英语学术论文常用句型-模板

英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex补充It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）It is obvious that + 句子（明显的）It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）It pays to...（...是值得的）Spare no effort to...（不遗余力的）bring home to...（让...明白...事）be closely related to..（与...息息相关）Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）Pose a great threat to...（对...造成一大威胁）do one’s utmost to...（尽全力去...）Conclusion1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up ﹙突然发生；突然出现﹚.8) Taking all these into account, we ...9) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...。

学术英语常见句式学术英语常见句式引导语：学生英语通常与某些理论相关，如论文，在大学生，教授，专家的生活中较多出现，多是与科学，工程，技术方面相关的英语。

是十分专业的一个领域，他也有自己自成的一套体系。

以下是YJBYS的店铺为大家整理的`学术英语常见句式。

希望对大家有所帮助!非限制性定语从句如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。

1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality,whichis of vital importance to their developmentin the future. 毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。

2、Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful.孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。

3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。

如果论文作者能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。

1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。

英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1)no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2)at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3)for a given exposure time(4)…increased with age.(5)for different time span.(6)After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7)…throughout the entire test period.(8)It will decrease as time passes.(9)in a time interval t0≤t≤t0+T(10)in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1)An increase in the FA content decreased the…(2)…decrease with increase in…(3)…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.(4)As …is lowered.(5)augment(6)The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be relatedto …(7)…develop at an increasing rate with time(8)the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9)…decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 ℃.(10)…increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11)…increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12)ramp up(13)attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14)decay(15)the …is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16)with a rise in…(17)A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1)probably due to…(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is(3)This might be attributed to…(4)…depends on the two main mechanisms(5)…is a common cause of(6)…is the essential parameter governing the…(7)…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacialmaterial toughening mechanism.(8)the cause of this resides in …(9)Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to theamount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10)owing to…(11)deterministic(12)thanks to…(13)depends upon(14)…is governed by…4. 表示展示(1)exhibit(2)illustrate(3)present(4)reflect(5)depict(6)…is plot in…(7)describe(8)highlight(9)showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1)high volume fly ash(2)contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitiousmaterials)(3)for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4)…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5)as partial cement replacement materials(6)with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7)the dosage of fly ash(8)with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1)mechanical property(2)transport property(3)workability(4)flexibility(5)sustainability(6)serviceability7. 表示测试(1)examine8. 表示超过(1)exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1)As seen from Table 2,(2)The result of…are presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4)…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5)Sketch of the experimental setup(6)△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9(7)Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8)Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10)the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11)(as indicated in Table 2)(12)Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13)Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for theregression of a straight line.(14)Inspection schemes(15)top view/front view(16)Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17)upper left image/lower right image(18)can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19)the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20)the photograph of the…(21)surface temperature 3-D profile of the…(22)3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23)A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24)contour plot for…(25)It can be easily observed that(26)the photograph of the experimental set up…(27)Fig. 1a and 2(28)Remark: this figure was modified according to [1] and [3](29)The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30)These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31)distinguish the unique signatures(32)The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于…而言, 关于(1)As for(2)In the case of…(3)in respect to/with respect to…(4)Concerning the mechanical behaviour, …(5)In relation to…11. 表示比较，对比(1)The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FAreplacement.(2)As compared to…(3)A…is higher than when it substitutes…(4)in contrast to…(5)Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intactspecimens.(6)…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7)The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dryspecimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…(9)Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cementthan in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10)…when compared with…(11). …is many times less intense than…(12)… is comparable to or greater than…12. 表示效果更明显(1)The effect was more pronounced with increased…(2)dominant(3)have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密(1)matrix densification(2)pore structure densification(3)the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4)looser microstructure14. 