史(如中国文学史)、世界或地区史(如世界文学史、欧洲文学史)、通史或断代史(中国现代文学史)、民族史(如蒙古族文学史)、分体史(如中国戏曲史)等。

下面是店铺为大家精心准备的语言文化论文：美国文学史。

仅供大家参考!美国文学史全文如下：Abstract:America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to developed. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began.My piece of paper is written in chronological order as these periods developed in order to have a clear outline of its progress.Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature摘要：从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。

英美文学类论文范文英美文学是英国人民和美国人民长期以来创造性地使用英语语言的产物,是对时代生活的审美表现。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英美文学类论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英美文学类论文范文篇1从英美经典电影分析英美文学女性形象[摘要]很多英美经典电影，都是以英美文学为蓝本进行改编的。

将文字转换为银幕上的画面，这样的变化，更有利于观众对原作中角色的定位。

女性角色，是文学作品中不可或缺的元素，是文学话题制造的永恒话题。

在诸多英美文学作品中，女性角色随着时代的变迁、社会背景的变化，也变换着不同的色彩。

本文以一些经典的英美电影，对比那些英美文学作品中的女性形象进行了分析，包括对爱情的执著、自我价值的追求、悲剧色彩和独立自主的方面。

[关键词]英美电影;英美文学;女性形象一、引言女性角色，是文学作品中不可或缺的元素，是文学话题制造的永恒话题。

在诸多英美文学作品中，女性角色随着时代的变迁、社会背景的变化，也变换着不同的色彩。

从莎士比亚时期开始，直到19世纪末20世纪初，以英国、法国、美国等作家的文学作品为例，英美文学作品中的女性角色，开始展现出不一样的活跃程度，特别是随着电影产业的兴起，将文学作品改编为电影，更加有利于对原作中女性形象的深刻展示。

在这一点上，以好莱坞电影为代表的英美电影，以更加丰富的形式，诠释了电影视角下的女性角色新特点，其中对于女性主义的形象表现极为突出。

二、女性对于爱情的执著爱情，是英美文学作品中一直延续的格调。

无论是辉煌的史诗巨制，还是社会小人物的刻画写实，其中都有着爱情的主题。

在爱情面前，电影，或者说原作中的这些女性角色们，敢于为了爱情反抗传统，反抗那些看似坚不可摧的世俗。

改编自美国作家罗伯特的小说《廊桥遗梦》的电影中，弗朗西斯卡与罗伯特之间的爱情，突破了家庭与婚姻的禁制，两人的爱情在当时是一种被唾弃的行为，是对婚姻的背叛，对伦理道德的挑战。