影响(1)Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…(2)…seemed to be insensitive to…(3)become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4)The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5)Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6), with potential implications on…(7)…has been shown to have appreciable affect on…(8)how…affects the…(9)…to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1)Consequently,(2)As a result,(3)For this reason(4)Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1)quantify(2)evaluate(3)assess(4)interpret(5)elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1)…were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4)It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2deteriorated in a similar pattern to thoseexposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5)The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimendescribed in section 2.2.(6)…is proposed as an approximation to the…(7)in analogy to…(8)The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9)…was highly inconsistent with…(10)Analogous to the…,(11)showed good agreement with the findings of(12)This is a strong simplification of…(13)by analogy with the treatment given in…(14)In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.318. 某种程度，数量(1)the extent of the reduction(2)when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3)…cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4)undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1)water to binder ratios (W/B)(2)weight to strength ratio(3)The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4)the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6)the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1)high resistance to(2)resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1)in Eq.(1).(2)Eqs.(2)-(7):(3)the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4)By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain…(5)Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6)ds can be approximated as…(7)expanding Eq.(1) yields(8)Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cos(A+B)+cos⁡(A−B)2(9)Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10)Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and …(11)Eq.(6) turns out to be…(12)the width of…is given by…(13)Eq.(12) can be simplified to be…(14)mark;(15)Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of…(16)A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1)this was also confirmed by several studies […](2)This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3)…, which has been quantified in […].(4)Similar results were reported by other researchers […](5)This is consistent with other reports.(6)Based on the previous studies[…](7)in the open literature/in previous publications(8)Numerous surveys have indicated that(9)In the study of research(10)from the review of the literature(11)…have been quoted in lit erature.(12)In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…(13)Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning thedurability of(14)concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.(15)We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to[7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16)In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].(17)Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3](18)A more detailed review is available from our previous publication [4].(19)Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method ofObtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20)An overview of publications on the use of…is given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou [1].(21)This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves,as summarized in [1].(22), as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team [2](23)Previous studies have addressed this issue [1-4], most of which attempt to…(24)Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references [](25)It was Irwin [1-4] who introduce the concept of…(26)most of the published work in this regard concentrated on…(27)this paper can be regarded as an extension of the author's other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1)Another explanation for…lies in…(2)there are certain limitations(3)they suffer from serious limitations of(4)When applied to…, limitations include the need to…(5)The rapid introduction of new materials…creates challenges of…One of the most critical points is the…(6)Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance modeaffect a cantilever’s mass detection sensitivity.(7)…pose challenging problems of …(8)…is not constrained by…(9)The main obstacle in development of…is…(10)its major drawback(11)Such solution may be problematic(12)A drawback to… is that…24. 表示变化,转变(1)modifications and variations(2)an altered matrix microstructure(3)transformations(4)the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to…25. 根据…(1)based on the procedure outlined in […](2)procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3)Tests have been performed on the material s constituents following relevant test standards[…](4)…are based on the fundamental principle that…(5)on the basis of…(6)obey(7)…is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1)…might have lead to different observations(2)…demonstrate a significant deviation from…(3)…deviate significantly from…27. 研究意义,重要的(1)The understanding of… is a crucial step.(2)The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-sitehealth monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3)…have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4)it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance andto elongate its lifetime.(5)NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions fordifferent inspection purposes.(6)…imperative(7)show great potential to do…(8)… is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists.(9)further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates… are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1)…is closely related to…(2)... is closely linked to…(3)…is connected to…(4)The correlation between…and…(5)…is correlated to…(6)…is intrinsically dependent on …(7)…is associated with…29. 研究领域的缺乏(1)efforts in the direction of…are very limited.(2)Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…(3)there is no common understanding about the effect of…(4)Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.(5)Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to thedesigner.(6)Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…(7)Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructivebond quality monitoring are still open.(8)However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that areinherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …(9)actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10)No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11)Moreover, no information regarding the use of… in… was provided.(12)but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating…30. 侵入，渗入(1)penetration(2)carbonation propagation(3)chloride diffusing/contamination(4)moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1)As aforementioned,(2)As already specified (stated),(3)as stated above/earlier(4)As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1)establish(2)construct33. 与…结合(1)in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable oflocating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3)non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4)…by the integration of … and…34. 破坏(1)environmental induced defects(2)matrix cracking(3)surface buckling(4)delamination/debonding(5)fibre shear-out(6)fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7)the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8)laminate separation(9)fiber pullout(10)concrete crumbling(11)disbonds(12)catastrophic failure(13)damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14)imperfections(15)the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16)concrete anomalies(17)wrinkle(18)air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1)It is anticipated that…/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that…(2)There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacityconfers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.(3)This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4)An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress andbackstrokes.(5)more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6)…will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7)…become increasingly urgent due to…36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1)…is further dis cussed in the following section.(2)…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3)The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4)…for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1)…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures,providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38．优点(1)It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2)the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1)Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2)The model also proved applicable for…(3)has emerged as a popular method for…40. 补充，辅助(1)AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement othermethods in the investigation of damage progression.(2)…are generated as an equivalent substitute for…(3)…which supply a good basis for further research and application(4)…were implemented as a base for…41. 转折,尽管如此(1)Albeit interesting trends were revealed, developed procedures relied on limited experimental data sets.(2)Notwithstanding…(3)in spite of…42．增强，提高(1)betterment(2)to advance the…(3)upgrade(4)43. 获得(1)capture44. 已知,提及(1)noting that(2)recall that(3)given that(4)providing that(5)It is worth noting that(6)It is also noteworthy that…(7)It is worth to point out that…(8)…needed to be pin-pointed45. 不变的，稳定的(1)invariant(2)stay somewhat constant46. 结果显示(1)In the case of the experimental results considered in this paper47．目前，直到今天(1)to date48.误差(1)It is observed that the experimental and theoretical values agree within an acceptable range of l-2 C.49. 单位(1) 1.5 kW per square metre per hour(2)decibel (dB)50. 发生, 开端, 分界线(1)…could occur(2)the precursor of structural failures(3)Two threshold distances are introduced to define the borders of these two regions; namely, near-field distanceand far-field distance51. 解决(1)…remedy the problem(2) a possible solution to combat reinforcement corrosion(3)appears to be an excellent solution52. 方向(1)in the direction perpendicular to…(2)move in the vertical direction along the axis of the spring…(3)in opposition to…53. 说明，暗示, 证明(1)This implies that…(2)elucidate(3)these finds provide evidence demonstrating that…54. 同时，也，反过来说(1)likewise(2)convert electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa55. 不同的(1) …doesn’t deviate from…(2) a measurement was made varying the SPL from approximately 60 dB to 90 dB as shown in…56. 可行的，经得住考验的, 易处理的,理想的(1)be amenable to…(2)tractable(3)…making it an ideal method for…(4)…pave the way for…(5)appropriate57. 注意，关注(1)…has begun to attract attention.(2)particular interest was paid to…(3)the emphasis has now shifted from…to…(4)draw focus on…(5)This is of special interest because(6)many issues and concerns have been raised(7)there are heightened concerns related to…58. 进展(1)advancement59. 敏感性(1)show greater sensitivity(2)appear more sensitive to cracking(3)highly sensitive to change in w/c60. 产品介绍(1)(Olympus NDT Inc., Waltham, MA, USA)(2)(Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA)(3)The data were then imported into Matlab software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, version 7.1) forpost processing and data analysis.(4) A Thermo Tracer NEC TH9260 thermal camera with the ability to detect 0.06℃temperature differences wasused to capture the thermal images.(5)It is designed on the base of a classic acoustic stethoscope, Exacta, produced by Yavit Company61. 数据，图像处理(1) linear regression models with the least square method was used to fit the data and determine the modelcoefficients62．内部的(1) internal63. 