在电影中，弗朗西斯卡在意大利长大，嫁人后随丈夫来到了美国。

Catcher in the Rye: the Naivety of ChildhoodSummary: Discusses J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye." Describes main character Holden Caulfield's fixation on childhood. Details how he struggles through teenage life because he cannot accept the responsibilities that come with growing up.In the novel, "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D Salinger, the main character, Holden, is a teenager who refuses to grow up because he is naively fixated on childhood. Throughout the novel, Holden struggles through teenage life because he cannot accept the given responsibilities that come with growing up. Holden is obsessed with childhood because he chooses to be wedged between a world of the innocence of children and the complex world of adulthood. Holden deities his two younger siblings as if they're candidates for sainthood because of his fixation.Holden is a teenager who refuses to grow up because he is afraid of gaining the responsibilities that come with it. So, Holden struggles hard to stay childish. For example, throughout the book, he does not want to take responsibility to communicate with others that may want to help him. He refuses to go home and confront his parents and face the consequences. Along with this, he also pulls the childish silent treatment toward his parents; because that's the only knife he has to hurt them: ."..she wouldn't've been the ones that answered the phone. My parents would be the ones. So that was out." (pg. 59) He is afraid to talk to people close to him because they'll be critical to him. This would also explain his lack of interaction with Jane Gallagher: ."..I kept standing there, of giving old Jane a buzz- I mean calling her long distance at B.M... The only reason I didn't call him was because I wasn't in the mood." (pg. 63) Since he is afraid of interaction with people close to him, he tries to get strangers to talk to, so the conservations he has with them won't go too into depth. He does not want to face the world of reality. For example, in chapter nine, Holden asks his cab driver, who is a complete stranger to him, for a cocktail once he's done driving Holden to the Edmont Hotel: "Would you care to stop on the way and join me for a cocktail"" (pg. 60) Therefore, Holden will try to get some random stranger for a beer, as they won't criticize him.Among other responsibilities, Holden tries to set rules up for himself like an adult, but ends up breaking them right away: "Last year I made a rule that I was going to quit horsing around with girls that, deep down, gave me a pain in the ass. I broke it though, the same week I made it- the same night, as a matter of fact." (pg. 63) Holden cannot maintain his rules, and ends up acting like a child, who needs someone else to set the rules up for him.However, Holden does show some transition toward adulthood. For example, he has a sexual temptation toward things he also considers perverted. When he stays at Edmont, he admits: "It's really too bad that so much crumby stuff is a lot of fun sometimes." (pg. 12) In some aspects, he does show that he is growing up into an adult, even if he doesn't want to. Holden's strong focus of the ducks in the lagoon is also symbolic to his life. He is constantly concerned about where the ducks will go when the lake freezes: "I was wondering where the ducks went when the lagoon got all icy and frozen over. I wondered if some guy came in a truck and took them away to a zoo or something. Or if they just flew away." (pg. 13) Just like the ducks, Holden is wondering where he's going to go in life. He wonders if someone will guide him to the right direction, or if he'll guide himself through it by instinct. In addition, the lake itself is also somewhat symbolic toHolden's life. When Holden visits Central Park to see if there were any ducks still around, he mentions: "Then, I finally found it. What it was, it was partly frozen and partly not frozen." The lake is transitioning into two different states, frozen and not frozen, while Holden is transitioning between childhood and adulthood. Since Holden chooses to be frozen between the transitions, Holden hates change. When Holden goes to visit the Museum of Natural History, he states that he likes the museum because it will always be the same each time he visits:"The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody'd move. You could go there a hundred thousand times, and that Eskimo would still be just finished catching those two fish, the birds would still be on their way south, the deer would still be drinking out of that water hole, with their pretty antlers and their pretty, skinny legs, and that squaw with the naked bosom would still be weaving that same blanket." (pg. 121)Therefore, Holden would love to live in a world where everything stays frozen, where nothing changes. This way, Holden can never grow up to be an adult.Holden is a growing teenager who chooses to be frozen between a world of the innocence of children and complex world of adulthood. He is wedged between these two worlds because he possesses a fixation with childhood. Throughout the novel, Holden sounds like he is some grumpy old man who's angry about everything in the world as he narrates his story. However, when Holden constantly shows his curiosity for the ducks in the lagoon at Central Park, we see his genuine, more youthful side: .".. I was thinking about the lagoon in Central Park, down near Central Park South. I was wondering if it would be frozen over when I got home, and if it was, where did the ducks go." (pg. 13) This shows that Holden does have