从…观点，从…角度(1) from a theoretical viewpoint64. 巨大的，明显的(1) vastly65. 必须，必要(1) …is a must(2) in urgent need of…66. 组成，成分(1) used as constituents of concrete67. 黏附，贴(1) couple66. 测试对象(1) object being tested(2) subject(3) target structure(4) damaged surface67. 范围(1) …extend roughly from 3 to 300 GHz with corresponding wavelength ranging from 100 down to 1 mm(2) over the range 10 MHz to 1 GHz68. 目的(1) for… purpose(2) achieve the same reinforcement objectivity(3) this paper attempts to…(4) test for…are required both for reasons of product aesthetics and for characterizing…69. 可靠的，有效的(1) effectiveness(2) reliability(3) robustness70. 研究方法(1) conducted by experiments supported by theoretical analysis71. 源自，来源(1) emanate from(2) derived from72. 提前(1) in advance of…65. 其他(1)…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates(2)…due to both the fulfillment of…(3)systematic laboratory testing(4)It is always the case that…(5)service life design(6)having a Young’s modulus of E =70.758 ×109 N m−2 and a density of ρ= 2711 kg m−3.(7)they reported electricity savings of 0.5 kWh/day (or 33Wh/m2/day) by increasing roof reflectivity from 26% to72%, which translates into annual energy savings of about 125 kWh.(8)Experiments were performed on the scaled down units of 1 m3 volume.(9)This gave us confidence in applying the mathematical model and the developed computer programme tosimulate the performance of heavy normal sized structures.(10)This is in contrast to the earlier belie f that…(11)major assumptions are applied in terms of…(12)transfer the problem into mathematical description(13)extensive research effort has been devoted to this…(14)emphasis is placed on…(15)to localize defects(16)surface smoothness(17)to expedite the analysis(18)in common parlance(19)Results of an experimental campaign(20)be liable to…(21)several orders of magnitude more than…(22)in this study, a similar approach was followed(23)mimick(24)complementary approach(25)be proportional to…(26)rectify(27)it is characterized by(28)optimum(29)adaptation(30)mineralized(31)to the best of our knowledge(32)Very often one is making use of the(33)simple supported boundary condition(34)typically(35)assuming d=50-100 mm(36)semi-infinite(37)inversely proportional to…(38)to confirm the findings of another(39)high degree of precision(40)…is specially suited for…(41)by and large(42)lump… and …into…(43)pathologies(44)not necessarily(45)A is related to B by a vector displacement r(46)by convention(47)a summary of the basic theory of…(48)in vacuo在真空(49)escalating deployment(50)counter-measures 反制措施(51)design philosophy(52)prefabricated laminates(53)start in earnest(54)with overall cost savings(55)preclude(56)be quantified by…(57)physical significance(58)versatile(59)irrespective of学科术语1.阻抗谱(1)impedance response(2)EIS spetra(3)electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)(4)R ct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.2.孔特征(1)pore structure distribution(2)total porosity(3)pore structure(4)pore network(5)pore walls(6)tortuous pathways3.掺合料(1)fly ash(2)slag(3)silica fume(4)supplementary cementing materials(5)mineral additives(6)low-and high-calcium fly ash4.测试方法(1)SEM：Scanning electron micrograph(2)pigmentation(3)X-ray diffraction analysis(4)microscopy observation\(5)ultrasonic speed measurement(6)acoustic emission technique(7)accelerated ageing test(8)infrared thermography(9)ground penetrating radar(10)ultrasonic pulse-velocity(11)impact-echo method5.土建工程(1)civil infrastructures(2)wide use in Civil Engineering(3)historical heritage(4)masonry structures(5)concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks6.测试仪器(1)vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table(2)testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.(3)the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter(4)piezoelectric transducer with a bandwidth of 200 MHz7.测试试剂(1)coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface8.操作工艺(1)The molds were stripped after 24 hours(2)Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.(3)Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard.(4)reference specimens(5)Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm(6)One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.(7)the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area ofthe CFRP sheets.(8)Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHzwere mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.(9)Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like(7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).(10)…is designed and manufactured in the laboratory(11)The measurement were conducted in stepped-frequency mode by sweeping from a starting frequency to anend frequency in an increment of 0.02 GHz at a fixed angle.(12)The specimens were prepared in steel moulds that were removed after 24 hours of hardening under ambientconditions.(13)The hardened concrete specimens were stored in a humidity room for 28 days moist curing.(14)The prism specimens were stored in a 50% humidity chamber at 23℃ for up to 90 days to adequately dry thetop surface onto which the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was bonded.(15)Before bonding the CFRP layer, the concrete surface was sandblasted to achieve a surface profile of #4.(16)Bonding the CFRP was performed according to the manufacturer's application guideline using commercialepoxy resins.(17) A thread roller was used to squeeze out natural air voids at the interface. To ensure that no resin crossed to thecracked areas, a careful application procedure was followed.(18)were cast in steel moulds and compacted using a vibrating table/a tamping rod(19)water-curing tank9.环境类别(1)high atmospheric humidity(2)sea water(3)rain water(4)acid rain(5)exposure to freeze-thaw cycles(6)deteriorating chemicals(7)alkaline environment(8)environmental variables(9)to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions(10)aggressive media/influences(11)Chloride-laden environement10.材料性能(1)compressive strength-f cb (MPa)(2)flexural tensile strength-f tb (MPa)(3)tensile strength-f tf (MPa)(4)ultimate strain-ε(%)(5)elastic modulus-E f (GPa)/ modulus of elasticity。

英文学术论文写作技巧（常用句型）用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。

不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。

了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。

对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。

用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。

关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。

此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。

一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。

在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。

也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。

因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。

学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。

再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！！英语学术论文常用句型英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibilityknowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling andprocessing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasonsfor their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newlydeveloped and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allowthe non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide muchattention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/Statethat/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution inhuman development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex赞(6)。

1.（page1，line10）The study suggests the necessity to addressteachers’ challenges and difficulties in the curriculum reform process to facilitate their implementation of the reform.本研究提出。

必要性本句很简单但很适用于在摘要中开篇点题。

2.（page3，line14）There have been a series of empirical reportson implementation gaps in Asian and African countries in recent years, which highlight policy-practice gap as a main cause for the implementation gap.目前有一系列的关于。

的观察报告，显示。

是。

的主要原因。

本句适用于引入相关文献资料3.（page6，line28）The various types of data, includinginterview transcripts, classroom observation notes, and field-notes were analyzed by three levels of coding: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.多种多样的数据，包括。

通过三种水平的编码：。

来分析。

介绍数据分析的方法4.（page10，line1）Apart from the great challenges to theteachers, enormous obstacles also arose from the students, who were more accustomed to spoon-feeding approaches.除了。

最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！开始写学期论文了吧，是不是写着写着就词穷了？数据不会描述，观点不会引用，各种问题层出不穷，需要帮助了吧！小编这么贴心，当然知道你的需求咯！下面献上的这份超全面的英文学术论文常用句型，还不快收藏了好好学习！想要高分论文，小编只能帮你到这了！英文学术论文常用句型引用数据（图表、表格）1. 常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide,list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …2. as从句：As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …引用/简述他人的研究/观点：1. XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state,claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe,develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss,observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume,speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend2. 其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …表示例外：With the exception o f …Apart from …Except for …表示原因/缘由：be due tobe attibuted tobe accounted forbe a consequence ofstem from表示定义/命名：be namedbe calledbe denoted bybe known asbe defined asbe referred to引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：It is uncertain/unclear …It has not been determined …It is necessary to consider …The question remains …Current studies provide little information on …We need to know/consider …There is some question as to …Another issue raised by this study is …指出问题所在：This system/process/idea has its problems. There remains the issue of reliability.This model has some serious liminations. Few solutions have been found to …Little progress has been made in …The problem remains as to how …Researchers still have to find a way to …引出解决方案：Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …One method to address this difficulty is to …There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …Several options are available to address this obstacle. Howe ver, the best one seems to be …A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation.Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …引出中心话题：Recently, there has been growing interest in …The p ossibility of … has generated wide interest in …The development of … is a classic problem in …The development of … has led to the hope that …The … has become a favorite topic foranalysis …Knowledge of … has great importance for …The study of … has become an important aspect of …A central issue in … is …(The) … has been extensively studied inrecent years.Many investigators have recently turned to …The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.Many recent studies have focused on …表达相似之处：Similarly, …Likewise, …In the same fashion, …As in X, in Y …Like X, Y …The same …X is similar/comparable to YX resemble YX correspond to Y表达不同之处或比较/对照：In contrast, …Unlike X, Y …In contrast to …On the other hand, ……; however, ……, but …Whereas/While …, ……, whereas/while …X differ from YX is different from YX contrast with评价他人的研究/论著：1.正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity,accessibility,detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive,practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original,perceptive, rigorous, economical2.负面：inconsistent, restricted,misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy总结：Overall, …In general, …On the whole, …In the main, …With … exception(s), …The overall results indicate …The results indicate, overall, that …指出本研究的局限：It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …This analysis has concentrated on …The findings of this study are restricted to …Th is study has addressed only the question of …The limination of this study are clear: …We would like to point out that we have not …指出研究结果的局限：However, the findings do not imply …The results of this study cannot be taken asevidence for …Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …指出本研究的意义：Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to in dicate …However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …。

英语论文常用句型结构A. In topic statements:The purpose of this essay / papers / analysis / overview is to take a look at / examine / discuss…The main emphasis /focus / goal / purpose of the paper / project is to analyze / provide an overview / discussion of …This essay addresses / examines / is designed to analyze / take a look at …B. In organization statements:This paper (will) compare(s) describe / illustrate …firstly by analyzing / comparing / demonstrating …, then by …, and finally by …This paper first analyzes / discusses …, followed by an examination / illustration / overview of …It can be claimed/ assumed that …C.目的常用的句型有：The (chief aim、main purpose、primary object、major objective、principal goal is …)· This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques.D.举例常见表达举例的句型有：· This can be illustrated by…·A specific case can be provided to show…·An example of this involves…· This can be demonstrated through…·Another typical example is…·One example will suffice…E.比较I.常见表达比较的短语有：as a comparison, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of contrast等.II．不同于A be different、distinct from B、distinguished· We must distinguish sliding friction from rolling friction.III．相当于· be equivalent to、corresponds to。

英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型1.与时间相关的①no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days②at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)③for a given exposure time④…increased with age.⑤for different time span.⑥After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.⑦…throughout the entire test period.⑧It will decrease as time passes.2. 表示增加或下降的①An increase in the FA content decreased the…②…decrease with increase in…③…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.④As …is lowered.⑤augment⑥The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …⑦…develop at an increasing rate with time3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定①probably due to…② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is③This might be attributed to…④…depends on the two main mechanisms⑤…is a common cause of⑥…is the essential parameter governing the…⑦…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.⑧the cause of this resides in …⑨Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.4. 表示展示。

医学英语学术论文常用经典句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxxis presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that areused in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way,including the ….. and also discusses h ow to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory inthe analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 whileSection 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies andnotations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choiceof a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatilexx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged fromintuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact onthe4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developedin a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non expertsto utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。