thoughts and concerns that others would consider being childish. At the moment, he is fastened between the world of innocence and the adult world.Holden finds the adult world very repulsive. In chapter ten, when he is in the lavender room of Edmont, he makes several comments that support this. For example, he finds the band, which consists of adults, as putrid: "The band was putrid." (pg. 69) Among this, he also states that the older guys in the lavender room were old and show-offy: "They were mostly old and show-offy looking guys" (pg. 69) He looks around the room, and sees these adults around home, and all he could state, is negativity toward them.Since Holden has a strong attraction to the innocence of childhood, Holden struggles to stay as a kid, and ends up doing childish things. For example, in chapter ten, in the lavender room, he looks like a kid trying to act grown up when he tries to impress the three thirty year old at the table: "I started giving the three witches at the next table the eye again. That is, the blond one... I just gave all three of them this very cool glance and all." (pg. 70) To try and impress the ladies, he tries to create a cool façade of himself by trying to act older. However, even if Holden thinks he knows what's going on around him, he ends up knowing nothing, which shows innocence in his character. Throughout his time in the lavender room with the three girls, he says the trio is of lower intelligence than him: "You could hardly tell which one is the stupidest of them." (pg. 73) However, at the end of the chapter, they leave him to pay for their drinks, which actually is prettywitty: "I think they should've at least offered to pay their drinks they had before I joined them..." (pg. 75) So, in the end, due to his innocence, Holden is left as the dumb one, with a bill to pay.Holden wants to be the "catcher in the rye." In chapter twenty-two, Phoebe asks Holden what he's going to do in his life. Holden then states:"Anyways, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around- nobody big, I mean- except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff- I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I'd do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be. I know it's crazy." (pg. 173)Metaphorically, Holden wants to be the person to save the children before they fall out of their innocent knowledge into the repulsive world of adults.Throughout the book, Holden constantly praises his two siblings, Allie and Phoebe, as if they were candidates for sainthood. This is a very big example of Holden's attraction for childhood. In chapter 5, Holden is writing a composition for Stradlater, and states many wondrous things about Allie: "He was two years younger than I was, but he was about fifty times as intelligent. He never got mad at anybody." (pg. 38) Holden exaggerates that Allie is fifty more times as Holden is, but, how smart can one kid really be? Also, he says that he never got mad at anyone, but, every kid has been mad at least once to their friends and family, unless they're not human. When Holden was up in his hotel room, she explains for the first time in the book, what Phoebe is like: "You should see her. You never saw a little kid so pretty and smart in your life. She's really smart." (pg. 67) Similar to Allie's description, Holden deities his sister as if she's a child prodigy. Seven if she was smart for her age, it really doesn't say much. Again, how smart can a ten year old really be? Holden overrates his two siblings considerably, which is because of his fixation of childhood.However, Phoebe is the only person alive that he seems to actually love throughout the novel. Phoebe is the family connection to Holden, and becomes the catalyst for Holden's metamorphosis to adulthood. She is the only one throughout the book that is actually critical toward Holden and tries to push him to do better by agitating him: "You don't like any schools. You don't like a million things." (pg. 169) When Holden hears this, he becomes very upset: "'I do! That's where you're wrong-that's exactly where you're wrong! Why the hell do you have to say that"' I said. Boy, was she depressing me." When Holden's only connection of comfort is lost, he becomes knocked back into reality, and ends up saying that he's going to apply himself better at the end of the novel:."..this one psychoanalyst guy they have here, keeps asking me if I'm going to apply myself with I go back to school next September. It's such a stupid question, in my opinion. I mean how do you know what you're going to do till you do it? The answer is you don't. I think I am, but how do I know"" (pg. 213)Holden cannot accept the responsibilities and consequences that come with growing up, so toavoid the painfulness of maturing, Holden struggles to remain childish. He finds the adult world perverted and repulsive, but does not realize that he is slowly growing into the world. Due to his struggle to remain immature to society, he is fixated on the incorruption that children possess. He wants to be the 'catcher in the rye', which is a person who will catch kids that unintentionally run off a cliff covered in rye. Metaphorically, he wants to save the kids before they fall into the corruption that the adult world will entrap them in. Since Holden has a strong attraction to the innocence of childhood, he then worships his two younger siblings as if they were mini gods. When he finally gets to talk to the only close person he has, he is rudely awakened back into reality, by his kid sister, and is pushed to succeed.Work Cited:Salinger, J.D. "Catcher in the Rye"。

美国文学课程学期论文论文题目：（中文）从写作技巧分析《厄舍府的倒塌》（英文）A simple analysis of TheFall of the House of Usherfrom Writing Techniques学生姓名冶延菊学生学号201107050201411学生班级2011--2班学科专业英语学年学期2013--2014学年第二学期指导教师杨华所在学院语言文化学院2014年7月1日摘要作为爱伦坡恐怖小说代表作之一，《厄舍府的倒塌》不仅成功地塑造了典型的“不正常的”人物角色，而且在文章的框架结构、情节安排上有很多巧妙的设计。

文章中有许多对外界环境以及人物心理的细节描写，作者以娴熟的写作技巧将它们融合，并生动地创造了一个充满恐惧的氛围。

读者明知恐怖氛围是“被安排”好的，且其目的性显而易见，但是读者还是被恐惧紧紧包围，这就是爱伦坡所强调的“预期效果”。

关键词：写作技巧；恐怖氛围；预期效果AbstractAs one of the masterpieces of Edgar Allan Poe’s horror fictions, The Fall of the House of Usher in which the author not only successfully creates some typical characters who are usually “abnormal”, but also builds the whole essay through a clever design,especially in frame structure and organization of plots. Based on the skilled writing techniques, the writer make a horrific atmosphere vividly by lots of detail description about the outside environment and characters’psychology. Although it appears that this atmosphere is managed from “deliberate policy”, the readers are still wrapped by a great fear, which is emphasized by Poe---”the expected effect”.Key words:writing technique; horrific atmosphere; “the expected effect”A simple analysis of The Fall of the House of Usher fromWriting TechniquesWe all know, The Fall of the House of Usher is one of the most successful works of Edgar Allan Poe is considered the father of the modern short story. As to this writing, which is also an example of psychoanalytic criticism. And there are something meaningful and interesting worthing our efforts to study and appreciate, so I want to share some my own analysis about this great work with you.First of all, a great peculiarity of the writing is based on a clever structure design. On the one hand, the author does his utmost to create an impressive outside world (or we call it natural environment). And the author not only takes advantage of adjectives and adverbs in order to build a mysterious and scary atmosphere, but also relies on repetition of these key words. For instance, “During the whole of a dull, dark ,and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low the heavens,... within view of the melancholy House of Usher. ”At the beginning of the story, Poe is eager to create a depressive scene for us, and like these adjectives “dull”“dark”“soundless” whose appearance has decided the keynote of the whole article. When you read the first sentence, you can be grasped by the potential scare instantly as if you tended to be out of breath. And with the constant duplication of those main words, the environment is depicted more and more specific, vivid and appealing. All of these preparations provide a perfect setting for the characters’ activities.On the other hand, at the same time, the writer also creates an inner world of the leading character----” I”. When it comes to the inward world, there are also a lot of significant words are used, such as adjectives, nouns, verbs, adverbs, and so on. Especially, the writer is apt to use adjectives and adverbs to describe the subtle changes of the character’s mood, feeling and expression. For example, the writing is started with “...but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit.”“...with an utter depression of soul which I can...”“...above all things startled and even awed me”, and the last reaction of the character is , “From that chamber, and from that mansion, I fled aghast”(Allan Poe, 2005). Throughout the entire story,actually, the reactions of the inner world are always changing with the variation of the outward world. What’s more, with the rapid changes of the outside environment, the changes of the inner world become more and more fierce and shaper, of course, catching our more eyes.Secondly,Allan Poe achieves his purpose of creating fear with the help of muti-pronged approach that is an effective writing technique to get an “the expected effect”. Because Allan Poe proposes that “It is only with the denouement constantly in view that we can give a plot its indispensable air of consequence or causation, by making the incidents, and especially the tone at all points, tend to the development of the intention”(2013: P17), there is nearly no redundant words in his work. In order to quickly bring about a terrific air for readers, the author depicts the environment through visual sense. For instance, in paragraph five, “The discoloration of ages had been great. Minute fungi overspread ... web-work from the eaves”, “No portion of the masonry had fallen... the individual stones”(Allan Poe, 2005). All those descriptions of objects provides the receivers with a visual impact through which can make an impressive picture.paragraph twenty-five to the last paragraph, there are several obvious sounds, like “rustled uneasily”“a light step”“the ordinary commingled noises”“a low and apparently distant, but harsh,protracted, and most unusual screaming or grating sound”, and so on, which is mentioned frequently and always designed in a very silent setting. They are so intensive and vivid that the readers have no time to put together their imagination when they are involved in reading, so the writer tries his best to simplify the process of shaping a “expected effect” air, and he shows every details frequently and even deliberately. However, it is not attractive for Poe to build a perfect atmosphere just through the combination of vision and hearing ,as a result. He also adds the psychological description of the characters. At the beginning of the article, “I know not how it was---but , with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit”, and there follows another strange feeling, “It was the manner in which all this,...and I accordingly obeyed forth with what I still considered a very singular summons”(Allan Poe, 2005). With the time passing by, the fierce degree of the characters’inner motion becomes fiercer and fiercer. What’more, the changes of the characters’psychology tends to be more apparent and intensive,which brings the readers a strong feeling of fear. Even though the readers know that all of those plots are organized on purpose, they still can’t get rid of the great fear when they indulge into the wonderful and constant structure design. That is the reason why Poe’s essays are popular in spite of over a century.From what I have discussed, we can know that Allan Poe can not only create plenty of excellent details and plots, but also can make full use of his deliberate arrangement to his readers’ attention, and give them a feeling of “personally on the scene” . So, when you are caught by the fear, Poe’s “expected effect” has been achieved.References1.Allan Poe,Edgar The Fall of the House of Usher, Beijing: China people's Liberation Army Publishing House, 20052. 陶洁编著，《美国文学选读》（第三版），高等教育出版社，2011.63./p-454954734.html, 20124. /article/164bc968-bcfc-4db7-929d-08c922be3db0.htm, 2011。

2012-2013学年第2学期英美文学学期论文题目：《老人与海》中海明威英雄主义研究Title:Hemingway’s Heroism Reflectedin The Old Man and the Sea班级英语1001学号2010110071姓名XXXXXX大学外国语学院二Ｏ一三年七月Hemingway’s Hero ism Reflectedin The Old Man and the SeaAbstract: Heroism is one of the themes that arouse interest among its readers. In American literary history, Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea has always been studied on its prominent heroism. There exist diversity views towards the protagonist Santiago who has always been praised by heroic spirit, grace under pressure. Another view holds that Santiago is totally a tragedy since he is trapped both physically and mentally. Thus, my term paper aims at explori ng the connotation of Hemingway’s heroism from perspectives of characters and settings. Further more the paper intends to have its understanding of Hemingway’s hero as well as his philosophy of life through the novel. Enlightenment will be achieved to guide our thoughts.Key words:Hemingway; heroic spirit; grace under pressure;《老人与海》中海明威英雄主义研究摘要：英雄主义是引人关注的主题之一。